train.txt

2 onion$diabetic$Blood cholesterol was lowered significantly by dietary ##### in ######## animals. 
0 Garlic$cancer$ ###### consumption and ###### prevention: meta-analyses of colorectal and stomach ######s. 
0 garlic$tumor$The ##### incidences were 3% and 9% in animals given AFB1 plus ###### and AFB1 plus ###### oil, respectively. 
0 coffee$gallbladder disease$The authors examined the relation of ultrasound-documented ################### with ###### drinking in 13,938 adult participants in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. 
0 RU$ND$CONCLUSIONS: The relationship among MD, ## and ## is at least partially attributable to shared genetic and environmental risk factors. 
2 Lonicera caerulaea berry$solid tumors$The antioxidant response induced by ######################## extracts in animals bearing experimental ############ . 
1 tobacco$cancer$Targeted smoking prevention and cessation interventions are needed for ###### survivors, especially those diagnosed with a ####### -related ###### . 
0 green tea$pneumonia$OBJECTIVE: We examined the association between ######### consumption and death from ######### in humans. 
2 green tea$oral carcinogenesis$The results suggested that ######### and curcumin had inhibitory effects against ################### at the post-initiation stage and such inhibition may be related to the suppression of cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis and inhibition of angiogenesis. 
2 garlic$tumor$The chemopreventive efficacy of the two ###### extracts was also investigated in the rat methylnitrosourea mammary ##### model. 
2 onion$diabetic$Hepatic cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids which were elevated under ######## condition were countered significantly by dietary ##### . 
0 garlic$cancers$An indication of publication bias for all ####### combined is evident from a funnel plot of RC ###### consumption and cancer risk and from the results of the Begg and Mazumdar test (P: = 0.049). 
1 corn$esophageal cancer$Consumption of #### contaminated at these high levels has been associated with a high incidence of ################# in these areas. 
2 coffee$colorectal cancer$BACKGROUND: Epidemiologic studies suggest that ###### use might protect against ################# . 
2 aloe$colon carcinoma$These findings showed that the inhibition of casein kinase II activity, the release of apoptosis-inducing factor and cytochrome c, and the caspase-3 activation are involved in #### -emodin-mediated apoptosis in ############### cells. 
0 tobacco$lung cancers$Because limited data exist concerning the p53 mutation frequency and spectra in ex-smokers and nonsmokers, we have analyzed p53 and K-ras mutations in 126 ############ from a population-based case-control study of nonsmoking (n = 117) or ex-smoking (n = 9) women from Missouri with quantitative assessments of exposure to environmental ####### smoke. 
0 coffee$cardiovascular diseases$In sum, the currently available evidence on ###### and risk of ####################### and cancer is largely reassuring, and suggests that, for the general population, addressing other health-related behaviors has priority for the prevention of chronic diseases. 
1 tobacco$esophageal cancer$Alcohol and ####### habits have been identified as strong risk factors for ################# . 
2 green tea$goblet cell hyperplasia$RESULTS: Airspace enlargement and ####################### were observed after 56-day CS exposure alone, which were abolished in the presence of ######### consumption. 
0 ginseng$CIA$In this study, we assessed the anti-arthritic effects of red ####### saponin extract (RGSE), including ginsenosides Rg3, Rk1 and Rg5 as major components, on a murine type II collagen (CII)-induced arthritis ( ### ), which is a valid animal model of human arthritis. 
2 Serenoa repens$glioma$In addition, we found that ############## down-regulated basal level of phosphorylated form of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT 3) in both U87 and U251 ###### cells. 
2 green tea$skin papillomas$These observations indicate that oral administration of ######### , i.p. administration of a ######### polyphenol fraction, or i.p. administration of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate inhibited the growth and/or caused the regression of established experimentally induced ############### . 
0 ginseng$arthritis$In this study, we assessed the anti-arthritic effects of red ####### saponin extract (RGSE), including ginsenosides Rg3, Rk1 and Rg5 as major components, on a murine type II collagen (CII)-induced ######### (CIA), which is a valid animal model of human #########. 
0 coffee$coronary heart diseas$Total ###### consumption was not associated with an increased risk of ##################### e or stroke. 
0 tobacco$uterine (cervical) cancer$CONCLUSIONS: The fall in cancer mortality observed over the last decade in Italy is attributable to a decline in lung and other ####### -related neoplasms in males, together with a persistent fall in stomach and ######################### . 
2 olive$neoplasia$Conversely, ##### oil inhibits COX-2 immunostaining and decreases the risk of ######### associated with chronic colitis. 
2 green tea$cancer$Thus, ###### patients who consume ######### and take anti###### drugs will have double prevention. 
2 Trigonella foenum graecum$inflammation$ ######################### (Fenugreek) is traditionally applied to treat disorders such as diabetes, high cholesterol, wounds, ############ , and gastrointestinal ailments. 
0 tobacco$lung cancer$Data from a large, hospital-based case-control study are used to examine the association of smoking-related risk factors (amount smoked, filter status, mentholation, and differences in smoking habits between blacks and whites) and selected factors other than smoking (environmental ####### smoke, previous primary cancer and radiotherapy, reproductive and endocrine factors, and body mass index) with ########### . 
0 ginseng$tumor$BALB/c-nu mice were inoculated with human lung cancer (NCI-H460) cells to establish a human ##### xenograft model in nude mice, and the lipid-soluble ####### extract was orally administered. 
2 ginger$colon cancer$Thus, ###### supplementation was found to reduce the risk of ############ markedly by virtue of its hypolipidemic and antioxidative effects. 
0 ginkgo$hypoxia$Exhaled nasal NO output was increased during normoxia following ###### (p < 0.02) and reduced during normobaric ####### both before (p < 0.02) and following (p < 0.003) ######. 
1 tobacco$cancer$CONCLUSIONS: In Mexico, increased ####### smoking, improved ###### diagnosis, and the demographic transition, are probably the main factors determining ###### mortality rates. 
2 Coconut$inflammatory bowel disease$ ####### has been used as a dietary supplement for people with ########################## , with anecdotal reports of decreased diarrhea following the dietary addition. 
0 coconut$diarrhea$RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Data of chi-squared analysis obtained from eight rhesus macaques with chronic ######## showed that the use of ####### macaroons as a dietary supplement did not have a statistically significant effect on their ######## . 
0 cocoa$hypertension$OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of flavanol-rich chocolate or ##### products on blood pressure in people with or without ############ . 
0 coffee$liver disease$We examined the relationship of ###### consumption with ############# progression in individuals with advanced hepatitis C-related #############. 
0 cocoa$cardiovascular events$Furthermore, long-term trials investigating the effect of ##### on clinical outcomes are also needed to assess whether ##### has an effect on ##################### and to assess potential adverse effects associated with chronic ingestion of ##### products. 
2 ginseng$colon cancer$Here, we show that 20-O-b-d-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol (20-GPPD), a metabolite of ####### saponin, causes apoptosis of ############ cells through the induction of cytoplasmic Ca(2+). 
0 garlic$cancers$DESIGN: Meta-analyses were conducted for all ####### mutually and separately for colorectal and stomach ####### in relation to consumption of exclusively raw ######, cooked ###### , or both (RC ######). 
0 tobacco$cancer$Policy advocacy strategies have proven themselves effective in ###### prevention efforts involving ####### use and nutrition. 
1 Tobacco$lung, esophageal, and H/N cancers$ ####### -associated cancers included ################################# . 
0 coffee$stroke$CONCLUSIONS: These findings do not support the hypothesis that ###### or caffeine consumption increases the risk of coronary heart disease or ###### . 
2 broccoli$breast cancer$Elastase is the only currently identified target protein for indole-3-carbinol (I3C), a naturally occurring hydrolysis product of glucobrassicin in cruciferous vegetables such as ######## , cabbage, and Brussels sprouts that induces a cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of human ############# cells. 
0 KRG$abnormal locomotor activity$ ### treatment reversed ########################### and sensitivity to electric shock to control level. 
0 coriander$amnesia$In traditional medicine, it is believed that ######### can induce some degree of ####### in a child when his/her mother uses ######### during the pregnancy. 
2 Wheat$aberrant crypt foci$ ##### bran decreases ################### , preserves normal proliferation, and increases intraluminal butyrate levels in experimental colon cancer. 
3 coffee$coronary heart disease$Numerous epidemiological studies have evaluated the association between ###### consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes, ###################### , and various cancers. 
0 vitex agnus castus$fracture$However, more studies need to further explore the roles of ################## in ######## repair processes. 
2 Trigonella foenum graecum$diabetes$ ######################### (Fenugreek) is traditionally applied to treat disorders such as ######## , high cholesterol, wounds, inflammation, and gastrointestinal ailments. 
0 garlic$cardiomyopathy$However, the mechanism by which ###### oil protects diabetes-induced ############## is unclear. 
2 soybean$cancer$There is much evidence to suggest that diets containing large amounts of ####### products are associated with overall low ###### mortality rates, particularly for ######s of the colon, breast and prostate. 
2 Crataegus oxycantha$ischemia/reperfusion injury$In our present investigation the neuroprotective effect of alcoholic extract of Hawthorn ( ################### ) was evaluated against middle cerebral artery occlusion induced ########################### in rats. 
1 tobacco$cancer$However, spatial analyses may be most useful when examining incident clusters where several ####### -associated ###### clusters overlap. 
2 Apples$asthma$ ###### and pears appeared to protect against current ###### (0.83; 0.71, 0.98), ###### (0.88; 0.78, 1.00), and BHR (0.88; 0.77, 1.00). 
0 tobacco$substance abuse disorders$Tobacco use exerts a huge toll on persons with mental illnesses and ######################### , accounting for 200,000 of the annual 443,000 annual ####### -related deaths in the United States. 
0 black tea$breast cancers$PURPOSE: The association between ######### consumption and the subsequent risk of stomach, colorectal, lung, and ############## was investigated in The Netherlands Cohort Study on Diet and Cancer among 58,279 men and 62,573 women aged 55-69 years. 
2 almond$psoriasis$Historically, ###### oil had been used in Ancient Chinese, Ayurvedic and Greco-Persian schools of Medicine to treat dry skin conditions such as ######### and eczema. 
0 tobacco$cancer$Data from a large, hospital-based case-control study are used to examine the association of smoking-related risk factors (amount smoked, filter status, mentholation, and differences in smoking habits between blacks and whites) and selected factors other than smoking (environmental ####### smoke, previous primary ###### and radiotherapy, reproductive and endocrine factors, and body mass index) with lung ######. 
0 green tea$pneumonia$No data are available on the association between ######### consumption and the risk of ######### in humans. 
2 Lespedeza Michx$urine proteinuria$RESULT: ############### could decrease the contents of ################# , MDA, IL-8, and TNF-alpha in serum, increase SOD level and improved the pathological change of glomeruli. 
0 tobacco$ND$BACKGROU##: Numerous epidemiological studies have reported a positive association between major depression (MD) and regular ####### use (RU) or nicotine dependence ( ## ). 
0 Green tea$pneumonia$ ######### and death from ######### in Japan: the Ohsaki cohort study. 
0 soybean$diabetogenic$In animal models, cow's milk proteins are modestly and variably ############ , wheat or ####### proteins in the diet cause higher rates of autoimmune diabetes. 
2 Ginkgo biloba$Alzheimer disease$The efficacy of ############# on cognitive function in ################# . 
0 tea$colorectal cancer$No association was observed between ### consumption and risk of ################# : The risk among ### drinkers in each consumption category was similar to that among nondrinkers. 
1 Tobacco$cancer$ ####### -related ###### mortality: projections for different geographical regions in Switzerland. 
0 SCSE$cardiovascular disease$HYPOTHESIS: The present study evaluates the hypothesis that sour cherry seed extract (####) protects against ###################### and inflammation in hypercholesterolemic rabbits, and that this protection correlates with #### -induced activity of heme oxygenase- 1 (HO-1), a cytoprotective enzyme contributing to oxidative stress responses. 
0 areca$head and neck cancers$Association between ##### -stimulated vimentin expression and the progression of ##################### . 
2 soybean$metabolic disorders$SCOPE: The molecular mechanisms underlying the potential health benefit effects of ####### proteins on obesity-associated ################### have not been fully clarified. 
1 coffee$coronary heart disease$Higher consumption of decaffeinated ###### , however, was associated with a marginally significant increase in the risk of ###################### (relative risk, 1.63; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.02 to 2.60). 
2 coffee$xerostomia$Nasal congestion and ###### /tea intake also affected ########## . 
2 ginger$prostate cancer$Here, we show that whole ###### extract (GE) exerts significant growth-inhibitory and death-inductory effects in a spectrum of ############### cells. 
2 pomegranate$prostate, colon and lung cancer$Recent research has shown that ########### extracts selectively inhibit the growth of breast, ############################### cells in culture. 
0 coffee$RA$Similarly, there was no relationship between cumulative caffeinated ###### consumption and ## risk (RR 1.1, 95% CI 0.8-1.6 for >/=4 cups per day versus none) or between tea consumption and ## risk (RR 1.1, 95% CI 0.7-1.8 for >3 cups/day versus none). 
0 garlic$lung, breast, and prostate cancers$OBJECTIVE: The objective was to conduct meta-analyses of the epidemiologic literature on the association between ###### consumption and risk of stomach, colon, head and neck, ################################## . 
0 tobacco$cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma$We investigated whether ####### use causes ################################# (CSCC) in a large cohort study with complete and long-term follow-up. 
0 tea$lung cancers$When smoking and dietary factors were taken into account, ### in itself did not appear to protect against stomach and ############ : The RRs in all consumption categories were close to unity. 
2 peppermint$headache$Compared to the application of placebo, a 10% ########## oil in ethanol solution significantly reduced the clinical ######## intensity already after 15 minutes (p < 0.01). 
2 Hibiscus sabdariffa Linne$hypertension$ ######################### is a traditional Chinese rose tea and has been effectively used in folk medicines for treatment of ############ , inflammatory conditions. 
2 wolfberry$diabetes$Dietary ######### ameliorates retinal structure abnormalities in db/db mice at the early stage of ######## . 
0 wheat$diabetogenic$In animal models, cow's milk proteins are modestly and variably ############ , ##### or soybean proteins in the diet cause higher rates of autoimmune diabetes. 
0 TTO$infection$These experiments revealed that viral replication was significantly inhibited if ### was added within 2h of ######### , indicating an interference with an early step of the viral replicative cycle of influenza virus. 
0 ginger$cancer$The results showed that enriched ###### extract (rhizomes) exhibited the highest anti###### activity on MCF-7 ###### cells with IC50 values of 34.8 and 25.7 g/ml for Fulbaria and Syedpuri respectively. 
0 garlic$neoplasia of liver$Ten organosulfur compounds from ###### and onions were studied for their modifying effects on diethylnitrosamine-induced ################## in male F344 rats using the medium-term bioassay system of Ito based on the two-step model of hepatocarcinogenesis. 
0 tobacco$CSCC$A total of 756 incident cases occurred in a cohort of 337,311 men during a 30-year follow-up period, but no association was found between any kind of smoking ####### use and #### risk, nor any risk change with increasing dose, duration or time since smoking cessation. 
0 tobacco$SCC$CONCLUSIONS: In this Australian follow-up study, ####### smoking did not increase the risk of ### of the skin. 
0 Nigella sativa$balantidiasis$Secnidazole was 89.5% effective for the treatment of equine ############# compared to 40.0% for ############## . 
2 P. edulis$pleurisy$The present study showed that the C-glucosylflavones isolated from ######### leaves can be responsible for the anti-inflammatory effect of ######### on the mouse model of ######## . 
0 SCSE$cardiovascular disease$HYPOTHESIS: The present study evaluates the hypothesis that sour cherry seed extract ( #### ) protects against ###################### and inflammation in hypercholesterolemic rabbits, and that this protection correlates with ####-induced activity of heme oxygenase- 1 (HO-1), a cytoprotective enzyme contributing to oxidative stress responses. 
0 coffee$cancers$The crude odds ratios varied between 0.7 (95% confidence interval 0.3-1.5) and 1.3 (0.7-2.6), the adjusted ones between 0.5 (0.2-1.2) and 1.1 (0.6-2.1) in the different daily dose categories of ###### and between contrasts with the three referent ####### . 
0 senna$diarrhea$EEA-1 and EEA-2 did not induce ######## as a side effect, but ##### induced severe ########. 
0 cannabis$psychosis$Although considerable evidence implicates ######## use as a component cause of schizophrenia, it remains unclear whether this is entirely due to ######## directly raising risk of ######### , or whether the same genes that increases ######### risk may also increase risk of ######## use. 
0 Areca$systemic diseases$ ##### nut chewing and systemic inflammation: evidence of a common pathway for ################# . 
2 Maca$psychological symptoms$CONCLUSIONS: Preliminary findings show that Lepidium meyenii ( #### ) (3.5 g/d) reduces ###################### , including anxiety and depression, and lowers measures of sexual dysfunction in postmenopausal women independent of estrogenic and androgenic activity. 
2 mushroom$gastrointestinal cancer$Inonotus obliquus is a medicinal ######## used in Russian and Eastern European folk medicine for the treatment of ####################### , cardiovascular disease and diabetes. 
0 tobacco$breast cancer$In nonexposed, ####### -, or marijuana-smoke-exposed ############# cultures. 
0 tobacco$liver cancers$The increased risk is mainly expected to be observed in ####### -related tumours among women and in colorectal and ############# among men. 
1 tobacco$cancers$SaTScan was used to identify geographic areas that had statistically significant (P<0.10) excess age-adjusted rates of ####### -associated ####### . 
0 ginkgo$Neurological Disorders$Inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis were (1) sufficiently characterized patients such that it was clearly stated there was a diagnosis of AD by either Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Revised Third Edition, or National Institute of ###################### and Stroke-Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association criteria, or there was enough clinical detail to determine this by our review; (2) clearly stated study exclusion criteria, ie, those studies that did not have stated exclusions for depression, other neurologic disease, and central nervous system-active medications were excluded; (3) use of standardized ###### extract in any stated dose; (4) randomized, placebo-controlled and double-blind study design; (5) at least 1 outcome measure was an objective assessment of cognitive function; and (6) sufficient statistical information to allow for meta-analysis. 
1 Tobacco$malignancy$ ####### -related oral squamous cell carcinoma is a common ########## in Asian people. 
0 Cinnamomum camphora$arthritis$OBJECTIVE: To study the antiinflammatory effects of naphtha from different chemotypes of ################### and natural borneol on the rat ######### model induced by Freund's adjuvant. 
2 garlic$cancer$Previous work has shown that the efficacy of ###### prevention by selenium-enriched ###### (Se- ###### ) is primarily dependent on the action of selenium. 
0 coffee$hepatitis C$We examined the relationship of ###### consumption with liver disease progression in individuals with advanced ########### -related liver disease. 
2 garlic$Cardiac contractile dysfunction$ ############################### and apoptosis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats are ameliorated by ###### oil supplementation. 
1 areca$systemic diseases$Further work is required to confirm that systemic inflammation is the main pathway by which ##### nut use increases the risk of ################# . 
0 coffee$metabolic syndrome$Relationship between long-term ###### consumption and components of the ################## : the Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study. 
2 cabbage$stomach cancer$In conclusion, higher consumption of raw vegetables such as ####### , carrots, garlic as well as broccoli may decrease a risk of ############## , whereas intake of citrus fruits has no relation with a reduced risk of the disease. 
1 tobacco$cancer$RESULTS: Model-based estimates at cantonal level identified regions with low and high ####### -related ###### mortality rates for the observed and projected periods. 
2 Plantaginaceae$tumors$Plantago major ( ############## ) is popularly used to treat ###### , infections and as a blood purifier. 
2 Lepidium meyeni$sexual dysfunction$Beneficial effects of ############### i (Maca) on psychological symptoms and measures of ################## in postmenopausal women are not related to estrogen or androgen content. 
0 garlic$cancers$DESIGN: Meta-analyses were conducted for all ####### mutually and separately for colorectal and stomach ####### in relation to consumption of exclusively raw ######, cooked ######, or both (RC ###### ). 
2 tomato$cancer$Epidemiologic and clinical studies suggest that ###### consumption may reduce the risk of ###### . 
1 tobacco$lung cancer$Previous ####### smoking was correlated with the mortality rate trends for ########### (beta: 0.910, IC 95%: 1.097-1.797, R2 0.827). 
0 RU$MD$In females, both ##- ## and ## -ND relationships are partially attributable to genetic and unique environmental correlations. 
2 Coffee$chronic hepatitis C$ ###### intake is associated with lower rates of liver disease progression in ################### . 
2 tea$neurodegenerative disorders$Epidemiological data suggest that consumption of coffee and ### is associated with a reduced risk of several chronic and degenerative diseases including cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, obesity and ########################### . 
0 coffee$Cirrhosis$Baseline ###### and tea intake were assessed in 766 participants of the Hepatitis C Antiviral Long-Term Treatment against ######### (HALT-C) trial who had hepatitis C-related bridging fibrosis or cirrhosis on liver biopsy and failed to achieve a sustained virological response to peginterferon plus ribavirin treatment. 
0 black tea$colorectal, lung, and breast cancers$PURPOSE: The association between ######### consumption and the subsequent risk of stomach, #################################### was investigated in The Netherlands Cohort Study on Diet and Cancer among 58,279 men and 62,573 women aged 55-69 years. 
1 digitalis$atrial arrhythmias$Its effect on ######### -caused ################## is unknown. 
2 garlic$cancer$In order to ascertain that the efficacy of the high-selenium ###### in ###### protection is primarily dependent on the action of selenium we compared the effects of two batches of ###### powder with marked differences in their level of selenium enrichment, 112 or 1355 p.p.m. 
1 tobacco$laryngeal cancer$The gender ratio for ################ was striking: 4.21:1.00, probably due to the higher prevalence of male ####### smokers. 
2 RCR$hypertriglyceridemia$However, ### minimally affected sucrose-induced acute hyperglycemia in mice and olive oil-induced acute #################### in rats. 
0 SCSE$hypercholesterolemic$HYPOTHESIS: The present study evaluates the hypothesis that sour cherry seed extract ( #### ) protects against cardiovascular disease and inflammation in #################### rabbits, and that this protection correlates with ####-induced activity of heme oxygenase- 1 (HO-1), a cytoprotective enzyme contributing to oxidative stress responses. 
1 tobacco$stomach cancer$We conclude that prolonged use of ####### products is associated with increased ############## mortality in men and women. 
0 Allium$cancer$As part of our study of the role of ###### vegetable intake on ###### prevention, we wished to investigate its antimicrobial activity against H. pylori. 
2 RGSE$arthritis$Oral administration of #### at 10 mg/kg reduced the clinical ######### score and paw swelling in the CIA mice, and inhibited joint space narrowing and histological ######### , illustrating the severity of synovial hyperplasia, inflammatory cell infiltration, pannus formation, and erosion of cartilage. 
2 tea$squamous cell carcinoma$The combination of ### and curcumin significantly decreased the oral visible tumor incidence from 92.3% (24/26) to 69.2% (18/26) and the ####################### (SCC) incidence from 76.9% (20/26) to 42.3% (11/26). 
2 Bursera fagaroides$colon adenocarcinoma$The ethanol extract from the dried exudate of ################## (Burseraceae) showed significant cytotoxic activity in the HT-29 (human #################### ) test system. 
0 garlic$carcinogenesis$The action of fresh minced ###### and ###### oil on aflatoxin B1- (AFB1) induced ############## in the toad Bufo regularis was studied. 
2 coffee$liver carcinogenesis$CONCLUSION: This study showed the efficacy of ###### in the prevention of hepatitis and #################### in the LEC model. 
0 tobacco$lung cancer$In conclusion, variation in ########### rates between populations may be due to: (1) differences in effective exposure to ####### smoke carcinogens; (2) differences in factors which modify the effect of ####### smoke, including differences in host susceptibility and metabolism of carcinogens, or (3) differences in exposure to other independent risk factors for ###########. 
0 ginkgo$Stroke-Alzheimer's Disease$Inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis were (1) sufficiently characterized patients such that it was clearly stated there was a diagnosis of AD by either Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Revised Third Edition, or National Institute of Neurological Disorders and ########################## and Related Disorders Association criteria, or there was enough clinical detail to determine this by our review; (2) clearly stated study exclusion criteria, ie, those studies that did not have stated exclusions for depression, other neurologic disease, and central nervous system-active medications were excluded; (3) use of standardized ###### extract in any stated dose; (4) randomized, placebo-controlled and double-blind study design; (5) at least 1 outcome measure was an objective assessment of cognitive function; and (6) sufficient statistical information to allow for meta-analysis. 
1 tobacco$tumors$CONCLUSION: Daily oral administration of high-dose vitamin A is effective in reducing the number of new primary ###### related to ####### consumption and may improve the disease-free interval in patients curatively resected for stage I lung cancer. 
1 Tobacco$substance abuse disorders$ ####### use exerts a huge toll on persons with mental illnesses and ######################### , accounting for 200,000 of the annual 443,000 annual tobacco-related deaths in the United States. 
1 tobacco$periodontal disease$Elucidation of this novel mechanism of nicotine-dependent nuclear transactivation of STAT-3 identifies oral alpha7 nAChR as a promising molecular target to prevent, reverse, or retard ####### -related ################### and progression of head and neck cancer by receptor inhibitors. 
0 coffee$AD-like cognitive impairment$We have utilized a transgenic mouse model for AD in well-controlled studies to determine if caffeine and/or ###### have beneficial actions to protect against or reverse ############################ and AD pathology. 
2 Maca$anxiety$The Greene Climacteric Scale revealed a significant reduction in scores in the areas of psychological symptoms, including the subscales for ####### and depression and sexual dysfunction after #### consumption compared with both baseline and placebo (P < 0.05). 
2 Aloe$colon carcinoma$ #### -emodin, an anthraquinone, in vitro inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in human ############### cells. 
0 cannabis$psychosis$Although considerable evidence implicates ######## use as a component cause of schizophrenia, it remains unclear whether this is entirely due to ######## directly raising risk of ######### , or whether the same genes that increases ######### risk may also increase risk of ######## use. 
2 coffee$diabetes$Epidemiological data suggest that consumption of ###### and tea is associated with a reduced risk of several chronic and degenerative diseases including cardiovascular disorders, ######## , obesity and neurodegenerative disorders. 
0 RU$ND$We used structural equation modeling to examine the relationship between MD, ##, and ## given ## . 
2 TTO$Influenza A$Our previous study demonstrated that Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil ( ### ) had an interesting antiviral activity against ########### in MDCK cells. 
0 RU$ND$METHOD: We assessed MD, ## and ## in same-sex twins from the population-based Swedish Twin Registry. 
1 wheat$anaphylaxis$Gliadin from ##### is a common food allergen that can induce baker's asthma, #####-dependent exercise-induced ########### , atopic dermatitis, and celiac disease. 
0 Melaleuca alternifolia$Influenza$Activity of ###################### (tea tree) oil on ######### virus A/PR/8: study on the mechanism of action. 
0 dwarf palm$prostatic hyperplasia$The effectiveness of Sabal serrulata ( ########## ) extract was evaluated in the treatment of 38 patients with symptomatic ##################### . 
1 Peanut$urticaria$RESULTS: ###### -related symptoms consisted of oral symptoms in all patients, with additional ######### and dyspnea or angioedema in 2 patients. 
0 G. biloba$dementia$METHODS: An attempt was made to identify all English and non-English-language articles in which ######### extract was given to subjects with ######## or cognitive impairment. 
0 tobacco$breast cancer$The effects of vitamin C on the growth of human lung cultures and of vitamin C or L-cysteine on a human ############# culture (SK-Br-3) were assessed with and without exposure to fresh smoke from ####### or marijuana cigarettes. 
2 Trigonella foenum graecum$gastrointestinal ailments$ ######################### (Fenugreek) is traditionally applied to treat disorders such as diabetes, high cholesterol, wounds, inflammation, and ######################### . 
0 coffee$HCC$We examined the relation between ###### drinking and hepatocellular carcinoma ( ### ) mortality in the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer Risk (JACC Study). 
2 Lespedeza Michx$MCN$CONCLUSION: ############### was effective on ### . 
2 pomegranate$lung, skin, colon and prostate tumors$In preclinical animal studies, oral consumption of ########### extract inhibited growth of ##################################### . 
2 Argemone mexicana$malaria$ ################# (AM), a validated herbal medicine for uncomplicated #######, seems to prevent severe ####### without completely clearing parasites in most patients. 
2 Maca$depression$The Greene Climacteric Scale revealed a significant reduction in scores in the areas of psychological symptoms, including the subscales for anxiety and ########## and sexual dysfunction after #### consumption compared with both baseline and placebo (P < 0.05). 
0 coffee$liver cancer$The multivariable-adjusted (age, sex, alcohol consumption, education, smoking, diabetes and chronic liver disease at baseline and during follow-up, and body mass index) hazards ratios of ############ in participants who drank 0-1, 2-3, 4-5, 6-7, and > or =8 cups of ###### daily were 1.00, 0.66, 0.44, 0.38, and 0.32 (P for trend = 0.003), respectively. 
0 green or black tea$insulin resistance$To investigate the preventive effects of tea on hyperglycemia and ################## , male C57BL/6J mice were given a high-fat diet containing 29% lard and also ################## ad libitum for 14 weeks. 
0 RU$MD$In males, the liability shared between ## and ## is solely genetic for both cigarettes and snus, while ## and ND share both genetic and unique environmental influences. 
0 tobacco$oral cancer$Public awareness about #######-related ########### is low at present, and new approaches to this problem should include education in the schools on ########### , formulation of legislative action to ban the sale of ####### near schools and colleges, and imposition of societal "barriers" that would make the nonchewing of ####### socially more acceptable than chewing it. 
0 garlic$cancers$DESIGN: Meta-analyses were conducted for all ####### mutually and separately for colorectal and stomach ####### in relation to consumption of exclusively raw ###### , cooked ######, or both (RC ######). 
0 olive$CVD$The association between ##### oil (analyzed as a categorical and continuous variable) and overall and cause-specific mortality ( ### , cancer, and other causes) was analyzed by using Cox proportional hazards regression models adjusted for potential confounders. 
0 tea$hyperglycemia$To investigate the preventive effects of ### on ############# and insulin resistance, male C57BL/6J mice were given a high-fat diet containing 29% lard and also green or black ### ad libitum for 14 weeks. 
0 Aloe vera$colon carcinoma$The present study aimed to investigate the anticancer effect of aloe-emodin, an anthraquinone compound present in the leaves of ######### , on two human ############### cell lines, DLD-1 and WiDr. 
1 Pecan$hay fever$CONCLUSION: ##### tree releases highly allergenic pollen grains, which are correlated to the incidence of ######### in the exposed population. 
0 ginger$occlusion$Male adult Wistar rats were administrated an alcoholic extract of ###### rhizome orally 14 days before and 21 days after the permanent ######### of right middle cerebral artery (MCAO). 
1 tobacco$lung tumor$Male and female strain A mice exposed to 5 months to ####### smoke and then kept for another 4 months in air respond to ####### smoke with increased ########## multiplicities. 
3 garlic$cancer$Eighteen studies reported a relative risk estimate for RC ###### consumption and ###### risk. 
0 Tobacco$acute myeloid leukemia$ ####### -related cancers were defined as lung/bronchial, pharyngeal, laryngeal, esophageal, stomach, pancreatic, kidney/renal, urinary bladder, cervical, and ###################### . 
0 areca$systemic diseases$We hypothesize that systemic inflammation may be elevated among ##### nut users, which is linked with many ################# . 
2 tomato$cancer$Several epidemiologic studies have suggested a role of ###### products in protecting against ###### and chronic diseases. 
1 tobacco$myocardial infarct$We found a moderate increase in the risk for ####### -related cancers, which was strongest for patients with early onset of acute ################## and for female patients. 
0 onion$hypoglycemic$Thus, the study reveals that ##### feeding improves the metabolic status in diabetic condition, probably because of its ############ as well as hypocholesterolemic effect. 
0 tobacco$CSCC$Overall, our study provides no evidence that ####### use increases the risk of #### . 
1 digitalis$ventricular arrhythmias$Halothane is known to oppose ######### -induced ####################### . 
0 tobacco$lung cancer$In this study, we use a genomic approach to study the signaling processes associated with ####### smoke exposure and ########### . 
0 tea$RA$Similarly, there was no relationship between cumulative caffeinated coffee consumption and ## risk (RR 1.1, 95% CI 0.8-1.6 for >/=4 cups per day versus none) or between ### consumption and ## risk (RR 1.1, 95% CI 0.7-1.8 for >3 cups/day versus none). 
1 tobacco$aneurysms$RESULTS: seven patients had true juxta-anastomotic ######### (>40 mm) in the residual infra-renal abdominal aorta, the occurrence of which was associated with ####### smoking and hypertension. 
2 ginger$cerebral ischemia$In conclusion, our study demonstrated the beneficial effect of ###### rhizome to protect against focal ################# . 
2 pomegranate fruit$cancer$This review focuses on recent investigations into the effects of ################# on ###### . 
0 P ovata$colorectal cancer$The putative association between ####### consumption and mortality from ################# was then evaluated. 
2 Zingiber officinale$Cerebral Ischemic$ ################### Mitigates Brain Damage and Improves Memory Impairment in Focal ################# Rat. 
0 Hawthorn$reperfusion$The reduced brain damage and improved neurological behavior after 24 h of ########### in ######## extract pretreated group may be attributed to its antioxidant property which restores glutathione levels, circumvents the increase in lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide levels thereby reducing peroxynitrite formation and free radical induced brain damage. 
0 coconut$diarrhea$Evaluation of the use of ####### to treat chronic ######## in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). 
2 Zingiber officinale$brain damage$In this study, possible protective effect of ################### , a medicinal plant reputed for neuroprotective effect against oxidative stress-related ############, on ############ and memory deficit induced by focal cerebral ischemia was elucidated. 
1 tobacco$cancers$In a tribal village in Kerala, India, local volunteers were trained to work in a programme for the primary prevention of ####### -related ####### and the secondary prevention of common #######. 
2 Allium sativum$atherosclerosis$INTRODUCTION: Garlic ( ############## ), traditionally being used as a spice worldwide, has different applications and is claimed to possess beneficial effects in several health ailments such as tumor and ############### . 
1 tobacco$breast cancer$Our data also suggest that bleomycin sensitivity may modulate the effect of ####### smoking on ############# risk. 
2 tea$tumor$The combination of ### and curcumin also decreased the number of visible #####s and the ##### volume by 52.4 and 69.8%, as well as the numbers of SCC, dysplasic lesions and papillomas by 62.0, 37.5 and 48.7%, respectively. 
0 Ginkgo biloba$Alzheimer disease$OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of treatment with ############# extract on objective measures of cognitive function in patients with ################# (AD) based on formal review of the current literature. 
0 tobacco$oral carcinoma$Smokeless ####### has been shown to induce tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), which, along with its receptors, is over-expressed in people with ############## . 
1 tobacco$neoplasms$Among ######### showing favorable trends, there were other ####### -related ######### in men, plus the continuing fall in stomach and cervix uteri. 
3 tobacco$larynx and kidney cancer$Some meta-analyses suggest a possible effect for oesophagus, pancreas, ######################## , but other cancers show no effect of smokeless ####### . 
1 tobacco$cancer$Effective ####### control efforts have resulted in substantial declines in ####### use and ####### -related ###### deaths in the United States. 
1 tobacco$cancer$We provide the first population-based report on demographic characteristics and ####### use behaviors among self-reported ####### -related ###### survivors. 
2 Ginkgo biloba$subarachnoid hemorrhage$These results suggest that ############# may have a protective effect against ####################### -induced vasospasm and vasculopathy as a result of antioxidants. 
1 tobacco$lung cancer$Furthermore, our findings suggest that the airway gene expression signatures derived in this study can provide novel insights into signaling pathways altered in the "field of injury" induced by ####### smoke and thus may impact strategies for prevention of ####### -related ########### . 
1 tobacco$cancer$Persistent cigarette smoking and other ####### use after a ####### -related ###### diagnosis. 
1 tobacco$cancer$The majority of all sixth grade students surveyed were aware of the health risks of smokeless ####### use in that it is an increased risk for ###### . 
2 yam$breast carcinoma$These data indicate that wild ### extract acts as a weak phytoestrogen and protects against proliferation in human ################ MCF-7 cells. 
2 onion$malignancy$Since obesity is closely related to breast cancer and obese patients are at elevated risk of developing various cancers, these findings suggested that ##### might be useful for preventing obesity-related ########## . 
3 coffee$Xerostomia$ ########## was associated with ###### /tea intake (p < 0.01) and nasal congestion (p < 0.001). 
2 As$hypercholesterolemia$BACKGROUND: Garlic or Allium sativum ( ## ) shows therapeutic effects such as reduction of blood pressure or #################### but side-effects on reproductive functions remain poorly investigated. 
0 tobacco$neoplasms$Among ######### showing favorable trends, there were other ####### -related ######### in men, plus the continuing fall in stomach and cervix uteri. 
0 coffee$RA$We studied whether ###### , decaffeinated ######, total ######, tea, or overall caffeine consumption was associated with the risk of ## , using the Nurses' Health Study, a longitudinal cohort study of 121,701 women. 
2 Olive$cardiovascular disease$BACKGROUND: ##### oil consumption is associated with a decreased risk of several chronic diseases, in particular ###################### (CVD). 
0 tobacco$CSCC$We investigated whether ####### use causes cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma ( #### ) in a large cohort study with complete and long-term follow-up. 
2 Coriander$flatulence$ ######### has been recommended for the relief of pain, anxiety, ########## , and loss of appetite. 
0 tobacco$stomach cancer$We examined ############## death rates in relation to cigarette smoking in women and use of cigarette, cigar, pipe, or smokeless ####### in men in a nationwide prospective mortality study in the United States (US). 
0 tobacco$breast cancer$Mutagen sensitivity, ####### smoking and ############# risk: a case-control study. 
0 ginger$breast cancer$The present work is aimed to find out antioxidant and anticancer activities of two Bangladeshi ###### varieties (Fulbaria and Syedpuri) at young age grown under ambient (400 mol/mol) and elevated (800 mol/mol) CO2 concentrations against two human ############# cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231). 
2 Ocimum sanctum$gingival inflammation$CONCLUSION: The results of the present study indicate that ############## mouthrinse may prove to be an effective mouthwash owing to its ability in decreasing periodontal indices by reducing plaque accumulation, ##################### and bleeding. 
2 tomato$cancer$Lycopene, a hydrocarbon carotenoid, is the major carotenoid in ######es and, as a potent singlet oxygen quencher, has been considered by some to be the biologically active agent responsible for the reduction of ###### risk associated with ###### consumption. 
0 coffee$myocardial infarction$METHODS: We examined prospectively the relation of ###### consumption with the risk of ##################### , need for coronary-artery bypass grafting or angioplasty, and risk of stroke in a cohort of 45,589 U.S. men who were 40 to 75 years old in 1986 and who had no history of cardiovascular disease. 
0 wheat$gastric and duodenal ulcer$Intragastric bile acid concentrations in healthy subjects and in patients with ########################## and the influence of fiber-enriched ##### bran in patients with gastric ulcer. 
3 tobacco$asthma$A low familial income and ####### smoking were associated with wheezing, ###### , chronic bronchitis and emphysema. 
0 RGSE$arthritis$In this study, we assessed the anti-arthritic effects of red ginseng saponin extract ( #### ), including ginsenosides Rg3, Rk1 and Rg5 as major components, on a murine type II collagen (CII)-induced ######### (CIA), which is a valid animal model of human #########. 
0 coffee$hepatitis$These results indicate that ###### can protect animals from LPS-induced ######### , and that the effect of ###### might be mainly due to caffeine. 
0 Aloe$leukemia$ #### -emodin promoted the release of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), endonuclease G (Endo G), pro-caspase-9 and cytochrome c from the mitochondria via a loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)) which was associated with a increase in the ratio of B-cell lymphoma 2-associated X protein (Bax)/B cell lymphoma/ ######## -2 (Bcl-2) and activation of caspase-9 and -3. 
2 Lepidium meyenii$anxiety$CONCLUSIONS: Preliminary findings show that ################ (Maca) (3.5 g/d) reduces psychological symptoms, including ####### and depression, and lowers measures of sexual dysfunction in postmenopausal women independent of estrogenic and androgenic activity. 
2 coffee$AD$These results indicate a surprising ability of moderate caffeine intake (the human equivalent of 500 mg caffeine or 5 cups of ###### per day) to protect against or treat ## in a mouse model for the disease and a therapeutic potential for caffeine against ## in humans. 
0 SCSE$infarct$RESULTS: Relative to cholesterol-treated animals not receiving ####, #### -treated animals exhibited significantly improved cardiac function and improved peak early diastolic velocity to peak atrial velocity ratio (E'/A'), along with decreased atherosclerotic plaque formation and ####### size. 
0 tea$cancer$Analysis of the ### and ###### relationship in a subgroup that included subjects in the lowest two quintiles of consumption of vegetables and fruits also failed to reveal a protective effect of ### consumption on the risk of three ###### types studied (colorectal, lung, and breast ######s). 
0 cocoa$cardiovascular events$Furthermore, long-term trials investigating the effect of ##### on clinical outcomes are also needed to assess whether ##### has an effect on ##################### and to assess potential adverse effects associated with chronic ingestion of ##### products. 
0 wheat$duodenal ulcer$Intragastric bile acid concentrations in healthy subjects and in patients with gastric and ############## and the influence of fiber-enriched ##### bran in patients with gastric ulcer. 
1 tobacco$cancer$Recently, large studies on the association between genetic variation in CYP1B1 and CYP2C9 and risk of disease with considerable statistical power rebutted the hypotheses that these genetic variants affect risk of ####### -related ######, female ###### , chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and ischemic vascular disease. 
2 coffee$HCC$The hazard ratio of death due to ### for drinkers of one and more cups of ###### per day, compared with non-###### drinkers, was 0.50 (95% confidence interval 0.31-0.79), and the ratio for drinkers of less than one cup per day was 0.83 (95% confidence interval 0.54-1.25). 
0 Ocimum sanctum$gingival inflammation$OBJECTIVE: In the present study we assessed the effectiveness of ############## on dental plaque, ##################### and comparison with gold standard chlorhexidine and normal saline (placebo). 
2 Coffee$inflammation$ ###### consumption delays the hepatitis and suppresses the ############ related gene expression in the Long-Evans Cinnamon rat. 
2 Hawthorn$infarct$ ######## extract reduces ####### volume and improves neurological score by reducing oxidative stress in rat brain following middle cerebral artery occlusion. 
0 green tea$skin papillomas$In 10 separate experiments, mice with established chemically induced or UV light-induced ############### were treated continuously with ######### in the drinking water or with i.p. injections of a ######### polyphenol fraction or (-)-epigallocatechin gallate three times a week for 4-10 weeks. 
2 coffee$Alzheimer's disease$Epidemiologic studies have increasingly suggested that caffeine/ ###### could be an effective therapeutic against ################### (AD). 
2 Ginkgo biloba$vasospasm$These results suggest that ############# may have a protective effect against subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced ######### and vasculopathy as a result of antioxidants. 
1 tobacco$lung cancer$Mutational hotspots within the p53 gene, e.g., codon 157, have been identified for ####### -related ########### , whereas these same mutations are found rarely in other cancers. 
2 SRB$diabetes$Recent studies have documented a role for stabilized rice bran ( ### ) in treating ######## and arthritis, although little is known of the bioactive compounds that impart these health benefits. 
2 coffee$oral cavity cancer$BACKGROUND: Results on the relationship between ###### and tea drinking and the risk of ################## are contrasted. 
2 P ovata$colorectal cancer$RESULTS: Consumption of ####### tended to be inversely correlated with mortality from ################# . 
0 marijuana$breast cancer$In contrast, vitamin C did not reduce mitotic abnormalities in ######### -smoke-exposed ############# cultures, but stimulated abnormal growth and dedifferentiation. 
2 wheat$colon cancer$Butyrate, produced by colonic bacterial fermentation of dietary polysaccharides, such as ##### bran, induces apoptosis and decreases proliferation in ############ cell lines. 
0 coffee$coronary heart disease$CONCLUSIONS: These findings do not support the hypothesis that ###### or caffeine consumption increases the risk of ###################### or stroke. 
0 coffee$AD$We have utilized a transgenic mouse model for ## in well-controlled studies to determine if caffeine and/or ###### have beneficial actions to protect against or reverse ##-like cognitive impairment and ## pathology. 
2 black tea$cancer$Treatment with antitumor dose of ######### could replenish the host's antioxidant system and regress ###### -induced ROS significantly, thereby protecting the host's liver from lipid peroxidation and subsequent degeneration. 
1 tobacco$lung cancer$For females, in contrast, both the absolute number of ########### deaths and the age-standardized rate of 7.9/100,000 were among the highest values ever registered, reflecting the different pattern of spread of the ####### -related ########### epidemic in the two sexes. 
0 tobacco$mental illnesses$Tobacco use exerts a huge toll on persons with ################ and substance abuse disorders, accounting for 200,000 of the annual 443,000 annual ####### -related deaths in the United States. 
0 olive$Cancer$OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the association between ##### oil and overall and cause-specific mortality in the Spanish population in the European Prospective Investigation into ###### and Nutrition (EPIC-Spain). 
1 tobacco$neoplasms$CONCLUSIONS: The fall in cancer mortality observed over the last decade in Italy is attributable to a decline in lung and other ####### -related ######### in males, together with a persistent fall in stomach and uterine (cervical) cancer. 
2 KRG$crooked tail phenotypes$VPA-induced impairment in social interactions tested using sociability and social preference paradigms as well as ####################### were significantly improved by administration of Korean red ginseng ( ### ) in a dose dependent manner. 
1 tobacco$cancer$Our research team used spatial modeling techniques to identify areas in Florida with higher than expected ####### -associated ###### incidence clusters. 
2 tea tree$Influenza A$Our previous study demonstrated that Melaleuca alternifolia ( ######## ) oil (TTO) had an interesting antiviral activity against ########### in MDCK cells. 
2 Serenoa Repens$Glioma$ ############## Induces Growth Arrest, Apoptosis and Inactivation of STAT3 Signaling in Human ###### Cells. 
2 Green tea$pneumonia$CONCLUSION: ######### consumption was associated with a lower risk of death from ######### in Japanese women. 
2 coffee$chronic liver disease$Higher ###### consumption has been associated inversely with the incidence of ##################### in population studies. 
1 wheat$atopic dermatitis$Gliadin from ##### is a common food allergen that can induce baker's asthma, #####-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis, ################# , and celiac disease. 
0 tobacco$substance abuse problems$Confronting a neglected epidemic: ####### cessation for persons with mental illnesses and ######################## . 
0 coffee$rectum) cancers$Data on ###### consumption 20 years prior to the diagnosis of cancer were obtained from the next of kin of 662 cases of pancreas cancer and 1,770 referent (stomach, colon, and ############### . 
0 Sabal serrulata$prostatic hyperplasia$The effectiveness of ############### (dwarf palm) extract was evaluated in the treatment of 38 patients with symptomatic ##################### . 
1 senna$diarrhea$EEA-1 and EEA-2 did not induce ######## as a side effect, but ##### induced severe ######## . 
1 tobacco$cancer$Bayesian age-period-cohort models were formulated to assess past trends of gender-specific ####### -related ###### mortality and to project them up to 2018 at cantonal and language region levels. 
0 vitex agnus castus$fracture$Effects of " ################## " extract and magnesium supplementation, alone and in combination, on osteogenic and angiogenic factors and ######## healing in women with long bone ########. 
0 TTO$influenza$ ### did not inhibit ######### virus neuraminidase activity, as shown by the experiment measuring the amount of 4-methylumbelliferone, cleaved by the ######### virus neuraminidase from the fluorogenic substrate 2'-O-(4-methylumbelliferyl)-N-acetylneuraminic acid. 
3 tobacco$oesophagus, pancreas, larynx and kidney cance$Some meta-analyses suggest a possible effect for ############################################# r, but other cancers show no effect of smokeless ####### . 
0 Areca$systemic inflammation$ ##### nut chewing and ##################### : evidence of a common pathway for systemic diseases. 
1 tobacco$cancer$[Mortality trends in ###### attributable to ####### in Mexico]. 
2 ME$gastric cancer$Taken together, these results suggest that ## induces apoptosis of TMK-1 cells by caspase-3-dependent and -independent pathways, resulting in potential antitumor effects on ############## . 
0 tobacco$mood disorder$The non-readiness to change ####### use was predicted by difficulty in quitting due to ############# (odds ratio (OR) 0.229) and a higher perceived ability to quit (OR 0.328). 
1 digitalis$arrhythmias$Magnesium's direct effect on calcium and potassium fluxes across the myocardial cell membrane may be the mechanism of its antiarrhythmic action in ######### -toxic ########### . 
2 coffee$hepatitis$The ###### extract suppressed LPS-induced ######### when singly force-fed (1.2 g/kg) 1.5 h prior to the injection of the drugs, whereas a decaffeinated ###### extract had no significant effect. 
0 tobacco$neoplasmas$It is estimated that cigarette smoking kills over 1 000 000 people each year by causing lung cancer as well as many other ########## . p53 mutations are frequent in ####### -related cancers and the mutation load is often higher in cancers from smokers than from nonsmokers. 
2 olive$colorectal cancer$Higher consumption of ##### oil is considered the hallmark of the traditional Mediterranean diet, which has been associated with low incidence and prevalence of cancer, including ################# . 
0 tobacco$BD type I$CONCLUSION: The knowledge and risk perception for ####### remains inadequate even among the stable ######### patients in regular contact with mental health services. 
2 Garlic$hypertension$ ###### prevents ############ induced by chronic inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis. 
0 tobacco$cancer$Focusing on overlapping ###### clusters may help investigators identify priority areas for further screening, detailed assessments of ####### use, and/or prevention and cessation interventions to decrease risk. 
2 onion$Diabetic$ ######## rats maintained on ##### diet for 8 weeks excreted comparatively less amounts of albumin, urea, creatinine and inorganic phosphorus. 
1 cannabis$malignant tumors$This case is the first reported that shows the occurrence of three separate ################ with different histologies in the aerodigestive tract which could be related to a chronic abuse of ######## . 
1 tobacco$head and neck cancer$The use of ####### products is associated with an increased incidence of periodontal disease, poor response to periodontal therapy, and a high risk for developing #################### . 
0 coffee$colon, and rectum) cancers$Data on ###### consumption 20 years prior to the diagnosis of cancer were obtained from the next of kin of 662 cases of pancreas cancer and 1,770 referent (stomach, ########################## . 
1 tobacco$periodontitis$Prevalence, extent and severity of ############# as well as tooth loss and edentulism are influenced by ####### consumption in a dose-dependent manner. 
2 soybean$cancers of the colon, breast$There is much evidence to suggest that diets containing large amounts of ####### products are associated with overall low cancer mortality rates, particularly for ############################ and prostate. 
0 RU$MD$In males, the liability shared between ## and ## is solely genetic for both cigarettes and snus, while ## and ND share both genetic and unique environmental influences. 
0 RGSE$arthritis$In this study, we assessed the anti-arthritic effects of red ginseng saponin extract ( #### ), including ginsenosides Rg3, Rk1 and Rg5 as major components, on a murine type II collagen (CII)-induced ######### (CIA), which is a valid animal model of human ######### . 
0 tobacco$lung cancer$In conclusion, variation in ########### rates between populations may be due to: (1) differences in effective exposure to ####### smoke carcinogens; (2) differences in factors which modify the effect of ####### smoke, including differences in host susceptibility and metabolism of carcinogens, or (3) differences in exposure to other independent risk factors for ########### . 
0 bilberry$EIU$At the cellular level, we found that the ### -associated rhodopsin decreased and the shortening of outer segments in photoreceptor cells were suppressed in the ######## -extract-treated animals. 
2 Tea$dysplasia$ ### alone and in combination with curcumin significantly increased the apoptotic index in ######### and SCC. 
0 corn$cytotoxicity$Induced ############ and cell proliferation in the hepatocarcinogenicity of chloroform in female B6C3F1 mice: comparison of administration by gavage in #### oil vs ad libitum in drinking water. 
0 Tobacco$cancers$ ####### -related cancer (TRC) cases constitute 48.2% in men and 20.1% in women of the total ####### seen in India per year. 
0 tobacco$nicotine dependence$BACKGROUND: Numerous epidemiological studies have reported a positive association between major depression (MD) and regular ####### use (RU) or ################### (ND). 
0 coffee$Cancer$After having reviewed the available evidence, an International Agency for Research on ###### working group concluded in 1991 that the evidence in humans that ###### drinking is carcinogenic in the pancreas is "inadequate," since the available data were considered suggestive of a weak relationship with high levels of ###### consumption, but the possibility that this was due to bias or confounding was judged tenable. 
0 green tea$cancer$RESULTS: After adjustment for other food items (vegetables, fruits, different types of meat, processed meat and fish, dairy and starchy products, coffee, ######### ), that were related to outcome, smoking, alcohol use, family history on ###### , education level and residence, stomach ###### risk was inversely associated with consumption of raw vegetables such as cabbage (OR=0.24; 95% CI=0.10-0.57; > or =1-3 times/month vs. almost never), carrots (OR=0.42, 95% CI=0.20-0.86; 1-6 times/week vs. almost never) and garlic (OR=0.59, 95% CI=0.37-0.96; 1-6 times/week vs. almost never). 
0 garlic$cancer$In this review the strengths and weaknesses of the experiments are discussed and the outcomes are evaluated to assess the possible significance of ###### or ###### compounds for the prevention of ###### in humans. 
0 coffee$solid tumor$At present there is no convincing evidence that caffeine or ###### consumption increases the risk for any ########### . 
2 soybean$metabolic disorders$These effects of SPH might be important for the health benefit effects of ####### proteins on obesity-associated ################### . 
1 tobacco$cancer$MATERIALS AND METHODS: Geocoded ####### -associated incident ###### data from 1998 to 2002 from the Florida Cancer Data System were used. 
1 digitalis$arrhythmias$The mechanism by which magnesium affects ######### -induced ########### was studied in dogs with and without beta-receptor blockade. 
0 aloe vera$head-and-neck neoplasms$Phase II double-blind randomized study comparing oral ######### versus placebo to prevent radiation-related mucositis in patients with ####################### . 
2 carrots$stomach cancer$In conclusion, higher consumption of raw vegetables such as cabbage, ####### , garlic as well as broccoli may decrease a risk of ############## , whereas intake of citrus fruits has no relation with a reduced risk of the disease. 
0 ginseng$neural tube defects$Effects of Korean red ####### extracts on ################### and impairment of social interaction induced by prenatal exposure to valproic acid. 
2 coffee$liver cancer$The multivariable-adjusted inverse association between ###### consumption and ############ risk persisted when stratified by baseline factors: age more/less than 50 years, current smoker/never smoked/ever smoked, alcohol drinker/never drinker, obese/nonobese, and the highest/lowest three quartiles of serum GGT. 
2 green tea$lung injury$Chinese ######### ameliorates ########### in cigarette smoke-exposed rats. 
0 RU$ND$RESULTS: The results suggest modest correlations between MD and ## , and between MD and ## . 
0 tea$breast cancer$The RR of ############# among consumers of five or more cups of ### per day was 1.3 (95% confidence interval = 0.9-2.0); no dose-response association was observed. 
2 Zingiber officinale$Brain Damage$ ################### Mitigates ############ and Improves Memory Impairment in Focal Cerebral Ischemic Rat. 
0 coffee$RA$Similarly, there was no relationship between cumulative caffeinated ###### consumption and ## risk (RR 1.1, 95% CI 0.8-1.6 for >/=4 cups per day versus none) or between tea consumption and ## risk (RR 1.1, 95% CI 0.7-1.8 for >3 cups/day versus none). 
0 RU$MD$CONCLUSIONS: The relationship among ## , ## and ND is at least partially attributable to shared genetic and environmental risk factors. 
0 tomatoes$cancer$Lycopene, a hydrocarbon carotenoid, is the major carotenoid in ######## and, as a potent singlet oxygen quencher, has been considered by some to be the biologically active agent responsible for the reduction of ###### risk associated with tomato consumption. 
2 tomato$chronic diseases$Several epidemiologic studies have suggested a role of ###### products in protecting against cancer and ################ . 
1 tobacco$cancer$The accumulated evidence from this and other studies support reconsidering stomach ###### as a ####### -related ###### . 
0 Aloe$lymphoma$ #### -emodin promoted the release of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), endonuclease G (Endo G), pro-caspase-9 and cytochrome c from the mitochondria via a loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)) which was associated with a increase in the ratio of B-cell ######## 2-associated X protein (Bax)/B cell ######## /leukemia-2 (Bcl-2) and activation of caspase-9 and -3. 
0 onion$diabetic$Effect of feeding 15 mg% capsaicin diet or 3% freeze dried ##### powder containing diet were examined in albino rats rendered ######## with streptozotocin injection. 
2 Ginkgo biloba$acute mountain sickness$ ############# , an extract of the ginkgo tree, may prevent or lessen symptoms of ####################### in humans. 
0 tobacco$tuberculosis$However, if the prevalence of smoking increased to 50% of adults (as observed in countries with high ####### use), the model estimated that 34 million additional deaths from ############ would occur by 2050. 
2 coriander$amnesia$In traditional medicine, it is believed that ######### can induce some degree of ####### in a child when his/her mother uses ######### during the pregnancy. 
1 pecan$asthma$In children, the ##### tree constitutes a possible etiologic agent for the development of ###### . 
0 areca nut$Head and neck carcinoma$METHODS: ####################### cells were treated with ######### extract to perceive the phenotypic impacts. 
2 mushroom$cardiovascular disease$Inonotus obliquus is a medicinal ######## used in Russian and Eastern European folk medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal cancer, ###################### and diabetes. 
0 coffee$colorectal cancer$Inconsistencies as to the effect of ###### use and ################# between epidemiologic studies might be related to the type of ###### brew. 
2 Plantago ovata$colorectal cancer$BACKGROUND: Consumption of ############## may protect against ################# . 
2 H. sabdariffa$cancer$From all these studies, it is clear that various ############# extracts exhibit activities against atherosclerosis, liver disease, ###### , diabetes and other metabolic syndromes. 
0 aloe vera$mucositis$Phase II double-blind randomized study comparing oral ######### versus placebo to prevent radiation-related ######### in patients with head-and-neck neoplasms. 
0 corn$colon tumors$The feeding of the Lactobacillus GG before and during carcinogen treatment resulted in a significant decrease in the incidence of ############ and the number of small intestinal and ############ per tumor-bearing animal for rats fed a 20% #### oil diet. 
2 garlic$gastric cancer$Recently published results of epidemiologic case-control studies in China and Italy on gastric carcinoma in relation to diet suggest that consuming ###### may reduce the risk of ############## . 
0 tobacco$cancer$Persistent cigarette smoking and other ####### use after a #######-related ###### diagnosis. 
1 carrots$asthma$She had ###### when handling raw ####### . 
2 garlic$cancer$In evaluating relationships between diet and ###### , it is appropriate to consider not only the possible protective role of ###### and onions but also their enhancing effects. 
2 coffee$oral cavity cancer$CONCLUSIONS: Tea and ###### drinking may decrease the risk of ################## through antioxidant components which play a role in the repair of cellular damages. 
1 Peanut$dyspnea$RESULTS: ###### -related symptoms consisted of oral symptoms in all patients, with additional urticaria and ####### or angioedema in 2 patients. 
2 Hawthorn$middle cerebral artery occlusion$In our present investigation the neuroprotective effect of alcoholic extract of ######## (Crataegus oxycantha) was evaluated against ################################ induced ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. 
1 tobacco$oral carcinomas$The lack of association of the nude mice tumour DNA with myc/ras/EGF-R showing aberrations in the primary human tumour, implies activation of an alternative potent transforming gene(s) in the chewing ####### -related ############### in India. 
0 tobacco$cancers$In a tribal village in Kerala, India, local volunteers were trained to work in a programme for the primary prevention of ####### -related ####### and the secondary prevention of common ####### . 
1 Coffee$pancreas cancer$BACKGROUND: ###### consumption has been brought to focus as a possible risk factor for ############### . 
3 tobacco$kidney cance$Some meta-analyses suggest a possible effect for oesophagus, pancreas, larynx and ############ r, but other cancers show no effect of smokeless ####### . 
0 tobacco$cancer$METHODS: We used 2009 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data to describe demographic characteristics, smoking history, current smoking prevalence, and smokeless ####### use among TRCS, other ###### survivors, and people without a history of ###### (cigarette smoking and smokeless ####### use were calculated after adjusting for age, sex, race, and insurance status). 
2 RCR$hyperglycemia$However, ### minimally affected sucrose-induced acute ############# in mice and olive oil-induced acute hypertriglyceridemia in rats. 
1 areca$Diabetes$ ######## , hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, oropharyngeal and oesophageal cancers have been associated with ##### nut chewing and the mechanism by which ##### nut chewing increases the risk of systemic diseases remains elusive. 
2 H. sabdariffa$liver disease$From all these studies, it is clear that various ############# extracts exhibit activities against atherosclerosis, ############# , cancer, diabetes and other metabolic syndromes. 
2 Aloe$tongue squamous cancer$ #### -emodin induces cell death through S-phase arrest and caspase-dependent pathways in human ###################### SCC-4 cells. 
2 RGSE$erosion of cartilage$Oral administration of #### at 10 mg/kg reduced the clinical arthritis score and paw swelling in the CIA mice, and inhibited joint space narrowing and histological arthritis, illustrating the severity of synovial hyperplasia, inflammatory cell infiltration, pannus formation, and #################### . 
1 marijuana$malignant tumors$The occurrence of multilocular ################ in the upper aerodigestive tract in young patients with known ######### abuse has been described by other authors. 
2 peppermint$tension-type headache$This controlled study showed for the first time that a 10% ########## oil in ethanol solution efficiently alleviates ##################### . 
1 cocoa$gastrointestinal complaints$Adverse effects including ########################### and distaste of the trial product were reported by 5% of patients in the active ##### intervention group and 1% of patients in the control groups. 
0 wolfberry$diabetic$Taken together, dietary ######### on retinal protection in ######## mice is, at least partially, due to zeaxanthin and/or lutein. 
0 cabbage$cancer$RESULTS: After adjustment for other food items (vegetables, fruits, different types of meat, processed meat and fish, dairy and starchy products, coffee, green tea), that were related to outcome, smoking, alcohol use, family history on ###### , education level and residence, stomach ###### risk was inversely associated with consumption of raw vegetables such as ####### (OR=0.24; 95% CI=0.10-0.57; > or =1-3 times/month vs. almost never), carrots (OR=0.42, 95% CI=0.20-0.86; 1-6 times/week vs. almost never) and garlic (OR=0.59, 95% CI=0.37-0.96; 1-6 times/week vs. almost never). 
0 onion$cancers$Since obesity is closely related to breast cancer and obese patients are at elevated risk of developing various ####### , these findings suggested that ##### might be useful for preventing obesity-related malignancy. 
0 areca$systemic inflammation$Increase in amount of ##### nut consumption had a significant dose-response relationship with ##################### (p for trend <0.001). 
0 SCSE$hypercholesterolemic$HYPOTHESIS: The present study evaluates the hypothesis that sour cherry seed extract (####) protects against cardiovascular disease and inflammation in #################### rabbits, and that this protection correlates with #### -induced activity of heme oxygenase- 1 (HO-1), a cytoprotective enzyme contributing to oxidative stress responses. 
0 Wheat$tumor$ ##### bran produced significantly higher fecal butyrate (p = .01; .004, .00001) levels than the fiber-free diet throughout the ##### promotion study. 
0 ginkgo$neurologic disease$Inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis were (1) sufficiently characterized patients such that it was clearly stated there was a diagnosis of AD by either Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Revised Third Edition, or National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke-Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association criteria, or there was enough clinical detail to determine this by our review; (2) clearly stated study exclusion criteria, ie, those studies that did not have stated exclusions for depression, other ################## , and central nervous system-active medications were excluded; (3) use of standardized ###### extract in any stated dose; (4) randomized, placebo-controlled and double-blind study design; (5) at least 1 outcome measure was an objective assessment of cognitive function; and (6) sufficient statistical information to allow for meta-analysis. 
2 soybean$carcinogenesis$There is evidence that the following isolated ####### derived products suppress ############## in vivo: a protease inhibitor, the Bowman-Birk inhibitor, inositol hexaphosphate (phytic acid) and the sterol beta-sitosterol. 
0 tea$colorectal cancer$No association was observed between ### consumption and risk of ################# : The risk among ### drinkers in each consumption category was similar to that among nondrinkers. 
2 garlic$tumor$Furthermore, the magnitude ##### suppression, as well as the extent of DMBA-DNA adduct inhibition, were very similar with the two batches of ###### , even though the amounts of ###### in the diet varied considerably between them (1.8% for the 112 p.p.m. 
0 vitex agnus castus$bone fracture$BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the combination of ################## extract, as a source of phytoestrogens, plus magnesium supplementation on osteogenic and angiogenic factors and callus formation in women with long ############# . 
1 wheat$asthma$Gliadin from ##### is a common food allergen that can induce baker's ###### , ##### -dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis, atopic dermatitis, and celiac disease. 
2 Maca$sexual dysfunction$The Greene Climacteric Scale revealed a significant reduction in scores in the areas of psychological symptoms, including the subscales for anxiety and depression and ################## after #### consumption compared with both baseline and placebo (P < 0.05). 
0 Ginkgo biloba$retinal damage$PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of ############# extract EGb 761, a free-radical scavenger, on the antioxidation capability of retina after light-induced ############## in rats in an attempt to understand the mechanism by which EGb 761 protects the photoreceptors after light-induced ##############. 
2 Zingiber officinale$cerebral ischemia$In this study, possible protective effect of ################### , a medicinal plant reputed for neuroprotective effect against oxidative stress-related brain damage, on brain damage and memory deficit induced by focal ################# was elucidated. 
0 tobacco$tuberculosis$The model estimated that aggressive ####### control (achieving a 1% decrease in smoking prevalence per year down to eradication) would avert 27 million smoking attributable deaths from ############ by 2050. 
2 P ovata$colorectal cancer$CONCLUSIONS: Our results show an inverse trend between the consumption of ####### and ################# mortality. 
2 Lonicera caerulaea$tumor$Our data showed that aqueous ################## extracts reduced the ##### volume when administered continuously during the ##### growth and development stages, but augmented the ##### growth when the administration of extracts started three weeks before ##### grafting. 
2 Hawthorn$ischemia/reperfusion injury$In our present investigation the neuroprotective effect of alcoholic extract of ######## (Crataegus oxycantha) was evaluated against middle cerebral artery occlusion induced ########################### in rats. 
0 RGSE$CIA$Oral administration of #### at 10 mg/kg reduced the clinical arthritis score and paw swelling in the ### mice, and inhibited joint space narrowing and histological arthritis, illustrating the severity of synovial hyperplasia, inflammatory cell infiltration, pannus formation, and erosion of cartilage. 
1 soy$asthma$Conversely, ### beverage was associated with an increased risk of current ###### (2.05; 1.19, 3.53), doctor-diagnosed ###### (1.69; 1.04, 2.77), and BHR (1.65; 1.00, 2.71). 
1 Tobacco$cancers$ ####### -related ####### in Madras, India. 
1 Tobacco$tuberculosis$CONCLUSIONS: ####### smoking could substantially increase ############ cases and deaths worldwide in coming years, undermining progress towards ############ mortality targets. 
2 Maitake$gastric cancer$Antitumor effects of a water-soluble extract from ####### (Grifola frondosa) on human ############## cell lines. 
2 olive$cardiovascular disease$The Mediterranean diet, in which ##### oil is the primary source of fat, is associated with a low mortality for ###################### . 
2 I. obliquus$diabetic disease$Previous studies in our laboratory have demonstrated that the mycelium powders of ########### possess significant antihyperglycemic effects in a mouse model of ################ induced by alloxan. 
2 tea$xerostomia$Nasal congestion and coffee/ ### intake also affected ########## . 
0 tobacco$lung cancer$In conclusion, variation in ########### rates between populations may be due to: (1) differences in effective exposure to ####### smoke carcinogens; (2) differences in factors which modify the effect of ####### smoke, including differences in host susceptibility and metabolism of carcinogens, or (3) differences in exposure to other independent risk factors for ###########. 
0 aloe vera$mucositis$PURPOSE: In a single-institution, double-blind, prospective, randomized trial, we determined whether oral ######### gel can reduce radiation-induced ######### in head-and-neck cancer patients. 
0 cannabis$psychosis$Although considerable evidence implicates ######## use as a component cause of schizophrenia, it remains unclear whether this is entirely due to ######## directly raising risk of #########, or whether the same genes that increases ######### risk may also increase risk of ######## use. 
0 marijuana$breast cancer$In nonexposed, tobacco-, or ######### -smoke-exposed ############# cultures. 
2 Phellodendron amurense$prostate cancer$We recently showed that Nexrutine, a ###################### bark extract, suppresses proliferation of ############### cell lines and tumor development in the transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP) model. 
0 tobacco$tumour$The lack of association of the nude mice ###### DNA with myc/ras/EGF-R showing aberrations in the primary human ######, implies activation of an alternative potent transforming gene(s) in the chewing ####### -related oral carcinomas in India. 
0 P. edulis var. flavicarpa$pleurisy$In this study we evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity of four sub-fractions and three isolated compounds from the butanolic fraction of ######################### leaves, using the mouse model of ######## induced by carrageenan. 
2 coffee$oral cavity cancer$Exclusive tea or ###### consumption was associated with a reduced risk of ################## and their joint effect was multiplicative. 
0 ginseng$crooked tail phenotype$Using the prenatal valproic acid (VPA)-injection model of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in rats, which produces social impairrment and altered seizure susceptibility as in human ASD patients as well as mild neural tube defects like ###################### , we examined whether chronic administration of red ####### extract may rescue the social impairment and ###################### in prenatally VPA-exposed rat offspring. 
0 tobacco$nicotine dependence$A population-based twin study of the genetic and environmental relationship of major depression, regular ####### use and ################### . 
0 tobacco$SCC$We therefore aimed to prospectively examine the role of ####### smoking in the development of ### of the skin in a population-based study. 
0 tea$insulin resistance$To investigate the preventive effects of ### on hyperglycemia and ################## , male C57BL/6J mice were given a high-fat diet containing 29% lard and also green or black ### ad libitum for 14 weeks. 
2 mulberry wood$cerebral ischemia$Oxyresveratrol is a potent antioxidant and free-radical scavenger found in ############# (Morus alba L.) with demonstrated protective effects against ################# . 
3 cannabis$schizophrenia$One established association is that between ######## use and ############# , a debilitating psychiatric disorder affecting ~1% of the population over their lifetime. 
0 cannabis$psychosis$Although considerable evidence implicates ######## use as a component cause of schizophrenia, it remains unclear whether this is entirely due to ######## directly raising risk of #########, or whether the same genes that increases ######### risk may also increase risk of ######## use. 
2 onion$cancer$Inhibitory effects of ##### (Allium cepa L.) extract on proliferation of ###### cells and adipocytes via inhibiting fatty acid synthase. 
0 tobacco$SCC$IMPACT: These prospective adjusted data provide strong evidence which suggests that cutaneous ### should not be on the list of ####### -related cancers. 
2 bilberry$retinal inflammation$Our findings indicate that anthocyanin-rich ######## extract has a protective effect on visual function during #################### . 
2 ginkgo$acute mountain sickness$Ginkgo biloba, an extract of the ###### tree, may prevent or lessen symptoms of ####################### in humans. 
0 coriander$pain$No modification in the #### threshold was elicited by electric stimuli both in ######### and control groups. 
2 HPE$diabetic nephropathy$More recent studies investigated the protective effect of HSE and ### in streptozotocin induced #################### . 
2 H. sabdariffa$metabolic syndromes$From all these studies, it is clear that various ############# extracts exhibit activities against atherosclerosis, liver disease, cancer, diabetes and other ################### . 
2 tea$cardiovascular disorders$Epidemiological data suggest that consumption of coffee and ### is associated with a reduced risk of several chronic and degenerative diseases including ######################## , diabetes, obesity and neurodegenerative disorders. 
0 garlic$cancer$An indication of publication bias for all ######s combined is evident from a funnel plot of RC ###### consumption and ###### risk and from the results of the Begg and Mazumdar test (P: = 0.049). 
0 tobacco$cancer$We provide the first population-based report on demographic characteristics and ####### use behaviors among self-reported #######-related ###### survivors. 
0 pecan$allergy$OBJECTIVE: To study the role of ##### tree pollen in the development of ####### . 
0 garlic$diabetic$In this study, streptozotocin (STZ)-induced ######## rats received ###### oil (0, 10, 50, or 100 mg/kg of body weight) by gastric gavage every 2 days for 16 days. 
0 Allanblackia monticola$oedema$The anti-inflammatory activity "in vivo" of the methylene chloride/methanol extract, methanol and methylene chloride fractions of stem barks of ###################### , administered orally at doses of 37.5; 75; 150 and 300 mg/kg, was evaluated on carrageenan-induced ###### in rats to determine the most active fraction. 
2 coffee$type 2 diabetes$This study newly revealed global metabolic alterations induced by ###### intake, providing significant insights into the association between ###### intake and the prevention of ############### , utilizing the benefits of multi-omics analyses. 
1 areca$Diabetes$ ######## , hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, oropharyngeal and oesophageal cancers have been associated with ##### nut chewing and the mechanism by which ##### nut chewing increases the risk of systemic diseases remains elusive. 
2 broccoli$cataract$Among specific foods high in carotenoids, ######## and spinach were most consistently associated with a lower risk of ######## . 
0 tobacco$cancers$Since the increasing epidemic of lung cancer (in men), as well as other #######-related ####### , is observed in Portugal, the important component of such a programme should be a nationwide ####### control programme. 
2 TTO$influenza$In fact, when we tested ### and some of its components, we found that ### had an inhibitory effect on ######### virus replication at doses below the cytotoxic dose; terpinen-4-ol, terpinolene, and alfa-terpineol were the main active components. 
2 Burseraceae$colon adenocarcinoma$The ethanol extract from the dried exudate of Bursera fagaroides ( ########### ) showed significant cytotoxic activity in the HT-29 (human #################### ) test system. 
2 Argemone mexicana$malaria$ ################# (AM), a validated herbal medicine for uncomplicated ####### , seems to prevent severe ####### without completely clearing parasites in most patients. 
2 pomegranate$colon and prostate tumors$In preclinical animal studies, oral consumption of ########### extract inhibited growth of lung, skin, ######################### . 
2 black tea$cancer$These results thus raise the possibility of inclusion of ######### in a successful therapeutic regimen against ###### . 
2 wheat$colon cancer$BACKGROUND: Dietary ##### bran protects against ############ , but the mechanism(s) of this effect is not known. 
0 garlic$hepatocellular carcinomas$In all three groups, the tumors were located in the liver ( ######################### ), in addition to the kidney in animals treated with AFB1 alone and together with ###### . 
1 tobacco$oral squamous cell carcinoma$It seems that TNF-alpha-308 G/A may be related to susceptibility, whereas -609 TT TNFR1 and 1690 C/T TNFR2 SNPs may be protective to ####### -related ############################ . 
2 Serenoa repens$glioma$In this study, we found for the first time that ############## effectively inhibited the growth of human U87 and U251 ###### cells. 
0 black tea$cancer$Consumption of ######### and ###### risk: a prospective cohort study. 
2 onion$Diabetic$ ######## rats fed ##### diet also exhibited lowered lipid peroxides in circulation and in urine when compared to diabetic control group. 
2 Coriander$pain$ ######### has been recommended for the relief of #### , anxiety, flatulence, and loss of appetite. 
0 tobacco$tumour$The lack of association of the nude mice ###### DNA with myc/ras/EGF-R showing aberrations in the primary human ###### , implies activation of an alternative potent transforming gene(s) in the chewing ####### -related oral carcinomas in India. 
0 coffee$pancreas cancer$METHODS: The association between ###### consumption and ############### risk was examined in a case-referent study in Finland. 
1 tobacco$tumors$Female rats and female B6C3F1 mice, when exposed over lifetime to ####### smoke, develop ###### in the nasal passages and also in the lung. 
2 coffee$gallbladder disease$However, among women a decreased prevalence of previously diagnosed ################### was found with increasing ###### drinking (p = 0.027). 
3 wheat$gastric ulcer$Intragastric bile acid concentrations in healthy subjects and in patients with gastric and duodenal ulcer and the influence of fiber-enriched ##### bran in patients with ############# . 
0 sour cherry$cardiovascular disease$HYPOTHESIS: The present study evaluates the hypothesis that ########### seed extract (SCSE) protects against ###################### and inflammation in hypercholesterolemic rabbits, and that this protection correlates with SCSE-induced activity of heme oxygenase- 1 (HO-1), a cytoprotective enzyme contributing to oxidative stress responses. 
0 ginseng$ASD$Using the prenatal valproic acid (VPA)-injection model of autism spectrum disorder (###) in rats, which produces social impairrment and altered seizure susceptibility as in human ### patients as well as mild neural tube defects like crooked tail phenotype, we examined whether chronic administration of red ####### extract may rescue the social impairment and crooked tail phenotype in prenatally VPA-exposed rat offspring. 
1 tobacco$oral cancer$Public awareness about ####### -related ########### is low at present, and new approaches to this problem should include education in the schools on ###########, formulation of legislative action to ban the sale of ####### near schools and colleges, and imposition of societal "barriers" that would make the nonchewing of ####### socially more acceptable than chewing it. 
0 coffee$chronic liver disease$The multivariable-adjusted (age, sex, alcohol consumption, education, smoking, diabetes and ##################### at baseline and during follow-up, and body mass index) hazards ratios of liver cancer in participants who drank 0-1, 2-3, 4-5, 6-7, and > or =8 cups of ###### daily were 1.00, 0.66, 0.44, 0.38, and 0.32 (P for trend = 0.003), respectively. 
0 ginseng$arthritis$In this study, we assessed the anti-arthritic effects of red ####### saponin extract (RGSE), including ginsenosides Rg3, Rk1 and Rg5 as major components, on a murine type II collagen (CII)-induced ######### (CIA), which is a valid animal model of human ######### . 
0 olive$hyperglycemia$In addition, the effects of RCR on sucrose-induced acute ############# in mice and ##### oil-induced hypertriglyceridemia in rats were also examined. 
0 garlic$colon, head and neck, lung, breast, and prostate cancers$OBJECTIVE: The objective was to conduct meta-analyses of the epidemiologic literature on the association between ###### consumption and risk of stomach, ######################################################## . 
2 tea$SCC$Curcumin, alone and in combination with ### , significantly inhibited the angiogenesis in papilloma and ### . 
2 Plantago major$tumors$ ############## (Plantaginaceae) is popularly used to treat ###### , infections and as a blood purifier. 
2 cabbage$breast cancer$Elastase is the only currently identified target protein for indole-3-carbinol (I3C), a naturally occurring hydrolysis product of glucobrassicin in cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, ####### , and Brussels sprouts that induces a cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of human ############# cells. 
0 coffee$(stomach, colon, and rectum) cancers$Data on ###### consumption 20 years prior to the diagnosis of cancer were obtained from the next of kin of 662 cases of pancreas cancer and 1,770 referent #################################### . 
0 Tobacco$tuberculosis$CONCLUSIONS: ####### smoking could substantially increase ############ cases and deaths worldwide in coming years, undermining progress towards ############ mortality targets. 
0 tobacco$oral cancer$Public awareness about #######-related ########### is low at present, and new approaches to this problem should include education in the schools on ########### , formulation of legislative action to ban the sale of ####### near schools and colleges, and imposition of societal "barriers" that would make the nonchewing of ####### socially more acceptable than chewing it. 
2 Sabal serrulata$prostatic hypertrophy$[ ############### extract in the management of symptoms of ##################### ]. 
2 Green tea$tumor$ ######### or curcumin treatment decreased the number of visible #####s by 35.1 or 39.6%, the ##### volume by 41.6 or 61.3% and the number of SCC by 53.3 or 51.3%, respectively. 
0 tea$colorectal, lung, and breast cancers$Analysis of the ### and cancer relationship in a subgroup that included subjects in the lowest two quintiles of consumption of vegetables and fruits also failed to reveal a protective effect of ### consumption on the risk of three cancer types studied ( #################################### ). 
0 RU$ND$BACKGROU##: Numerous epidemiological studies have reported a positive association between major depression (MD) and regular tobacco use ( ## ) or nicotine dependence ( ## ). 
2 Green tea$tumors$ ######### or curcumin treatment decreased the number of visible ###### by 35.1 or 39.6%, the tumor volume by 41.6 or 61.3% and the number of SCC by 53.3 or 51.3%, respectively. 
2 Onion$hyperglycemic$ ##### also produced a significant reduction in ############# status of diabetic animals. 
0 coffee$HCC$Cox proportional hazards model by SAS was used to obtain hazard ratio of ### mortality for each ###### consumption categories. 
1 tobacco$cancer$Although ####### -related ###### is a fast-growing public health problem having a poor prognosis, ####### smoking, the main risk factor, could be eliminated by health education and promotion, together with publicity regulation and healthy taxation policies. 
1 pea$peanut allergy$Patients with anaphylaxis to ### can have ###nut allergy caused by cross-reactive IgE to vicilin (Ara h 1). 
2 Aloe$tongue squamous cance$ #### -emodin could be a novel chemotherapeutic drug candidate for the treatment of human ##################### r in the future. 
1 tobacco$cancers$With the highest ####### abuse prevalence among all minorities, American Indians incur high rates of ####### -related ####### . 
0 Coffee$cancer$ ###### consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and ###### . 
2 soybean$cancers of the colon$There is much evidence to suggest that diets containing large amounts of ####### products are associated with overall low cancer mortality rates, particularly for #################### , breast and prostate. 
1 tobacco$cancer$This study aimed to project gender-specific ####### -related ###### mortality in Switzerland at different geographical levels for the periods 2009-2013 and 2014-2018. 
0 tobacco$lung cancer$In conclusion, variation in ########### rates between populations may be due to: (1) differences in effective exposure to ####### smoke carcinogens; (2) differences in factors which modify the effect of ####### smoke, including differences in host susceptibility and metabolism of carcinogens, or (3) differences in exposure to other independent risk factors for ########### . 
2 green and black tea$insulin resistance$The results strongly suggest that ################### suppress high-fat diet-evoked hyperglycemia and ################## by retaining the level of GLUT4 and increasing the level of GLUT4 on the plasma membrane in muscle. 
1 tobacco$tuberculosis$Aggressive ####### control could avert millions of deaths from ############ . 
1 hemp$respiratory symptoms$Our data suggest that long-term exposure to #### dust may cause the development of chronic #################### and impairment of ventilatory capacity. 
0 tobacco$BD$AIM: The study aims to explore the perceived health risks, attitude and readiness to quit ####### among euthymic ## patients. 
0 coffee$gallbladder disease$The prevalence of total ################### was unrelated to ###### consumption in either men or women. 
2 Hibiscus sabdariffa Linne$inflammatory conditions$ ######################### is a traditional Chinese rose tea and has been effectively used in folk medicines for treatment of hypertension, ####################### . 
1 tobacco$chronic obstructive pulmonary disease$The aim of this review is to summarize present knowledge of genetic variation in cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) and 2C9 (CYP2C9) genes and risk of ####### -related cancer, female cancer, ##################################### and ischemic vascular disease. 
0 tobacco$lung cancers$At several p53 mutational hotspots common to all cancers, such as codons 248 and 273, a large fraction of the mutations are G to T events in ############ but are almost exclusively G to A transitions in non- ####### -related cancers. 
1 tobacco$cancer$Recently, large studies on the association between genetic variation in CYP1B1 and CYP2C9 and risk of disease with considerable statistical power rebutted the hypotheses that these genetic variants affect risk of ####### -related ###### , female ######, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and ischemic vascular disease. 
2 tomato$cancer$Increased consumption of ###### products is associated with a decreased risk of ###### . 
2 Fenugreek$breast cancer$ ######### , a naturally occurring edible spice, kills MCF-7 human ############# cells via an apoptotic pathway. 
0 cannabis$schizophrenia$Although considerable evidence implicates ######## use as a component cause of ############# , it remains unclear whether this is entirely due to ######## directly raising risk of psychosis, or whether the same genes that increases psychosis risk may also increase risk of ######## use. 
2 Grifola frondosa$gastric cancer$Antitumor effects of a water-soluble extract from Maitake ( ################ ) on human ############## cell lines. 
0 onion$obese$Since obesity is closely related to breast cancer and ##### patients are at elevated risk of developing various cancers, these findings suggested that ##### might be useful for preventing obesity-related malignancy. 
0 tobacco$cancers$INTERPRETATION: Our data confirmed the North West to South East Europe gradient of increasing incidence and mortality rates of ####### -related #######, as well as increasing mortality rates of screen-detectable ####### . 
2 corn$tumor$Animals fed a 5% #### oil diet had a lower ##### incidence and number of #####s resulting from the decrease in dietary fat; in addition the feeding of Lactobacillus GG before the carcinogen challenge resulted in a lower incidence of colon #####s. 
2 RGSE$synovial hyperplasia$Oral administration of #### at 10 mg/kg reduced the clinical arthritis score and paw swelling in the CIA mice, and inhibited joint space narrowing and histological arthritis, illustrating the severity of #################### , inflammatory cell infiltration, pannus formation, and erosion of cartilage. 
0 tobacco$aerodigestive cancer$This study examined whether they may prevent the occurrence of upper #################### in subjects heavily exposed to ####### smoking, such as patients already cured of an early-stage lung cancer. 
0 RU$MD$RESULTS: The results suggest modest correlations between ## and ## , and between ## and ND. 
1 areca$cardiovascular diseases$Diabetes, hypertension, ####################### , oropharyngeal and oesophageal cancers have been associated with ##### nut chewing and the mechanism by which ##### nut chewing increases the risk of systemic diseases remains elusive. 
1 areca$cardiovascular diseases$Diabetes, hypertension, ####################### , oropharyngeal and oesophageal cancers have been associated with ##### nut chewing and the mechanism by which ##### nut chewing increases the risk of systemic diseases remains elusive. 
2 Garlic$atherosclerosis$INTRODUCTION: ###### (Allium sativum), traditionally being used as a spice worldwide, has different applications and is claimed to possess beneficial effects in several health ailments such as tumor and ############### . 
2 olive$hypertriglyceridemia$However, RCR minimally affected sucrose-induced acute hyperglycemia in mice and ##### oil-induced acute #################### in rats. 
1 tobacco$lung cancer$Over the years, many attempts to reproduce ########### in experimental animals exposed to ####### smoke have been made, most often with negative or only marginally positive results. 
2 Lepidium meyenii$psychological symptoms$CONCLUSIONS: Preliminary findings show that ################ (Maca) (3.5 g/d) reduces ###################### , including anxiety and depression, and lowers measures of sexual dysfunction in postmenopausal women independent of estrogenic and androgenic activity. 
0 tea$xerostomia$Additional information on ########## , oral health behaviors, coffee/ ### intake and nasal congestion was collected via a questionnaire. 
0 Coffee$gestational diabetes mellitus$ ###### consumption and the risk of ############################# . 
3 RU$major depression$BACKGROUND: Numerous epidemiological studies have reported a positive association between ################ (MD) and regular tobacco use ( ## ) or nicotine dependence (ND). 
2 black tea$EAC$Here we report Ehrlich's ascites carcinoma ( ### )induced hepatotoxicity and its protection by antitumor dose of ######### in mice. 
2 onion$Diabetic$ ######## rats maintained on ##### diet had a lowered relative liver weight at the end of the study compared to diabetic control group. 
0 garlic$stomach cancers$DESIGN: Meta-analyses were conducted for all cancers mutually and separately for colorectal and ############### in relation to consumption of exclusively raw ######, cooked ######, or both (RC ###### ). 
0 aloe vera$soreness$Oral ######### did not improve tolerance to head-and-neck radiotherapy, decrease mucositis, reduce ######## , or otherwise improve patient well-being. 
0 coffee$liver disease$We examined the relationship of ###### consumption with ############# progression in individuals with advanced hepatitis C-related ############# . 
2 Wolfberry$eye diseases$ ######### is a traditional Asian fruit consumed for years to prevent aging ############ in Asian countries. 
0 coffee$metabolic syndrome$Therefore, we examined the association between ###### consumption and the components of the ################## . 
2 tea$papillomas$The combination of ### and curcumin also decreased the number of visible tumors and the tumor volume by 52.4 and 69.8%, as well as the numbers of SCC, dysplasic lesions and ########## by 62.0, 37.5 and 48.7%, respectively. 
0 peppermint$tension-type headache$The effect of a locally applied ########## oil preparation on ##################### was examined in the design of a randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind crossover study for the first time. 
2 coffee$AD$Epidemiologic studies have increasingly suggested that caffeine/ ###### could be an effective therapeutic against Alzheimer's disease ( ## ). 
0 tobacco$laryngeal cancer$Past and current salted meat consumption was associated with increased risks of ################ , after controlling for the effects of ####### and alcohol. 
0 coffee$RA$CONCLUSION: In this large, prospective study, we find little evidence of an association between ######, decaffeinated ###### , or tea consumption and the risk of ## among women. 
0 ginger$neurotoxicity$In this study, the neuroprotective effect of the extract of ###### (Zingiber officinale) was investigated against MSG-induced ############# of male albino rat. 
0 olive$colorectal cancer$This review aims to provide an overview of the relationship between ##### oil phenolics and ################# , in particular summarizing the epidemiologic, in vitro, cellular, and animal studies on antioxidant and anticarcinogenic effects of ##### oil phenolics. 
2 Tea$dysplasia$ ### and curcumin, singly or in combination, decreased the proliferation index in hyperplasia, ######### and papillomas. 
0 coffee$metabolic syndrome$Prospective data from the Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study (AGAHLS) is used to analyse the associations between ###### consumption (averaged over a period from 27 till 42 years) and the components of the ################## (at the age of 42 years). 
0 green tea$pneumonia$We used Cox proportional hazards regression analysis to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and their 95% CIs for death from ######### according to ######### consumption. 
0 coffee$cirrhosis$Baseline ###### and tea intake were assessed in 766 participants of the Hepatitis C Antiviral Long-Term Treatment against Cirrhosis (HALT-C) trial who had hepatitis C-related bridging fibrosis or ######### on liver biopsy and failed to achieve a sustained virological response to peginterferon plus ribavirin treatment. 
2 Eriobotrya japonica$gastric mucosal injur$ ################### seed extract and deep sea water protect against indomethacin-induced ##################### y in rats. 
2 almond$irritable bowel syndrome$Further, associations between ###### oil and improved bowel transit have been made, which consequently reduces ######################## symptoms. 
0 corn$liver cancer$The sustained increase in LI in the livers of mice administered hepatocarcinogenic doses of chloroform in #### oil, but not for chloroform in drinking water, is evidence that chloroform-induced mouse ############ is secondary to events associated with induced cytolethality and cell proliferation. 
2 spinach$cataract$Among specific foods high in carotenoids, broccoli and ####### were most consistently associated with a lower risk of ######## . 
2 black tea$skin cancer$Thus, we can conclude that the polyphenolic constituents present in ######### and green tea induce mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis and hence can be used as a potential chemopreventive agents against ########### . 
0 tobacco$tumors$Exposure to ####### smoke increased lung tumor multiplicity to 1.1-1.6 ######/lung, significantly higher than control values (0.5-1.0 ###### /lung). 
0 garlic$cancer$RESULTS: After adjustment for other food items (vegetables, fruits, different types of meat, processed meat and fish, dairy and starchy products, coffee, green tea), that were related to outcome, smoking, alcohol use, family history on ###### , education level and residence, stomach ###### risk was inversely associated with consumption of raw vegetables such as cabbage (OR=0.24; 95% CI=0.10-0.57; > or =1-3 times/month vs. almost never), carrots (OR=0.42, 95% CI=0.20-0.86; 1-6 times/week vs. almost never) and ###### (OR=0.59, 95% CI=0.37-0.96; 1-6 times/week vs. almost never). 
2 Hawthorn$ischemia-reperfusion$CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that ######## extract which is a well known prophylactic for cardiac conditions may very well protect the brain against #################### . 
1 tobacco$cancers$The government of India has accorded a high priority to prevention of ####### -related ####### by the turn of the century in its National Cancer Control Programme. 
2 soybean$hyperglycemia$Therefore, we suggest that dietary ####### protected the streptozotocin-induced beta cell damage and restrained the development of ############# in rats. 
2 Eriobotrya japonica$gastric mucosal injuries$We have previously reported that ################### seed extract (ESE) is effective for the treatment of various ######################## . 
2 wheat$ACF$At tumor promotion, ##### bran decreased the number of ### (proximal colon, p = .005; distal colon, p = .047) and maintained the normal proliferative zone. 
0 Coffee$type 2 diabetes$ ###### consumption and risk of ############### , cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. 
3 apples$asthma$CONCLUSIONS: The consumption of dairy products, soy beverages, and ###### and pears, but not of nutrients per se, was associated with a range of ###### definitions. 
2 RCR$metabolic syndrome$CONCLUSIONS: The present results demonstrate that ### treatment improves metabolic derangements in animal model of the ################## and type 2 diabetes. 
0 tea$stomach and lung cancers$When smoking and dietary factors were taken into account, ### in itself did not appear to protect against ######################## : The RRs in all consumption categories were close to unity. 
2 Rhodiola crenulata$type 2 diabetes$ ################## root ameliorates derangements of glucose and lipid metabolism in a rat model of the metabolic syndrome and ############### . 
0 garlic$prostate cancers$OBJECTIVE: The objective was to conduct meta-analyses of the epidemiologic literature on the association between ###### consumption and risk of stomach, colon, head and neck, lung, breast, and ################ . 
0 coffee$gallstones$These findings do not support a protective effect of ###### consumption on total gallbladder disease, although ###### may decrease the risk of symptomatic ########## in women. 
0 tea$RA$CONCLUSION: In this large, prospective study, we find little evidence of an association between coffee, decaffeinated coffee, or ### consumption and the risk of ## among women. 
1 tobacco$lung cancer$In blacks and whites of both sexes, odds ratios for ########### increased with increasing cumulative ####### tar intake and decreased with years since quitting smoking. 
0 tea$breast cancers$Analysis of the ### and cancer relationship in a subgroup that included subjects in the lowest two quintiles of consumption of vegetables and fruits also failed to reveal a protective effect of ### consumption on the risk of three cancer types studied (colorectal, lung, and ############## ). 
2 Morus alba L$cerebral ischemia$Oxyresveratrol is a potent antioxidant and free-radical scavenger found in mulberry wood ( ############ .) with demonstrated protective effects against ################# . 
1 cannabis$schizophrenia$Although considerable evidence implicates ######## use as a component cause of ############# , it remains unclear whether this is entirely due to ######## directly raising risk of psychosis, or whether the same genes that increases psychosis risk may also increase risk of ######## use. 
1 tobacco$oral cancers$Approximately 90% of Indian ############ are ####### related, the possibility of developing the lesion being ten times higher if the habit is formed below the age of 14 years. 
2 olive$hyperglycemia$However, RCR minimally affected sucrose-induced acute ############# in mice and ##### oil-induced acute hypertriglyceridemia in rats. 
0 green tea$myocardial infarction$We excluded participants for whom data on ######### consumption frequency were missing or who had reported a history of cancer, ##################### , stroke, and extreme daily energy intake at baseline. 
0 garlic$diabetes$However, the mechanism by which ###### oil protects ######## -induced cardiomyopathy is unclear. 
2 Wheat$ACF$CONCLUSIONS: ##### bran increased apoptosis and controlled proliferation during tumor initiation and resulted in decreased ### . 
2 C. camphora$arthritis$CONCLUSION: The different chemotypes of ########### have anti-inflammatory effect on the rat ######### model induced by Freund's adjuvant, but pharmacological activity and mechanism of action are different. 
1 tobacco$cancer$The gap in ####### -related ###### mortality rates between younger and older males seems to be shrinking. 
0 coffee$cancer$In sum, the currently available evidence on ###### and risk of cardiovascular diseases and ###### is largely reassuring, and suggests that, for the general population, addressing other health-related behaviors has priority for the prevention of chronic diseases. 
2 Coriander$anxiety$ ######### has been recommended for the relief of pain, ####### , flatulence, and loss of appetite. 
0 tobacco$cancer$BACKGROUND: Interest is rising in smokeless ####### as a safer alternative to smoking, but published reviews on smokeless ####### and ###### are limited. 
2 garlic$stomach cancer$RESULTS: After adjustment for other food items (vegetables, fruits, different types of meat, processed meat and fish, dairy and starchy products, coffee, green tea), that were related to outcome, smoking, alcohol use, family history on cancer, education level and residence, ############## risk was inversely associated with consumption of raw vegetables such as cabbage (OR=0.24; 95% CI=0.10-0.57; > or =1-3 times/month vs. almost never), carrots (OR=0.42, 95% CI=0.20-0.86; 1-6 times/week vs. almost never) and ###### (OR=0.59, 95% CI=0.37-0.96; 1-6 times/week vs. almost never). 
0 Garlic$colorectal and stomach cancers$ ###### consumption and cancer prevention: meta-analyses of ############################## . 
0 ESE$gastric mucosal injury$In this study, we prepared DSW containing ### (### + DSW) and evaluated its usefulness for the prevention of gastric mucosal injuries using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced acute ###################### models in male Wistar/ST rats. 
0 Gardenia jasminoides$liver fibrosis$AIM: To investigate the anti-hepatofibrotic effects of #################### in ############## . 
1 Areca nut$head and neck carcinoma$BACKGROUND: ######### chewing is a common oral habit of Asians that is closely associated with the high incidence of ####################### . 
0 tobacco$oral cancer$Public awareness about ####### -related ########### is low at present, and new approaches to this problem should include education in the schools on ########### , formulation of legislative action to ban the sale of ####### near schools and colleges, and imposition of societal "barriers" that would make the nonchewing of ####### socially more acceptable than chewing it. 
1 tobacco$lung cancer$OBJECTIVE: To describe the mortality trends of cancer attributable to ####### smoking, particularly ########### , for the 1980-1997 period in Mexico. 
2 garlic$carcinogenesis$It is speculated that one or more constituents of ###### may be responsible for inhibition of AFB1-induced ############## in B. regularis. 
2 Serenoa repens$glioma$Flow cytometry assay showed that ############## induced apoptosis of U87 and U251 ###### cells in a dose-dependent manner. 
0 aloe vera$mucositis$Oral ######### did not improve tolerance to head-and-neck radiotherapy, decrease ######### , reduce soreness, or otherwise improve patient well-being. 
2 green tea$lung injury$Chinese ######### may have the ability to suppress CS-induced oxidative stress that leads to protection of ########### . 
0 SRB$arthritis$Here we characterize the chemical composition of three extracts of ### and identify the functional bioactives contributing to the inhibitory properties against three key pro-inflammatory enzymes (cyclooxygenase [COX] 1, COX2, and 5-lipoxygenase [5-LOX]) that control the inflammatory cascade involved in impaired joint health, pain, and ######### . 
1 tobacco$oral carcinoma$Association of TNF-alpha and TNFR1 promoters and 3' UTR region of TNFR2 gene polymorphisms with genetic susceptibility to ####### -related ############## in Asian Indians. 
1 cotton$granulomas$Both cases proved to be ###### -material-induced ########## . 
0 tobacco$cancers$Some meta-analyses suggest a possible effect for oesophagus, pancreas, larynx and kidney cancer, but other ####### show no effect of smokeless ####### . 
1 tobacco$heart diseases$An excess risk of dying of lung cancer and ############## probably reflects a high ####### consumption. 
2 Crataegus oxycantha$middle cerebral artery occlusion$In our present investigation the neuroprotective effect of alcoholic extract of Hawthorn ( ################### ) was evaluated against ################################ induced ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. 
0 black tea$cancer$CONCLUSIONS: This investigation does not support the hypothesis that consumption of ######### protects against four of the major ######s in humans; a ###### -enhancing effect was not evident, either. 
2 coffee$hepatitis C$CONCLUSION: In a large prospective study of participants with advanced ########### -related liver disease, regular ###### consumption was associated with lower rates of disease progression. 
0 peppermint$headache$Each ######## attack was treated by the application of 2 capsules of the oral medication (1,000 mg of acetaminophen or placebo) and the cutaneous application of the oil preparation ( ########## oil or placebo solution). 
2 wolfberry$retinal structure abnormalities$Dietary ######### ameliorates ############################### in db/db mice at the early stage of diabetes. 
0 Rhodiola crenulata$diabetic$MATERIALS AND METHODS: Zucker ######## fatty (ZDF) rats were treated with ################## root (RCR) powder (100 and 500 mg/kg, by gavage, once daily for 4 weeks). 
0 tobacco$head and neck cancer$Elucidation of this novel mechanism of nicotine-dependent nuclear transactivation of STAT-3 identifies oral alpha7 nAChR as a promising molecular target to prevent, reverse, or retard ####### -related periodontal disease and progression of #################### by receptor inhibitors. 
0 green or black tea$hyperglycemia$To investigate the preventive effects of tea on ############# and insulin resistance, male C57BL/6J mice were given a high-fat diet containing 29% lard and also ################## ad libitum for 14 weeks. 
2 Passiflora$skin inflammation$The species of ########## are popularly used as a sedative or tranquillizer, and also against intermittent fever and ################# . 
0 tobacco$lung cancer$CONCLUSION: Daily oral administration of high-dose vitamin A is effective in reducing the number of new primary tumors related to ####### consumption and may improve the disease-free interval in patients curatively resected for stage I ########### . 
0 garlic$cancer$In this review the strengths and weaknesses of the experiments are discussed and the outcomes are evaluated to assess the possible significance of ###### or ###### compounds for the prevention of ###### in humans. 
2 Serenoa repens$Glioma$These results indicate that ############## reduces the growth, causes apoptosis of ###### cells and inhibits STAT 3 signaling. 
2 garlic$colon tumor$The incidence of ########### was significantly decreased in the groups fed with 2.5%, 5%, and 10% ###### diets (p < 0.001). 
0 olive$colorectal cancer$This review aims to provide an overview of the relationship between ##### oil phenolics and ################# , in particular summarizing the epidemiologic, in vitro, cellular, and animal studies on antioxidant and anticarcinogenic effects of ##### oil phenolics. 
0 areca$Tumor$ ##### tissues were analyzed with immunohistochemistry (IHC) to understand the association between ##### -associated molecular changes and clinical variables. 
2 Agarwood$constipation$ ######## induced laxative effects via acetylcholine receptors on loperamide-induced ############ in mice. 
0 Ginger$carcinogenesis$ ###### (50 mg/kg body weight P.O.) was given at the initiation and also at the postinitiation stages of ############## . 
1 coffee$coronary heart disease$Several early studies suggested that ###### consumption could result in a marked increase in risk of ###################### and several types of cancer. 
1 peanut$anaphylaxis$In this study 3 patients with a history of ########### to pea are described who subsequently had symptoms after ingestion of ###### . 
2 Cinnamomum camphora$arthritis$[Study on antiinflammatory effect of different chemotype of ################### on rat ######### model induced by Freund's adjuvant]. 
2 Fenugreek$gastrointestinal ailments$Trigonella foenum graecum ( ######### ) is traditionally applied to treat disorders such as diabetes, high cholesterol, wounds, inflammation, and ######################### . 
2 Fenugreek$inflammation$Trigonella foenum graecum ( ######### ) is traditionally applied to treat disorders such as diabetes, high cholesterol, wounds, ############ , and gastrointestinal ailments. 
1 wheat$anaphylaxis$Gliadin from ##### is a common food allergen that can induce baker's asthma, ##### -dependent exercise-induced ########### , atopic dermatitis, and celiac disease. 
0 coffee$RA$CONCLUSION: In this large, prospective study, we find little evidence of an association between ###### , decaffeinated ######, or tea consumption and the risk of ## among women. 
2 Ocimum sanctum$gingivitis$RESULTS: Our result showed that ############## mouthrinse is equally effective in reducing plaque and ########## as Chlorhexidine. 
2 Coffee$hepatitis$ ###### consumption delays the ######### and suppresses the inflammation related gene expression in the Long-Evans Cinnamon rat. 
2 tea$obesity$Epidemiological data suggest that consumption of coffee and ### is associated with a reduced risk of several chronic and degenerative diseases including cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, ####### and neurodegenerative disorders. 
0 TTO$influenza$ ### did not inhibit ######### virus neuraminidase activity, as shown by the experiment measuring the amount of 4-methylumbelliferone, cleaved by the ######### virus neuraminidase from the fluorogenic substrate 2'-O-(4-methylumbelliferyl)-N-acetylneuraminic acid. 
2 bilberry$inflamed retina$In addition to its anti-inflammatory effect, the anthocyanin-rich ######## extract ameliorated the intracellular elevation of reactive oxygen species and activated NF-kB, a redox-sensitive transcription factor, in the ############### . 
0 RU$MD$We used structural equation modeling to examine the relationship between ## , ##, and ND given ## . 
2 Sabal serrulata$prostatic hyperplasia$On the basis of their favorable experience the authors recommend the administration of ############### extract in the treatment of patients with mild or moderate symptoms of ##################### . 
1 areca$oropharyngeal and oesophageal cancers$Diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, ##################################### have been associated with ##### nut chewing and the mechanism by which ##### nut chewing increases the risk of systemic diseases remains elusive. 
3 Areca$systemic inflammation$CONCLUSIONS: ##### nut chewing has a significant association with ##################### . 
0 Ginkgo biloba$normobaric hypoxia$Effects of ############# on exhaled nasal nitric oxide during ################## in humans. 
2 pears$asthma$Apples and ##### appeared to protect against current ###### (0.83; 0.71, 0.98), ###### (0.88; 0.78, 1.00), and BHR (0.88; 0.77, 1.00). 
1 carrot$Allergy$ ####### to ###### in patient 3 seems to be related to her allergy to different pollens; however, it wasn't related to birch pollen. 
0 olive$cancer$The association between ##### oil (analyzed as a categorical and continuous variable) and overall and cause-specific mortality (CVD, ###### , and other causes) was analyzed by using Cox proportional hazards regression models adjusted for potential confounders. 
2 soybeans$cancer$There is much evidence suggesting that compounds present in ######## can prevent ###### in many different organ systems. 
0 coffee$stroke$Total ###### consumption was not associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease or ###### . 
1 tobacco$oral carcinomas$Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TNF-alpha and TNF receptor genes may affect their expression and may be a potential determinant of susceptibility to ####### -related ############### . 
2 HAs$leukemia$ ### and HPE were demonstrated to cause cancer cell apoptosis, especially in ######## and gastric cancer. 
2 Rhodiola crenulata$metabolic syndrome$ ################## root ameliorates derangements of glucose and lipid metabolism in a rat model of the ################## and type 2 diabetes. 
1 tobacco$lung carcinogenesis$Such comparisons provide additional evidence of genetic damage caused by ####### smoke during ################### . 
2 rice$cardiac events$Red yeast #### reduces adverse ############## to a similar degree as the statins. 
0 tea$lung, and breast cancers$Analysis of the ### and cancer relationship in a subgroup that included subjects in the lowest two quintiles of consumption of vegetables and fruits also failed to reveal a protective effect of ### consumption on the risk of three cancer types studied (colorectal, ######################## ). 
0 TTO$influenza$Thus, the effect of ### and its active components on different steps of the replicative cycle of ######### virus was studied by adding the test compounds at various times after infection. 
0 coffee$oral cavity cancer$Tea and ###### consumption and risk of ################## : results of a large population-based case-control study, the ICARE study. 
0 tea$oral cavity cancer$The aim of this study was to evaluate the relation between coffee and ### drinking and the risk of ################## in France, a high incidence area. 
2 H. sabdariffa$atherosclerosis$From all these studies, it is clear that various ############# extracts exhibit activities against ############### , liver disease, cancer, diabetes and other metabolic syndromes. 
0 Coffee$rheumatoid arthritis$ ###### consumption and risk of #################### . 
2 Lepidium meyenii$depression$CONCLUSIONS: Preliminary findings show that ################ (Maca) (3.5 g/d) reduces psychological symptoms, including anxiety and ########## , and lowers measures of sexual dysfunction in postmenopausal women independent of estrogenic and androgenic activity. 
2 black tea$insulin resistance$Green and ######### suppress hyperglycemia and ################## by retaining the expression of glucose transporter 4 in muscle of high-fat diet-fed C57BL/6J mice. 
0 TTO$Influenza A$The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of action of ### and its active components against ########### /PR/8 virus subtype H1N1 in MDCK cells. 
1 Tobacco$pancreatitis$CONCLUSIONS: ####### smoking may enhance the risk of developing chronic ############ . 
2 Tea$hyperplasia$ ### and curcumin, singly or in combination, decreased the proliferation index in ########### , dysplasia and papillomas. 
0 ginger$colon cancer$In our laboratory, we studied the chemopreventive and hypolipidemic effect of ###### , a dietary spice, in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced ############ . 
2 Euphorbiaceae plant$tumor$BACKGROUND: VR3848 is a novel cycloheptapeptide, isolated from a ################### , which can suppress proliferation of various ##### cells at nanomolar concentration. 
1 tobacco$oral carcinomas$Detection and cloning of potent transforming gene(s) from chewing ####### -related human ############### . 
2 tea$oral cavity cancer$BACKGROUND: Results on the relationship between coffee and ### drinking and the risk of ################## are contrasted. 
2 Olive$cancer diseases$ ##### oil consumption is protective against risk factors for cardiovascular and ############### . 
2 garlic$cancer$Diallyl trisulfide (DATS), a major member of ###### derivatives, could inhibit the cell proliferation by triggering either cell cycle arrest or apoptosis in a variety of ###### cell lines as shown in many studies. 
0 P ovata$colorectal cancer$METHODS: We conducted a comparative ecological study of Spanish provinces, with ################# mortality as the dependent variable and per capita consumption of ####### by province and year as the independent variable. 
2 carrots$stomach cancer$RESULTS: After adjustment for other food items (vegetables, fruits, different types of meat, processed meat and fish, dairy and starchy products, coffee, green tea), that were related to outcome, smoking, alcohol use, family history on cancer, education level and residence, ############## risk was inversely associated with consumption of raw vegetables such as cabbage (OR=0.24; 95% CI=0.10-0.57; > or =1-3 times/month vs. almost never), ####### (OR=0.42, 95% CI=0.20-0.86; 1-6 times/week vs. almost never) and garlic (OR=0.59, 95% CI=0.37-0.96; 1-6 times/week vs. almost never). 
3 cannabis$schizophrenia$In a sample of 2082 healthy individuals, we show an association between an individual's burden of ############# risk alleles and use of ######## . 
2 green tea$colorectal polyps$In one study, 10 Japanese-size cups of ######### daily supplemented with tablets of ######### extract limited the recurrence of ################# in humans to 50%. 
2 RGSE$CIA$ #### inhibited the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-3 and nitrotyrosine formation, and recovered the expression of superoxide dismutase in the joints of the ### mice. 
2 Hawthorn$brain damage$The reduced ############ and improved neurological behavior after 24 h of reperfusion in ######## extract pretreated group may be attributed to its antioxidant property which restores glutathione levels, circumvents the increase in lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide levels thereby reducing peroxynitrite formation and free radical induced ############ . 
2 garlic$tumour$In most experiments inhibition of ###### growth was established using fresh ###### extract, ###### compounds or synthetically prepared analogs. 
2 soybean$cancer$It is believed that supplementation of human diets with certain ####### products shown to suppress carcinogenesis in animals could markedly reduce human ###### mortality rates. 
0 tobacco$cancer$CONCLUSIONS: In Mexico, increased ####### smoking, improved ###### diagnosis, and the demographic transition, are probably the main factors determining ###### mortality rates. 
0 coffee$fibrosis$Baseline ###### and tea intake were assessed in 766 participants of the Hepatitis C Antiviral Long-Term Treatment against Cirrhosis (HALT-C) trial who had hepatitis C-related bridging ######## or cirrhosis on liver biopsy and failed to achieve a sustained virological response to peginterferon plus ribavirin treatment. 
0 tea$cancer$Analysis of the ### and ###### relationship in a subgroup that included subjects in the lowest two quintiles of consumption of vegetables and fruits also failed to reveal a protective effect of ### consumption on the risk of three ###### types studied (colorectal, lung, and breast ######s). 
0 coffee$GDM$We studied the association of ###### consumption before and during pregnancy, and the subsequent risk of ### . 
1 tobacco$BD$BACKGROUND: Patients with bipolar disorder ( ## ) are at higher risk of ####### -related harm compared with general population. 
1 tobacco$cancers$IMPACT: These prospective adjusted data provide strong evidence which suggests that cutaneous SCC should not be on the list of ####### -related ####### . 
1 tobacco$cancer$The aim of this review is to summarize present knowledge of genetic variation in cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) and 2C9 (CYP2C9) genes and risk of ####### -related ###### , female ######, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and ischemic vascular disease. 
2 SCSE$hypercholesterolemic$Cardioprotective effects of sour cherry seed extract ( #### ) on the #################### rabbit heart. 
0 garlic$colorectal and stomach cancers$DESIGN: Meta-analyses were conducted for all cancers mutually and separately for ############################## in relation to consumption of exclusively raw ######, cooked ###### , or both (RC ######). 
2 garlic$tumorigenesis$Thus, based on the results of several biological responses, it appears that the ability of the high-selenium ###### to protect against ############# is primarily dependent on increased intake of selenium provided by the vegetable. 
2 RGSE$CIA$Furthermore, #### administration protected against ### -induced oxidative tissue damage by restoring the increased malondialdehyde levels and the decreased glutathione levels and catalase activities almost to control levels. 
2 garlic$tumor$Animals given AFB1 together with fresh ###### or ###### oil showed a significant reduction in ##### incidence. 
2 HSE$diabetic nephropathy$More recent studies investigated the protective effect of ### and HPE in streptozotocin induced #################### . 
2 green tea$skin papillomas$These observations indicate that oral administration of #########, i.p. administration of a ######### polyphenol fraction, or i.p. administration of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate inhibited the growth and/or caused the regression of established experimentally induced ############### . 
0 Grifola frondosa$gastric cancer$We investigated the effects of a water-soluble extract of Maitake ( ################ ), a Japanese edible mushroom, on the proliferation and cell death of four human ############## cell lines (TMK-1, MKN28, MKN45 and MKN74). 
2 PCA$oxidative damage$ ### and HAs protected against ################ induced by tert-butyl droperoxide (t-BHP) in rat primary hepatocytes. 
0 tobacco$cancer$Effective ####### control efforts have resulted in substantial declines in ####### use and #######-related ###### deaths in the United States. 
2 coffee$liver disease$CONCLUSION: In a large prospective study of participants with advanced hepatitis C-related ############# , regular ###### consumption was associated with lower rates of disease progression. 
0 RU$nicotine dependence$BACKGROUND: Numerous epidemiological studies have reported a positive association between major depression (MD) and regular tobacco use ( ## ) or ################### (ND). 
0 tea$lung damage$This study was to investigate whether cigarette smoke (CS) exposure would induce lung morphological changes and oxidative stress in the CS-exposed rat model, and whether Chinese green ### (Lung Chen ### with EGCG as its main active ingredient) consumption would alter oxidative stress in sera and lung leading to protection of CS-induced ########### . 
2 soybean$hyperglycemia$In the present study, we showed that dietary ####### prevents induction of experimental ############# by retaining beta cell activity. 
1 Tobacco$H/N cancers$ ####### -associated cancers included lung, esophageal, and ########### . 
2 mushroom$diabetes$Inonotus obliquus is a medicinal ######## used in Russian and Eastern European folk medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal cancer, cardiovascular disease and ######## . 
1 tobacco$cancers$A wide variety of ####### habits prevalent in the country are primarily responsible for the occurrence of these ####### . 
2 HAs$cancer$ ### and HPE were demonstrated to cause ###### cell apoptosis, especially in leukemia and gastric ######. 
0 garlic$hypertension$With interest in complementary medicine for ############ increasing, it is timely to update a systematic review and meta-analysis from 1994 of studies investigating the effect of ###### preparations on blood pressure. 
2 tea$skin tumors$Induction of apoptosis by ### polyphenols mediated through mitochondrial cell death pathway in mouse ########### . 
2 Allanblackia monticola$oedema$The results showed that the methylene chloride fraction of ###################### was more effective on the ###### caused by the carrageenan. 
1 tobacco$cancer$CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate region-, sex- and age-related differences in ####### -related ###### mortality in Switzerland and this could be useful for healthcare planning and for evaluating the impact of canton-specific #######-related policies and interventions. 
0 ginger$colon carcinogenesis$Hypolipidemic effect of ###### in 1,2-dimethyl hydrazine-induced experimental #################### . 
0 coffee$AD$Caffeinated ###### provided to ## mice also quickly decreased plasma Abeta levels, but not "decaffeinated" ###### , suggesting that caffeine is critical to decreasing blood Abeta levels. 
2 pomegranate$colon and lung cancer$Recent research has shown that ########### extracts selectively inhibit the growth of breast, prostate, ##################### cells in culture. 
0 Ocimum sanctum$dental plaque$A randomized controlled clinical trial of ############## and chlorhexidine mouthwash on ############# and gingival inflammation. 
2 Allium sativum$tumor$INTRODUCTION: Garlic ( ############## ), traditionally being used as a spice worldwide, has different applications and is claimed to possess beneficial effects in several health ailments such as ##### and atherosclerosis. 
2 Coffee$type 2 diabetes mellitus$BACKGROUND: ###### consumption has been associated with a decreased risk of ######################## . 
0 Lonicera caerulaea$tumor$Our data showed that aqueous ################## extracts reduced the ##### volume when administered continuously during the ##### growth and development stages, but augmented the ##### growth when the administration of extracts started three weeks before ##### grafting. 
0 ginkgo$Mental Disorders$Inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis were (1) sufficiently characterized patients such that it was clearly stated there was a diagnosis of AD by either Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of ################ , Revised Third Edition, or National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke-Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association criteria, or there was enough clinical detail to determine this by our review; (2) clearly stated study exclusion criteria, ie, those studies that did not have stated exclusions for depression, other neurologic disease, and central nervous system-active medications were excluded; (3) use of standardized ###### extract in any stated dose; (4) randomized, placebo-controlled and double-blind study design; (5) at least 1 outcome measure was an objective assessment of cognitive function; and (6) sufficient statistical information to allow for meta-analysis. 
0 corn$hepatocarcinogenic$The sustained increase in LI in the livers of mice administered ################## doses of chloroform in #### oil, but not for chloroform in drinking water, is evidence that chloroform-induced mouse liver cancer is secondary to events associated with induced cytolethality and cell proliferation. 
1 tobacco$cancer$The study was part of a community-based, comprehensive cross-sectional study designed to assess a broad array of knowledge, attitudes and behaviors on ####### use and ####### -related ###### issues in the target multi-ethnic and multi-lingual Asian-American community. 
2 Dipsacus asper$cognitive deficits$The herbal medicine ############## wall extract reduces the ################## and overexpression of beta-amyloid protein induced by aluminum exposure. 
0 ginger$cardiac arrhythmia$OBJECTIVE: To compare the therapeutic effect of the combined method of acupuncture and ###### -partition moxibustion with that of routine western medicine on the patients with ################## . 
2 coffee$hepatitis$These findings indicate that drinking ###### potentially prevents ######### and liver carcinogenesis through its anti-inflammatory effects. 
0 garlic$colon cancer$This study was designed to investigate the optimal dose of ###### during long-term feeding and its preventive and therapeutic effects on ############ in rats induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH). 
0 tea$oral carcinogenesis$In this study, we studied the effects of ### and curcumin on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced ################### in hamsters. 
0 ginkgo$depression$Inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis were (1) sufficiently characterized patients such that it was clearly stated there was a diagnosis of AD by either Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Revised Third Edition, or National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke-Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association criteria, or there was enough clinical detail to determine this by our review; (2) clearly stated study exclusion criteria, ie, those studies that did not have stated exclusions for ########## , other neurologic disease, and central nervous system-active medications were excluded; (3) use of standardized ###### extract in any stated dose; (4) randomized, placebo-controlled and double-blind study design; (5) at least 1 outcome measure was an objective assessment of cognitive function; and (6) sufficient statistical information to allow for meta-analysis. 
1 tobacco$SCC$BACKGROUND: Although ####### smoking is commonly cited as a risk factor for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma ( ### ), the evidence from previous clinical and case-control studies is conflicting. 
2 soybean$tumor$Here we report that genistein, a ####### isoflavone, strongly inhibits ##### promoter-induced H2O2 formation both in vivo and in vitro. 
2 Brussels sprouts$breast cancer$Elastase is the only currently identified target protein for indole-3-carbinol (I3C), a naturally occurring hydrolysis product of glucobrassicin in cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, cabbage, and ################ that induces a cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of human ############# cells. 
1 wheat$celiac disease$Gliadin from ##### is a common food allergen that can induce baker's asthma, #####-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis, atopic dermatitis, and ############## . 
0 tobacco$cancer$The study was part of a community-based, comprehensive cross-sectional study designed to assess a broad array of knowledge, attitudes and behaviors on ####### use and #######-related ###### issues in the target multi-ethnic and multi-lingual Asian-American community. 
0 coffee$colorectal cancer$Inconsistencies as to the effect of ###### use and ################# between epidemiologic studies might be related to the type of ###### brew. 
0 black tea$cancers$CONCLUSIONS: This investigation does not support the hypothesis that consumption of ######### protects against four of the major ####### in humans; a cancer-enhancing effect was not evident, either. 
0 tobacco$cancer$CONCLUSIONS: The fall in ###### mortality observed over the last decade in Italy is attributable to a decline in lung and other ####### -related neoplasms in males, together with a persistent fall in stomach and uterine (cervical) ######. 
3 pears$asthma$CONCLUSIONS: The consumption of dairy products, soy beverages, and apples and ##### , but not of nutrients per se, was associated with a range of ###### definitions. 
0 G. biloba$cognitive impairment$METHODS: An attempt was made to identify all English and non-English-language articles in which ######### extract was given to subjects with dementia or #################### . 
0 tobacco$lung cancer$Exposure to environmental ####### smoke generally showed little relation to ########### risk. 
2 RGSE$arthritis$Therefore, #### may be a beneficial supplement which can improve human ######### . 
2 Apples$BHR$ ###### and pears appeared to protect against current asthma (0.83; 0.71, 0.98), asthma (0.88; 0.78, 1.00), and ### (0.88; 0.77, 1.00). 
1 tobacco$oropharyngeal cancer$CONCLUSION: An increased risk of #################### is evident most clearly for past smokeless ####### use in the USA, but not for Scandinavian snuff. 
2 coffee$hepatosteatosis$This mechanism may play an important part in the suppressive effects of ###### consumption on obesity, inflammation, and ############### . 
2 Green tea$SCC$ ######### or curcumin treatment decreased the number of visible tumors by 35.1 or 39.6%, the tumor volume by 41.6 or 61.3% and the number of ### by 53.3 or 51.3%, respectively. 
0 tobacco$rhinitis$We examined the relationship of environmental ####### smoke (ETS) and visible mold exposures on the development of allergic ########, ######## and upper respiratory infection (URI) in a birth cohort where at least one parent was skin prick test (SPT) positive. 
0 coffee$stomach cancer$RESULTS: After adjustment for other food items (vegetables, fruits, different types of meat, processed meat and fish, dairy and starchy products, ###### , green tea), that were related to outcome, smoking, alcohol use, family history on cancer, education level and residence, ############## risk was inversely associated with consumption of raw vegetables such as cabbage (OR=0.24; 95% CI=0.10-0.57; > or =1-3 times/month vs. almost never), carrots (OR=0.42, 95% CI=0.20-0.86; 1-6 times/week vs. almost never) and garlic (OR=0.59, 95% CI=0.37-0.96; 1-6 times/week vs. almost never). 
2 coffee$neurodegenerative disorders$Epidemiological data suggest that consumption of ###### and tea is associated with a reduced risk of several chronic and degenerative diseases including cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, obesity and ########################### . 
2 Gardenia jasminoides$fibrosis$ #################### attenuates hepatocellular injury and ######## in bile duct-ligated rats and human hepatic stellate cells. 
2 Wheat$colon cancer$ ##### bran decreases aberrant crypt foci, preserves normal proliferation, and increases intraluminal butyrate levels in experimental ############ . 
0 Zingiber officinale$neurotoxicity$In this study, the neuroprotective effect of the extract of ginger ( ################### ) was investigated against MSG-induced ############# of male albino rat. 
2 ginseng$lung tumor$A lipid-soluble red ####### extract inhibits the growth of human ########## xenografts in nude mice. 
2 ginger$cancer$The use of ###### grown under elevated CO2 concentration may have potential in the treatment and prevention of ###### . 
0 olive$colorectal cancer$Components of ##### oil and chemoprevention of ################# . 
2 Allium$stomach cancer$The incidence of ############## is lower in individuals and populations with high ###### vegetable intakes. 
0 tobacco$lung disease$Our findings provide insights into the mechanisms leading to reversible and persistent effects of ####### smoke that may explain former smokers increased risk for developing #######-induced ############ and provide novel targets for chemoprophylaxis. 
0 carrot$pollen allergy$CONCLUSIONS: Airborne ###### allergens are able to sensitize without the implication of a previous ############## . 
0 Coffee$pancreas cancer$ ###### consumption not associated with risk of ############### in Finland. 
0 tobacco$lung cancer$This study examined whether they may prevent the occurrence of upper aerodigestive cancer in subjects heavily exposed to ####### smoking, such as patients already cured of an early-stage ########### . 
0 tea$cancer$Analysis of the ### and ###### relationship in a subgroup that included subjects in the lowest two quintiles of consumption of vegetables and fruits also failed to reveal a protective effect of ### consumption on the risk of three ###### types studied (colorectal, lung, and breast ######s). 
1 wheat$celiac disease$Gliadin from ##### is a common food allergen that can induce baker's asthma, ##### -dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis, atopic dermatitis, and ############## . 
0 citrus$stomach cancer$In conclusion, higher consumption of raw vegetables such as cabbage, carrots, garlic as well as broccoli may decrease a risk of ############## , whereas intake of ###### fruits has no relation with a reduced risk of the disease. 
2 garlic$cancer$Previous work has shown that the efficacy of ###### prevention by selenium-enriched ###### (Se-######) is primarily dependent on the action of selenium. 
2 garlic$hypertension$It was concluded that ###### blocks the L-NAME-induced ############ by antagonizing in vivo the inhibitory effect of L-NAME on NO production. 
0 coffee$RA$We studied whether ######, decaffeinated ###### , total ######, tea, or overall caffeine consumption was associated with the risk of ## , using the Nurses' Health Study, a longitudinal cohort study of 121,701 women. 
0 RGSE$CIA$In this study, we assessed the anti-arthritic effects of red ginseng saponin extract ( #### ), including ginsenosides Rg3, Rk1 and Rg5 as major components, on a murine type II collagen (CII)-induced arthritis ( ### ), which is a valid animal model of human arthritis. 
2 coffee$AD$Caffeinated ###### provided to ## mice also quickly decreased plasma Abeta levels, but not "decaffeinated" ######, suggesting that caffeine is critical to decreasing blood Abeta levels. 
2 garlic$cardiac dysfunctions$However, these diabetes-related #################### were almost dose-dependently ameliorated by ###### oil administration. 
0 onion$diabetic$Diabetic rats maintained on ##### diet had a lowered relative liver weight at the end of the study compared to ######## control group. 
0 coffee$stroke$METHODS: We examined prospectively the relation of ###### consumption with the risk of myocardial infarction, need for coronary-artery bypass grafting or angioplasty, and risk of ###### in a cohort of 45,589 U.S. men who were 40 to 75 years old in 1986 and who had no history of cardiovascular disease. 
0 garlic$carcinogenesis$The action of fresh minced ###### and ###### oil on aflatoxin B1- (AFB1) induced ############## in the toad Bufo regularis was studied. 
0 garlic$colorectal and stomach cancers$DESIGN: Meta-analyses were conducted for all cancers mutually and separately for ############################## in relation to consumption of exclusively raw ###### , cooked ######, or both (RC ######). 
0 Tea$oral cavity cancer$ ### and coffee consumption and risk of ################## : results of a large population-based case-control study, the ICARE study. 
3 coffee$RA$OBJECTIVE: Recent reports have suggested an association between consumption of ###### or decaffeinated ###### and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis ( ## ), although data are sparse and somewhat inconsistent. 
1 tobacco$edentulism$Prevalence, extent and severity of periodontitis as well as tooth loss and ########## are influenced by ####### consumption in a dose-dependent manner. 
2 coffee$cardiovascular disorders$Epidemiological data suggest that consumption of ###### and tea is associated with a reduced risk of several chronic and degenerative diseases including ######################## , diabetes, obesity and neurodegenerative disorders. 
0 Zingiber officinale$toxicity$Neuroprotective evaluation of extract of ginger ( ################### ) root in monosodium glutamate-induced ######## in different brain areas male albino rats. 
1 tobacco$cancers$It is estimated that cigarette smoking kills over 1 000 000 people each year by causing lung cancer as well as many other neoplasmas. p53 mutations are frequent in ####### -related ####### and the mutation load is often higher in ####### from smokers than from nonsmokers. 
0 tobacco$cancers$Mutational hotspots within the p53 gene, e.g., codon 157, have been identified for ####### -related lung cancer, whereas these same mutations are found rarely in other ####### . 
2 onion$obesity$Since ####### is closely related to breast cancer and obese patients are at elevated risk of developing various cancers, these findings suggested that ##### might be useful for preventing ####### -related malignancy. 
2 coffee$GDM$RESULTS: Women who reported moderate pre-pregnancy caffeinated ###### intake had a significantly reduced risk of ### (adjusted RR 0.50; 95% CI 0.29-0.85) compared with non-consumers. 
2 Inonotus obliquus$diabetes$ ################# is a medicinal mushroom used in Russian and Eastern European folk medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal cancer, cardiovascular disease and ######## . 
0 tobacco$cancer$METHODS: We obtained papers from MEDLINE searches, published reviews and secondary references describing epidemiological cohort and case-control studies relating any form of ###### to smokeless ####### use. 
2 Chinese rose tea$inflammatory conditions$Hibiscus sabdariffa Linne is a traditional ################ and has been effectively used in folk medicines for treatment of hypertension, ####################### . 
2 coffee$hepatitis$These results indicate that ###### can protect animals from LPS-induced ######### , and that the effect of ###### might be mainly due to caffeine. 
0 garlic$hepatocarcinogenesis$Ten organosulfur compounds from ###### and onions were studied for their modifying effects on diethylnitrosamine-induced neoplasia of liver in male F344 rats using the medium-term bioassay system of Ito based on the two-step model of #################### . 
2 soybean$cancers of the colon, breast and prostate$There is much evidence to suggest that diets containing large amounts of ####### products are associated with overall low cancer mortality rates, particularly for ######################################### . 
2 garlic$stomach cancer$It is plausible that the sensitivity of H. pylori to ###### extract at such low concentration may be related to the reported lower risk of ############## in those with a high Allium vegetable intake. 
0 tobacco$breast cancer$Among women with hypersensitivity to bleomycin, ever smokers had a 1.6-fold increased risk of ############# (95% CI = 0.6-3.9, P for interaction between ####### smoking and bleomycin sensitivity = 0.32). 
2 tea$SCC$The combination of ### and curcumin significantly decreased the oral visible tumor incidence from 92.3% (24/26) to 69.2% (18/26) and the squamous cell carcinoma ( ### ) incidence from 76.9% (20/26) to 42.3% (11/26). 
0 tobacco$upper respiratory infection$We examined the relationship of environmental ####### smoke (ETS) and visible mold exposures on the development of allergic rhinitis, rhinitis and ########################### (URI) in a birth cohort where at least one parent was skin prick test (SPT) positive. 
0 coffee$gallbladder disease$These findings do not support a protective effect of ###### consumption on total ################### , although ###### may decrease the risk of symptomatic gallstones in women. 
2 rice$myocardial infarction$CCSPS (4870 patients, follow-up 4 years), a secondary prevention trial using xuezhikang, a commercial red yeast #### preparation, produced a 46% reduction in nonfatal ##################### and coronary death. 
2 Olive$CVD$CONCLUSIONS: ##### oil was associated with a decreased risk of overall mortality and an important reduction in ### mortality in this large Mediterranean cohort. 
0 tobacco$cancer$CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate region-, sex- and age-related differences in #######-related ###### mortality in Switzerland and this could be useful for healthcare planning and for evaluating the impact of canton-specific ####### -related policies and interventions. 
1 tobacco$cancer$These risks may be even higher among ####### -related ###### survivors (TRCS). 
2 Fenugreek$diabetes$Trigonella foenum graecum ( ######### ) is traditionally applied to treat disorders such as ######## , high cholesterol, wounds, inflammation, and gastrointestinal ailments. 
3 RU$MD$BACKGROUND: Numerous epidemiological studies have reported a positive association between major depression ( ## ) and regular tobacco use ( ## ) or nicotine dependence (ND). 
0 tobacco$cancers$For each study, details were abstracted on design, smokeless ####### exposure, ####### studied, analysis methods and adjustment for smoking and other factors. 
1 Areca$head and neck carcinoma$CONCLUSION: ##### -modulated vimentin expression enhanced the progression of ####################### . 
0 RU$ND$In females, both MD- ## and MD- ## relationships are partially attributable to genetic and unique environmental correlations. 
0 tea$colorectal, lung, and breast cancers$Analysis of the ### and cancer relationship in a subgroup that included subjects in the lowest two quintiles of consumption of vegetables and fruits also failed to reveal a protective effect of ### consumption on the risk of three cancer types studied ( #################################### ). 
0 Ocimum sanctum$gingival inflammation$A randomized controlled clinical trial of ############## and chlorhexidine mouthwash on dental plaque and ##################### . 
1 tobacco$cancer$FINDINGS: Results indicate that differences in risk indicators along the ####### disease continuum do not explain fully ####### -related ###### consequences among some minority racial/ethnic groups, particularly among the aggregate groups, blacks/African Americans and American Indians/Alaska Natives. 
0 tobacco$cancer$We describe ####### use behaviors among TRCS, other ###### survivors, and people without a history of ######. 
1 tobacco$lung cancer$A reliable and practical animal model of ####### smoke-induced ########### would be helpful for in studies of product modification and chemoprevention. 
0 SCSE$inflammation$HYPOTHESIS: The present study evaluates the hypothesis that sour cherry seed extract (####) protects against cardiovascular disease and ############ in hypercholesterolemic rabbits, and that this protection correlates with #### -induced activity of heme oxygenase- 1 (HO-1), a cytoprotective enzyme contributing to oxidative stress responses. 
2 RGSE$CIA$Orally administered #### also reduced the levels of serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta in the ### mice. 
0 ginseng$crooked tail phenotype$Using the prenatal valproic acid (VPA)-injection model of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in rats, which produces social impairrment and altered seizure susceptibility as in human ASD patients as well as mild neural tube defects like ######################, we examined whether chronic administration of red ####### extract may rescue the social impairment and ###################### in prenatally VPA-exposed rat offspring. 
2 sour cherry$hypercholesterolemic$Cardioprotective effects of ########### seed extract (SCSE) on the #################### rabbit heart. 
0 ginger$toxicity$Neuroprotective evaluation of extract of ###### (Zingiber officinale) root in monosodium glutamate-induced ######## in different brain areas male albino rats. 
0 coffee$RA$RESULTS: We did not find a significant association between decaffeinated ###### consumption of >/=4 cups/day (compared with no decaffeinated ###### consumption) and subsequent risk of incident ## , in either an adjusted multivariate model (relative risk [RR] 1.1, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.5-2.2) or a multivariate model using only baseline reports of decaffeinated ###### consumption (RR 1.0, 95% CI 0.6-1.7). 
0 coffee$cancer$RESULTS: After adjustment for other food items (vegetables, fruits, different types of meat, processed meat and fish, dairy and starchy products, ###### , green tea), that were related to outcome, smoking, alcohol use, family history on ###### , education level and residence, stomach ###### risk was inversely associated with consumption of raw vegetables such as cabbage (OR=0.24; 95% CI=0.10-0.57; > or =1-3 times/month vs. almost never), carrots (OR=0.42, 95% CI=0.20-0.86; 1-6 times/week vs. almost never) and garlic (OR=0.59, 95% CI=0.37-0.96; 1-6 times/week vs. almost never). 
2 cabbage$stomach cancer$RESULTS: After adjustment for other food items (vegetables, fruits, different types of meat, processed meat and fish, dairy and starchy products, coffee, green tea), that were related to outcome, smoking, alcohol use, family history on cancer, education level and residence, ############## risk was inversely associated with consumption of raw vegetables such as ####### (OR=0.24; 95% CI=0.10-0.57; > or =1-3 times/month vs. almost never), carrots (OR=0.42, 95% CI=0.20-0.86; 1-6 times/week vs. almost never) and garlic (OR=0.59, 95% CI=0.37-0.96; 1-6 times/week vs. almost never). 
0 garlic$hypercholesterolemia$OBJECTIVE: To determine the lipid-lowering effect of ###### powder tablets in patients with #################### . 
2 Ocimum sanctum$plaque$CONCLUSION: The results of the present study indicate that ############## mouthrinse may prove to be an effective mouthwash owing to its ability in decreasing periodontal indices by reducing ###### accumulation, gingival inflammation and bleeding. 
0 sour cherry$hypercholesterolemic$HYPOTHESIS: The present study evaluates the hypothesis that ########### seed extract (SCSE) protects against cardiovascular disease and inflammation in #################### rabbits, and that this protection correlates with SCSE-induced activity of heme oxygenase- 1 (HO-1), a cytoprotective enzyme contributing to oxidative stress responses. 
2 TTO$influenza$In fact, when we tested ### and some of its components, we found that ### had an inhibitory effect on ######### virus replication at doses below the cytotoxic dose; terpinen-4-ol, terpinolene, and alfa-terpineol were the main active components. 
2 green tea$tumor$Examination of the data from all ten experiments revealed that complete ##### regression occurred in 14 of 346 papilloma-bearing mice (4%) that were treated with ######### in the drinking water or with i.p. injections of ######### constituents, whereas none of the 220 papilloma-bearing control mice treated with only vehicle exhibited complete ##### regression. 
1 Tobacco$esophageal, and H/N cancers$ ####### -associated cancers included lung, ########################### . 
2 Coffee$hepatitis$RESULTS: ###### administration for 25 weeks delayed the occurrence of ######### by two weeks, significantly improved survival, reduced the expression of inflammatory cytokines, and reduced the incidence of small pre-neoplastic liver foci in LEC rats. 
2 ginkgo$AD$Additional research will be needed to define which ingredients in the ###### extract are producing its effect in individuals with ## . 
2 ginseng$lung cancer$The oral administration of the lipid-soluble extract of red ####### showed a potent anticancer effect in nude mice bearing human ########### cells in a dose-dependent manner without any apparent toxicity. 
0 green tea$tumor$Examination of the data from all ten experiments revealed that complete ##### regression occurred in 14 of 346 papilloma-bearing mice (4%) that were treated with ######### in the drinking water or with i.p. injections of ######### constituents, whereas none of the 220 papilloma-bearing control mice treated with only vehicle exhibited complete ##### regression. 
0 tobacco$cancer$CONCLUSION: The expected increase of ###### incidence, mainly due to ####### -related tumours in women and colorectal in men, reinforces the need to strengthen smoking prevention and the expansion of early detection of colorectal ###### in Catalonia. 
0 Coffee$cardiovascular disease$ ###### , caffeine, and ###################### in men. 
0 coffee$colonic cancer$The effect of unfiltered ###### on potential biomarkers for ############## risk in healthy volunteers: a randomized trial. 
2 tea$diabetes$Epidemiological data suggest that consumption of coffee and ### is associated with a reduced risk of several chronic and degenerative diseases including cardiovascular disorders, ######## , obesity and neurodegenerative disorders. 
0 garlic$breast, and prostate cancers$OBJECTIVE: The objective was to conduct meta-analyses of the epidemiologic literature on the association between ###### consumption and risk of stomach, colon, head and neck, lung, ############################ . 
2 black tea$toxicity$Thus, unlike many other anticancer agents, ######### not only has antitumor and immunorestoring properties, but it also protects host liver from tumor-induced ######## . 
2 olive$cancer$Higher consumption of ##### oil is considered the hallmark of the traditional Mediterranean diet, which has been associated with low incidence and prevalence of ###### , including colorectal ######. 
2 Tea$papillomas$ ### and curcumin, singly or in combination, decreased the proliferation index in hyperplasia, dysplasia and ########## . 
0 tobacco$breast cancer$Nonexposed or ####### -smoke-exposed ############# cultures, when grown in the presence of vitamin C, also showed acceleration of growth of epithelial cells, significant reduction in mitotic abnormalities, and occurrence of pseudoglandular structures, indicating differentiation. 
2 green tea$colorectal polyps$In one study, 10 Japanese-size cups of ######### daily supplemented with tablets of ######### extract limited the recurrence of ################# in humans to 50%. 
1 soybean$autoimmune diabetes$In animal models, cow's milk proteins are modestly and variably diabetogenic, wheat or ####### proteins in the diet cause higher rates of ################### . 
2 coffee$liver cancer$BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Large-scale epidemiological studies have shown that drinking more than two cups of ###### per day reduces the risks of hepatitis and ############ . 
2 Nigella Sativa$ischemia reperfusion injury$BACKGROUND: In previous studies, it has been demonstrated that ############## (NS) has protective effects against ########################### on various organs. 
2 garlic$arterial hypertension$It has been reported that ###### activates nitric oxide synthase in vitro and that chronic inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis by N omega-nitro-L-arginine-methyl-ester (L-NAME) induces ##################### in rats. 
0 vitex agnus castus$bone fracture$MATERIAL AND METHODS: In a double-blind randomized placebo controlled trial, 64 women with long ############# , 20-45 years old, were randomly allocated to receive 1) one Agnugol tablet (4 mg dried fruit extract of ################## ) plus 250 mg magnesium oxide (VAC + Mg group (n = 10)), 2) one Agnugol tablet plus placebo (VAC group (n = 15)), 3) placebo plus 250 mg magnesium oxide (Mg group (n = 12)), or 4) placebo plus placebo (placebo group (n = 14)) per day for 8 weeks. 
2 Maca$psychological symptoms$Beneficial effects of Lepidium meyenii ( #### ) on ###################### and measures of sexual dysfunction in postmenopausal women are not related to estrogen or androgen content. 
1 digitalis$atrial tachyarrhythmias$Second, halothane would oppose such enhanced automaticity of SAP, thereby opposing ######### -caused ####################### . 
0 tobacco$cancers$At several p53 mutational hotspots common to all #######, such as codons 248 and 273, a large fraction of the mutations are G to T events in lung ####### but are almost exclusively G to A transitions in non- ####### -related ####### . 
0 tobacco$colorectal and liver cancers$The increased risk is mainly expected to be observed in ####### -related tumours among women and in ############################ among men. 
2 Ginkgo biloba$retinal damage$Intraperitoneal injection of ############# extract enhances antioxidation ability of retina and protects photoreceptors after light-induced ############## in rats. 
3 tea$Xerostomia$ ########## was associated with coffee/ ### intake (p < 0.01) and nasal congestion (p < 0.001). 
2 wheat$tumor$RESULTS: During ##### initiation, ##### bran produced greater apoptosis (p = .01), a trend toward less proliferation, and preserved the normal zone of proliferation (p = .01). 
0 coffee$liver cancer$We aimed to determine the single and joint associations of ###### consumption and serum GGT with the risk of primary ############ . 
2 onion$diabetic$Dietary ##### also partially reversed the abnormalities in plasma albumin, urea, creatinine and inorganic phosphorus in ######## animals. 
0 tobacco$lung tumor$Male and female strain A mice exposed to 5 months to ####### smoke and then kept for another 4 months in air respond to ####### smoke with increased ########## multiplicities. 
0 green tea$stroke$We excluded participants for whom data on ######### consumption frequency were missing or who had reported a history of cancer, myocardial infarction, ###### , and extreme daily energy intake at baseline. 
0 tea$oral cavity cancer$RESULTS: We observed inverse associations between ################## and ### or coffee consumption (odds ratio, 0.39; 95% CI 0.21-0.70, for the highest quartile of ### consumption, and 0.60, 95% CI 0.34-1.05, for the highest quartile of coffee consumption). 
3 tobacco$pancreas, larynx and kidney cance$Some meta-analyses suggest a possible effect for oesophagus, ################################# r, but other cancers show no effect of smokeless ####### . 
2 Lemon verbena$colitis$ ############# infusion consumption attenuates oxidative stress in dextran sulfate sodium-induced ####### in the rat. 
2 Serenoa repens$Benign prostatic hyperplasi$ ############## , the extract of berry in Southeastern United States, is one of several phytotherapeutic agents available for the treatment of ########################### a (BPH). 
0 tobacco$cancer$We describe ####### use behaviors among TRCS, other ###### survivors, and people without a history of ###### . 
0 Ginkgo biloba$AD$OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of treatment with ############# extract on objective measures of cognitive function in patients with Alzheimer disease ( ## ) based on formal review of the current literature. 
1 pecan$atopics$Of the ##### ####### 65.2% had clinical symptoms coinciding only with the ##### pollen season and an additional 10.9% had perennial symptoms. 
2 coffee$inflammation$This mechanism may play an important part in the suppressive effects of ###### consumption on obesity, ############ , and hepatosteatosis. 
0 onion$diabetic$Diabetic rats fed ##### diet also exhibited lowered lipid peroxides in circulation and in urine when compared to ######## control group. 
2 SRB$arthritis$Recent studies have documented a role for stabilized rice bran ( ### ) in treating diabetes and ######### , although little is known of the bioactive compounds that impart these health benefits. 
0 tea tree$Influenza$Activity of Melaleuca alternifolia ( ######## ) oil on ######### virus A/PR/8: study on the mechanism of action. 
0 Serenoa repens$glioma$Furthermore, it was discovered that a Janus family of tyrosine kinase (JAK) inhibitor AG490 inhibit the growth of human U87 and U251 ###### cells and AG490 enhanced the ability of ############## to inhibit the growth of U87 and U251 ###### cells as measured by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. 
0 ginseng$toxicity$The oral administration of the lipid-soluble extract of red ####### showed a potent anticancer effect in nude mice bearing human lung cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner without any apparent ######## . 
0 ginseng$seizure$Using the prenatal valproic acid (VPA)-injection model of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in rats, which produces social impairrment and altered ####### susceptibility as in human ASD patients as well as mild neural tube defects like crooked tail phenotype, we examined whether chronic administration of red ####### extract may rescue the social impairment and crooked tail phenotype in prenatally VPA-exposed rat offspring. 
2 Maca$psychological symptoms$The Greene Climacteric Scale revealed a significant reduction in scores in the areas of ###################### , including the subscales for anxiety and depression and sexual dysfunction after #### consumption compared with both baseline and placebo (P < 0.05). 
2 Zingiber officinale$brain damage$In this study, possible protective effect of ################### , a medicinal plant reputed for neuroprotective effect against oxidative stress-related ############ , on ############ and memory deficit induced by focal cerebral ischemia was elucidated. 
0 green tea$cancer$In the present study, ###### chemopreventive properties of both black tea polyphenols (BTP) and ######### polyphenols (GTP) on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) induced mouse skin carcinogenesis were studied. 
0 lemon verbena$colitis$AIMS: This study evaluated the preventive effects of ############# infusion consumption against mild-to-moderate dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ####### in rats. 
0 garlic$carcinogenesis$Chemical constituents of ###### have been tested for their inhibiting effect on ############## , using in vitro and in vivo models. 
0 ESE$gastric mucosal injuries$In this study, we prepared DSW containing ### (### + DSW) and evaluated its usefulness for the prevention of ######################## using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced acute gastric mucosal injury models in male Wistar/ST rats. 
1 tobacco$tooth loss$Prevalence, extent and severity of periodontitis as well as ########## and edentulism are influenced by ####### consumption in a dose-dependent manner. 
0 cannabis$malignancies$[3 different ############ of the aerodigestive tract after chronic abuse of ######## products]. 
2 Tea$oral cavity cancer$CONCLUSIONS: ### and coffee drinking may decrease the risk of ################## through antioxidant components which play a role in the repair of cellular damages. 
0 coffee$pancreas cancer$RESULTS: The data failed to demonstrate any association between ###### consumption and risk for ############### . 
0 coffee$AD$These results indicate a surprising ability of moderate caffeine intake (the human equivalent of 500 mg caffeine or 5 cups of ###### per day) to protect against or treat ## in a mouse model for the disease and a therapeutic potential for caffeine against ## in humans. 
0 olive$cancer$No significant association was observed between ##### oil and ###### mortality. 
0 RU$MD$RESULTS: The results suggest modest correlations between ## and ## , and between ## and ND. 
2 GE$prostate cancer$Comprehensive studies have confirmed that ## perturbed cell-cycle progression, impaired reproductive capacity, modulated cell-cycle and apoptosis regulatory molecules and induced a caspase-driven, mitochondrially mediated apoptosis in human ############### cells. 
1 digitalis$arrhythmias$Studies on magnesium's mechanism of action in ######### -induced ########### . 
3 soy$asthma$CONCLUSIONS: The consumption of dairy products, ### beverages, and apples and pears, but not of nutrients per se, was associated with a range of ###### definitions. 
2 Fenugreek$wounds$Trigonella foenum graecum ( ######### ) is traditionally applied to treat disorders such as diabetes, high cholesterol, ###### , inflammation, and gastrointestinal ailments. 
1 digitalis$atrial tachyarrhythmias$First, increasing ouabain concentrations would enhance automaticity of SAP compared to the SA node and that such enhanced automaticity could explain ######### -caused ####################### . 
2 soybean$obesity$SCOPE: The molecular mechanisms underlying the potential health benefit effects of ####### proteins on ####### -associated metabolic disorders have not been fully clarified. 
1 tobacco$lung cancer$The overall findings of this study suggest that EPPL is a valuable indicator of ########### risk and that exposure to environmental ####### smoke is associated with higher EPPL levels and therefore with higher ########### risk. 
2 tea$SCC$The combination of ### and curcumin also decreased the number of visible tumors and the tumor volume by 52.4 and 69.8%, as well as the numbers of ### , dysplasic lesions and papillomas by 62.0, 37.5 and 48.7%, respectively. 
0 Coconut$diarrhea$ ####### has been used as a dietary supplement for people with inflammatory bowel disease, with anecdotal reports of decreased ######## following the dietary addition. 
2 pomegranate$Cancer$ ###### chemoprevention by ########### : laboratory and clinical evidence. 
2 garlic$cancer$Garlic is generally used as a therapeutic reagent against various diseases, and numerous studies have indicated that ###### and its derivatives can reduce the risk of various types of human ###### . 
0 cannabis$schizophrenia$Although considerable evidence implicates ######## use as a component cause of ############# , it remains unclear whether this is entirely due to ######## directly raising risk of psychosis, or whether the same genes that increases psychosis risk may also increase risk of ######## use. 
0 tobacco$oral cancer$Public awareness about #######-related ########### is low at present, and new approaches to this problem should include education in the schools on ###########, formulation of legislative action to ban the sale of ####### near schools and colleges, and imposition of societal "barriers" that would make the nonchewing of ####### socially more acceptable than chewing it. 
2 garlic$arterial hypertension$It was found that L-NAME induced ##################### on weeks 1-4 in control rats but not in ###### -fed rats, whose blood pressure remained essentially as the basal values. 
2 ginkgo$hypoxia$Exhaled nasal NO output during normobaric ####### was lowest following ###### (p < 0.003). 
2 soybean$breast cancer$On the other hand, high intake of nonhydrogenated ####### cooking oil was related to a reduced risk of ############# among women who never deep-fried animal foods (odds ratio, 0.48; 95% confidence interval, 0.28-0.82 for the highest versus the lowest quintile; P for trend, 0.02). 
2 Inonotus obliquus$gastrointestinal cancer$ ################# is a medicinal mushroom used in Russian and Eastern European folk medicine for the treatment of ####################### , cardiovascular disease and diabetes. 
2 corn$tumors$Animals fed a 5% #### oil diet had a lower tumor incidence and number of ###### resulting from the decrease in dietary fat; in addition the feeding of Lactobacillus GG before the carcinogen challenge resulted in a lower incidence of colon ######. 
1 tobacco$breast cancer$Our observation that the effect of ####### smoking on ############# risk may differ based on mutagen sensitivity status warrants further investigation. 
2 soybean$obesity$These effects of SPH might be important for the health benefit effects of ####### proteins on ####### -associated metabolic disorders. 
0 tobacco$cancer$They gathered data on the use of ####### and alcohol in a population of some 19,000 people, and identified one or more warning signals of ###### in 430 persons, who were subsequently examined by physicians. 
2 SRB$inflammation$These ### extracts have applications for functional foods and dietary supplements for control of ############ and joint health. 
1 areca$oesophageal cancers$Diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, oropharyngeal and ################### have been associated with ##### nut chewing and the mechanism by which ##### nut chewing increases the risk of systemic diseases remains elusive. 
0 green tea$lung tumors$The effects of phenethyl isothiocyanate, N-acetylcysteine and ######### on tobacco smoke-induced ########### in strain A/J mice. 
2 olive$CVD$In comparison with nonconsumers, the highest quartile of ##### oil consumption was associated with a 26% (95% CI: 13%, 36%) reduction in risk of overall mortality and a 44% (95% CI: 21%, 60%) reduction in ### mortality. 
0 corn$cancer$Dose-dependent changes included centrilobular necrosis and markedly elevated LI in mice given 238 or 477 mg/kg chloroform in #### oil (the average daily doses that produced tumors in the ###### bioassay). 
0 TTO$infection$Thus, the effect of ### and its active components on different steps of the replicative cycle of influenza virus was studied by adding the test compounds at various times after ######### . 
0 vitex agnus castus$bone fracture$Effects of " ################## " extract and magnesium supplementation, alone and in combination, on osteogenic and angiogenic factors and fracture healing in women with long ############# . 
0 garlic$cardiovascular disease$It is unlikely that ###### is useful in preventing ###################### . 
0 coffee$cancer$Data on ###### consumption 20 years prior to the diagnosis of ###### were obtained from the next of kin of 662 cases of pancreas ###### and 1,770 referent (stomach, colon, and rectum) ######s. 
2 soybean$breast cancer$This study also suggests that nonhydrogenated ####### oil, if not used in high-temperature cooking, may be associated with a reduced risk of ############# . 
2 ginger$cardiac arrhythmia$CONCLUSION: The therapeutic effect of the combined method of acupuncture and ###### -partition moxibustion on the patients with ################## is obviously better than that of routine western medicine. 
2 wheat$tumor$At ##### promotion, ##### bran decreased the number of ACF (proximal colon, p = .005; distal colon, p = .047) and maintained the normal proliferative zone. 
0 tea$cirrhosis$Baseline coffee and ### intake were assessed in 766 participants of the Hepatitis C Antiviral Long-Term Treatment against Cirrhosis (HALT-C) trial who had hepatitis C-related bridging fibrosis or ######### on liver biopsy and failed to achieve a sustained virological response to peginterferon plus ribavirin treatment. 
0 tobacco$oral cancer$The effect of lifestyle factors, including ####### chewing, smoking and alcohol drinking, diet and dental care, on the risk of ########### was investigated in a case-control study conducted in Rajah Muthiah Dental College and Hospital, Annamalainagar, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India during the period 1991-2003. 
0 garlic$tumors$However, the growth rate of ###### was not markedly inhibited by ###### . 
2 HPE$cancer$HAs and ### were demonstrated to cause ###### cell apoptosis, especially in leukemia and gastric ######. 
0 areca$systemic inflammation$Therefore, this present study was conducted to examine the ##################### among ##### nut chewers and healthy controls. 
2 garlic$tumor$In a therapeutic study, the ##### -inducing interval in nude mice subcutaneously injected with colon cancer cells (CC-M2) was prolonged by a 2.5% ###### diet (p < 0.01). 
0 Garlic$stomach cancers$ ###### consumption and cancer prevention: meta-analyses of colorectal and ############### . 
2 garlic$mammary tumor$We reported previously that ###### cultivated with selenite fertilization showed powerful chemopreventive activity in the rat dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced ############# model (Carcinogenesis 15, 573-576, 1994). 
2 Ginkgo biloba$proliferative vasculopathy$Histopathological studies of the specimens obtained from basilar arteries showed that pathological signs of ########################## , including narrowing of the vessel lumen, corrugation of the lamina elastica and subendothelial thickening, were present in all the animals in the control group, while they could not be demonstrated in the ############# group. 
2 Olive$chronic diseases$BACKGROUND: ##### oil consumption is associated with a decreased risk of several ################ , in particular cardiovascular disease (CVD). 
2 AM$malaria$Argemone mexicana ( ## ), a validated herbal medicine for uncomplicated ####### , seems to prevent severe ####### without completely clearing parasites in most patients. 
0 Lespedeza Michx$minimal change nephropathy$OBJECTIVE: To study the therapeutic effect of ############### in experimental rat model of ########################## (MCN). 
0 NS$ischemia$Rats in the group 3 received ## (0,2 mL/kg) intraperitoneally, before ######## and before reperfusion. 
2 garlic$tumor$Animals given AFB1 together with fresh ###### or ###### oil showed a significant reduction in ##### incidence. 
0 coffee$liver cancer$The multivariable-adjusted and ###### -adjusted hazard ratio of ############ for the highest versus the lowest quartile of serum GGT was 3.13 (95% confidence interval = 1.22-8.07). 
0 areca nut$head and neck carcinoma$The purpose of this study was to investigate the impacts of ######### chewing on neoplastic process of ####################### . 
2 garlic$tumor$This result showed that ###### oil could induce neutrophils and macrophages against ##### . 
1 Tobacco$malignant lesions$ ####### smoke is a known human carcinogen that primarily produces ################# in the respiratory tract, although it also affects multiple other sites. 
0 tobacco$epidemic of lung cancer$Since the increasing ####################### (in men), as well as other ####### -related cancers, is observed in Portugal, the important component of such a programme should be a nationwide ####### control programme. 
0 tobacco$lung tumor$In positive control experiments, PEITC significantly reduced both ########## multiplicity and incidence in mice treated with the ####### smoke-specific carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). 
0 coffee$gallbladder disease$These findings do not support a protective effect of ###### consumption on total ################### , although ###### may decrease the risk of symptomatic gallstones in women. 
1 wheat$autoimmune diabetes$In animal models, cow's milk proteins are modestly and variably diabetogenic, ##### or soybean proteins in the diet cause higher rates of ################### . 
2 garlic$diabetic$Cardiac contractile dysfunction and apoptosis in streptozotocin-induced ######## rats are ameliorated by ###### oil supplementation. 
2 Maca$sexual dysfunction$Beneficial effects of Lepidium meyenii ( #### ) on psychological symptoms and measures of ################## in postmenopausal women are not related to estrogen or androgen content. 
0 RCR$hypertriglyceridemia$In addition, the effects of ### on sucrose-induced acute hyperglycemia in mice and olive oil-induced #################### in rats were also examined. 
1 tobacco$tumours$The increased risk is mainly expected to be observed in ####### -related ####### among women and in colorectal and liver cancers among men. 
0 birch$Allergy$ ####### to carrot in patient 3 seems to be related to her allergy to different pollens; however, it wasn't related to ##### pollen. 
0 tobacco$major depression$A population-based twin study of the genetic and environmental relationship of ################ , regular ####### use and nicotine dependence. 
0 onions$neoplasia of liver$Ten organosulfur compounds from garlic and ###### were studied for their modifying effects on diethylnitrosamine-induced ################## in male F344 rats using the medium-term bioassay system of Ito based on the two-step model of hepatocarcinogenesis. 
1 olive$hypertriglyceridemia$In addition, the effects of RCR on sucrose-induced acute hyperglycemia in mice and ##### oil-induced #################### in rats were also examined. 
2 Hawthorn$middle cerebral artery occlusion$ ######## extract reduces infarct volume and improves neurological score by reducing oxidative stress in rat brain following ################################ . 
2 garlic$diabetes$However, these ######## -related cardiac dysfunctions were almost dose-dependently ameliorated by ###### oil administration. 
0 green tea$lung damage$This study was to investigate whether cigarette smoke (CS) exposure would induce lung morphological changes and oxidative stress in the CS-exposed rat model, and whether Chinese ######### (Lung Chen tea with EGCG as its main active ingredient) consumption would alter oxidative stress in sera and lung leading to protection of CS-induced ########### . 
2 Ginkgo biloba$hypoxia$We conclude that ############# increases exhaled nasal NO output during normoxia and enhances reduced exhaled nasal NO output during normobaric ####### . 
1 soybean$hyperglycemia$Moreover, a prolonged ############# was not observed in rats fed raw ####### even when this was substituted by the normal diet after streptozotocin injection. 
2 Wheat$tumor$CONCLUSIONS: ##### bran increased apoptosis and controlled proliferation during ##### initiation and resulted in decreased ACF. 
2 Trigonella foenum graecum$wounds$ ######################### (Fenugreek) is traditionally applied to treat disorders such as diabetes, high cholesterol, ###### , inflammation, and gastrointestinal ailments. 
3 coffee$cardiovascular disease$Although based on small numbers of end points, a prospective study has suggested a particularly strong association between recent ###### drinking and the incidence of ###################### . 
0 cannabis$schizophrenia$Genetic predisposition to ############# associated with increased use of ######## . 
0 RU$MD$METHOD: We assessed ## , ## and ND in same-sex twins from the population-based Swedish Twin Registry. 
0 onion$diabetes mellitus$Influence of dietary capsaicin and ##### on the metabolic abnormalities associated with streptozotocin induced ################# . 
0 garlic$stomach cancers$DESIGN: Meta-analyses were conducted for all cancers mutually and separately for colorectal and ############### in relation to consumption of exclusively raw ######, cooked ###### , or both (RC ######). 
2 garlic$diabetes$In conclusion, ###### oil possesses significant potential for protecting hearts from ######## -induced cardiomyopathy. 
2 green tea$skin cancer$Thus, we can conclude that the polyphenolic constituents present in black tea and ######### induce mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis and hence can be used as a potential chemopreventive agents against ########### . 
0 SCSE$infarct$RESULTS: Relative to cholesterol-treated animals not receiving #### , ####-treated animals exhibited significantly improved cardiac function and improved peak early diastolic velocity to peak atrial velocity ratio (E'/A'), along with decreased atherosclerotic plaque formation and ####### size. 
2 olive$cardiovascular mortality$The wide range of benefits associated with ##### oil consumption could contribute to explaining the low rate of ######################## found in southern European-Mediterranean countries, in comparison with other westernized countries, despite a high prevalence of coronary heart disease risk factors. 
0 ginseng$autism spectrum disorder$Using the prenatal valproic acid (VPA)-injection model of ######################## (ASD) in rats, which produces social impairrment and altered seizure susceptibility as in human ASD patients as well as mild neural tube defects like crooked tail phenotype, we examined whether chronic administration of red ####### extract may rescue the social impairment and crooked tail phenotype in prenatally VPA-exposed rat offspring. 
1 tobacco$cancer$BACKGROUND: The Goals for Health project is designed to change the ###### -related behaviors of ####### use and dietary fat and fiber consumption. 
0 ginger$cardiac arrhythmia$[Clinical observation on therapeutic effect of combination of acupuncture and ###### -partition moxibustion for treatment of patients with ################## ]. 
2 wolfberry$retinal abnormality$Here we report that dietary ######### ameliorated mouse ################### at the early stage of type 2 diabetes in db/db mice. 
0 coffee$oral cavity cancer$The aim of this study was to evaluate the relation between ###### and tea drinking and the risk of ################## in France, a high incidence area. 
1 Tobacco$aneurysms$ ####### smoking and hypertension are significant factors associated with the development of these ######### . 
0 onion$metabolic abnormalities$Influence of dietary capsaicin and ##### on the ####################### associated with streptozotocin induced diabetes mellitus. 
2 EEO$breast cancer$Our studies showed that ethyl acetate extract of onion ( ### ) had potent inhibitory effects on animal fatty acid synthase (FAS), and could induce apoptosis in FAS over-expressing human ############# MDA-MB-231 cells. 
0 corn$colon tumors$The feeding of the Lactobacillus GG before and during carcinogen treatment resulted in a significant decrease in the incidence of ############ and the number of small intestinal and ############ per tumor-bearing animal for rats fed a 20% #### oil diet. 
0 tea$cancers$In age- and sex-adjusted analyses, consumption of ### was inversely associated with stomach (two-sided P for trend = .147) and lung (two-sided P for trend < .001) ####### . 
0 black tea$skin carcinogenesis$In the present study, cancer chemopreventive properties of both ######### polyphenols (BTP) and green tea polyphenols (GTP) on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) induced mouse ################### were studied. 
2 Phellodendron amurense$tumor$We recently showed that Nexrutine, a ###################### bark extract, suppresses proliferation of prostate cancer cell lines and ##### development in the transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP) model. 
0 olive$cardiovascular disease$Data concerning ##### oil consumption and primary end points for ###################### are scarce. 
2 menthae piperitae$headache$[Effectiveness of Oleum ################# and paracetamol in therapy of ######## of the tension type]. 
2 Brassicaceae$heart disease$Epidemiological evidence shows that regular consumption of ############ is associated with a reduced risk of cancer and ############# . 
2 garlic$carcinogenesis$Preventive action of ###### on aflatoxin B1-induced ############## in the toad Bufo regularis. 
2 Coffee$liver cancer$CONCLUSION: ###### drinking has an inverse and graded association with the risk of ############ . 
2 senna$constipation$EEA-1, EEA-2, the main constituents of EEAs (mangiferin, and genkwanin-5-O-primeveroside), and ##### increased the frequency and weight of stools in loperamide-induced ############ model mice. 
0 corn$tumors$Dose-dependent changes included centrilobular necrosis and markedly elevated LI in mice given 238 or 477 mg/kg chloroform in #### oil (the average daily doses that produced ###### in the cancer bioassay). 
2 garlic$cancer$However, the available evidence warrants further research into the possible role of ###### in the prevention of ###### in humans. 
2 coffee$liver diseases$However, the heterogeneity of the human genome requires studies of experimental animal models with defined genetic backgrounds to evaluate the ###### effects on ############## . 
0 garlic$stomach, colon, head and neck, lung, breast, and prostate cancers$OBJECTIVE: The objective was to conduct meta-analyses of the epidemiologic literature on the association between ###### consumption and risk of ################################################################# . 
0 tobacco$cancer$METHODS: We used 2009 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data to describe demographic characteristics, smoking history, current smoking prevalence, and smokeless ####### use among TRCS, other ###### survivors, and people without a history of ###### (cigarette smoking and smokeless ####### use were calculated after adjusting for age, sex, race, and insurance status). 
1 tobacco$cancers$The mutagen sensitivity assay (MSA), a phenotypic marker of DNA damage response and repair capacity, has been consistently shown to associate with the risk of ####### -related ####### . 
2 coffee$steatosis$At baseline, higher ###### consumption was associated with less severe ######### on biopsy, lower serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST)/alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ratio, alpha-fetoprotein, insulin, and homeostatic model assessment (HOMA2) score, and higher albumin (P < 0.05 for all). 
0 coffee$myocardial infarction$Initial trials showing ###### 's association with coronary disease and ##################### have been difficult to reproduce and have many confounding variables. 
2 pomegranate$breast, prostate, colon and lung cancer$Recent research has shown that ########### extracts selectively inhibit the growth of ####################################### cells in culture. 
2 RCR$type 2 diabetes$CONCLUSIONS: The present results demonstrate that ### treatment improves metabolic derangements in animal model of the metabolic syndrome and ############### . 
2 Aloe$cancer$ #### -emodin, one of the anthraquinones, has been shown to have anti###### activity in different kinds of human ###### cell lines. 
0 coffee$RA$We studied whether ######, decaffeinated ######, total ###### , tea, or overall caffeine consumption was associated with the risk of ## , using the Nurses' Health Study, a longitudinal cohort study of 121,701 women. 
0 coffee$pancreas cancer$CONCLUSIONS: The results are unlikely to be negatively biased, and are compatible with the majority of epidemiologic results advanced, suggesting no positive association between ###### consumption and the risk of ############### . 
1 digitalis$Atrial tachyarrhythmias$ ####################### are a common manifestation of ######### toxicity. 
1 tobacco$cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma$BACKGROUND: Although ####### smoking is commonly cited as a risk factor for ################################# (SCC), the evidence from previous clinical and case-control studies is conflicting. 
2 ginger$infarct$The results showed that cognitive function and neurons density in hippocampus of rats receiving ###### rhizome extract were improved while the brain ####### volume was decreased. 
2 Ginkgo biloba$vasculopathy$These results suggest that ############# may have a protective effect against subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced vasospasm and ############ as a result of antioxidants. 
1 tobacco$chronic obstructive pulmonary disease$Recently, large studies on the association between genetic variation in CYP1B1 and CYP2C9 and risk of disease with considerable statistical power rebutted the hypotheses that these genetic variants affect risk of ####### -related cancer, female cancer, ##################################### and ischemic vascular disease. 
1 pecan$allergic$The importance of the ##### tree pollen in ######## manifestations. 
2 garlic$colon cancers$This study suggested that a 2.5% ###### dose may be used mainly as an inhibitor to prevent ############# and improve survival time. 
2 aloe$colon carcinoma$In addition, exposure of ############### cells to #### -emodin suppressed the casein kinase II activity in a time-dependent manner and was accompanied by a reduced phosphorylation of Bid, a downstream substrate of casein kinase II and a pro-apoptotic molecule. 
2 ginkgo$hypoxia$Exhaled nasal NO output was increased during normoxia following ###### (p < 0.02) and reduced during normobaric ####### both before (p < 0.02) and following (p < 0.003) ###### . 
0 olive$carcinogenesis$Nevertheless, there is a growing interest in studying the role of ##### oil phenolics in ############## . 
2 Ocimum sanctum$plaque$RESULTS: Our result showed that ############## mouthrinse is equally effective in reducing ###### and gingivitis as Chlorhexidine. 
3 coffee$rheumatoid arthritis$OBJECTIVE: Recent reports have suggested an association between consumption of ###### or decaffeinated ###### and the risk of #################### (RA), although data are sparse and somewhat inconsistent. 
2 pomegranate$prostate cancer$An initial phase II clinical trial of ########### juice in patients with ############### reported significant prolongation of prostate specific antigen doubling time. 
2 Garlic$cancer$ ###### and its significance for the prevention of ###### in humans: a critical view. 
1 tobacco$bipolar disorder$BACKGROUND: Patients with ################ (BD) are at higher risk of ####### -related harm compared with general population. 
2 ginger$prostate cancer$Benefits of whole ###### extract in ############### . 
0 tobacco$cancers$At several p53 mutational hotspots common to all ####### , such as codons 248 and 273, a large fraction of the mutations are G to T events in lung ####### but are almost exclusively G to A transitions in non- ####### -related #######. 
2 garlic$tumor$Thus smaller ##### volume and longer survival time were found in the ###### group than in the controls (p < 0.01). 
2 garlic$cancer$Significant ###### protection was observed with treatment by the Se- ###### extract (at 3 p.p.m. 
0 garlic$cancer$In order to ascertain that the efficacy of the high-selenium ###### in ###### protection is primarily dependent on the action of selenium we compared the effects of two batches of ###### powder with marked differences in their level of selenium enrichment, 112 or 1355 p.p.m. 
0 marijuana$breast cancer$The effects of vitamin C on the growth of human lung cultures and of vitamin C or L-cysteine on a human ############# culture (SK-Br-3) were assessed with and without exposure to fresh smoke from tobacco or ######### cigarettes. 
0 tobacco$cancer$Smokeless ####### use was higher among respondents without a history of ###### (4 %) compared with TRCS (3 %) and other ###### survivors (3 %). 
1 tobacco$cancer$METHODS: In this analysis, data on Swiss ####### -related ###### mortality from 1984 until 2008 were used. 
0 coffee$chronic diseases$In sum, the currently available evidence on ###### and risk of cardiovascular diseases and cancer is largely reassuring, and suggests that, for the general population, addressing other health-related behaviors has priority for the prevention of ################ . 
0 tobacco$cancers$It is estimated that cigarette smoking kills over 1 000 000 people each year by causing lung cancer as well as many other neoplasmas. p53 mutations are frequent in ####### -related ####### and the mutation load is often higher in ####### from smokers than from nonsmokers. 
2 Rhodiola$asthenia$ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: ######## species are traditionally used as tonics and stimulants to treat ######## , suggesting their possible regulatory effect on energy metabolism. 
0 corn$liver tumors$Chloroform increases the incidence of ############ in B6C3F1 mice when administered in by gavage in #### oil, but not when given in the drinking water at similar daily doses. 
0 garlic$Cytotoxicity$ ############ of macrophages' supernatant on WEHI-164 fibrosarcoma cells was not affected by ###### protein fractions (P = 0.066 for 14-kDa and P = 0.085 for 47-kDa fractions). 
2 TTO$influenza$These experiments revealed that viral replication was significantly inhibited if ### was added within 2h of infection, indicating an interference with an early step of the viral replicative cycle of ######### virus. 
2 coffee$diabetes$Many epidemiological studies have indicated that ###### consumption may reduce the risks of developing obesity and ######## , but the underlying mechanisms of these effects are poorly understood. 
0 Garlic$cancer$ ###### is generally used as a therapeutic reagent against various diseases, and numerous studies have indicated that garlic and its derivatives can reduce the risk of various types of human ###### . 
3 tobacco$emphysema$A low familial income and ####### smoking were associated with wheezing, asthma, chronic bronchitis and ######### . 
0 tobacco$stomach and uterine (cervical) cancer$CONCLUSIONS: The fall in cancer mortality observed over the last decade in Italy is attributable to a decline in lung and other ####### -related neoplasms in males, together with a persistent fall in ##################################### . 
0 SCSE$inflammation$HYPOTHESIS: The present study evaluates the hypothesis that sour cherry seed extract ( #### ) protects against cardiovascular disease and ############ in hypercholesterolemic rabbits, and that this protection correlates with ####-induced activity of heme oxygenase- 1 (HO-1), a cytoprotective enzyme contributing to oxidative stress responses. 
2 Garlic$tumor$INTRODUCTION: ###### (Allium sativum), traditionally being used as a spice worldwide, has different applications and is claimed to possess beneficial effects in several health ailments such as ##### and atherosclerosis. 
0 tobacco$URI$We examined the relationship of environmental ####### smoke (ETS) and visible mold exposures on the development of allergic rhinitis, rhinitis and upper respiratory infection ( ### ) in a birth cohort where at least one parent was skin prick test (SPT) positive. 
0 Coffee$hepatocellular carcinoma$ ###### and risk of death from ######################## in a large cohort study in Japan. 
0 tobacco$cancer$Targeted smoking prevention and cessation interventions are needed for ###### survivors, especially those diagnosed with a ####### -related ######. 
0 coconut$diarrhea$RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Data of chi-squared analysis obtained from eight rhesus macaques with chronic ######## showed that the use of ####### macaroons as a dietary supplement did not have a statistically significant effect on their ########. 
2 soybean$carcinogenesis$Other compounds that may be able to suppress ############## in animals are the ####### isoflavones. 
0 tobacco$cancer$There was no consistent excess over the expected figures for any of the categories of ###### not related to ####### smoking. 
0 onions$hepatocarcinogenesis$Ten organosulfur compounds from garlic and ###### were studied for their modifying effects on diethylnitrosamine-induced neoplasia of liver in male F344 rats using the medium-term bioassay system of Ito based on the two-step model of #################### . 
2 HPE$leukemia$HAs and ### were demonstrated to cause cancer cell apoptosis, especially in ######## and gastric cancer. 
0 tobacco$cancers$Effects of smokeless ####### use on other ####### are not clearly demonstrated. 
2 P. edulis$pleurisy$The present study showed that the C-glucosylflavones isolated from ######### leaves can be responsible for the anti-inflammatory effect of ######### on the mouse model of ######## . 
2 Maca$sexual dysfunction$CONCLUSIONS: Preliminary findings show that Lepidium meyenii ( #### ) (3.5 g/d) reduces psychological symptoms, including anxiety and depression, and lowers measures of ################## in postmenopausal women independent of estrogenic and androgenic activity. 
0 black tea$cancer$The questionnaire data of case subjects and those of a random subcohort (n = 3500) were used to calculate rate ratios (RRs) of ###### in categories of consumers of ######### compared with nonconsumers. 
2 Maca$depression$CONCLUSIONS: Preliminary findings show that Lepidium meyenii ( #### ) (3.5 g/d) reduces psychological symptoms, including anxiety and ########## , and lowers measures of sexual dysfunction in postmenopausal women independent of estrogenic and androgenic activity. 
2 Coffee$liver disease$ ###### intake is associated with lower rates of ############# progression in chronic hepatitis C. 
2 olive$chronic colitis$Conversely, ##### oil inhibits COX-2 immunostaining and decreases the risk of neoplasia associated with ############### . 
2 Allium cepa L.$cancer$Inhibitory effects of onion ( ############## ) extract on proliferation of ###### cells and adipocytes via inhibiting fatty acid synthase. 
2 ESE$gastric mucosal injuries$We have previously reported that Eriobotrya japonica seed extract ( ### ) is effective for the treatment of various ######################## . 
0 coffee$xerostomia$Additional information on ########## , oral health behaviors, ###### /tea intake and nasal congestion was collected via a questionnaire. 
0 RU$ND$The continuation to ## given ## differed considerably between cigarette and snus users. 
1 areca$oesophageal cancers$Diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, oropharyngeal and ################### have been associated with ##### nut chewing and the mechanism by which ##### nut chewing increases the risk of systemic diseases remains elusive. 
0 green tea$skin papillomas$In 10 separate experiments, mice with established chemically induced or UV light-induced ############### were treated continuously with ######### in the drinking water or with i.p. injections of a ######### polyphenol fraction or (-)-epigallocatechin gallate three times a week for 4-10 weeks. 
2 Tea$SCC$ ### alone and in combination with curcumin significantly increased the apoptotic index in dysplasia and ### . 
0 coffee$Cancer$After having reviewed the available evidence, an International Agency for Research on ###### working group concluded in 1991 that the evidence in humans that ###### drinking is carcinogenic in the pancreas is "inadequate," since the available data were considered suggestive of a weak relationship with high levels of ###### consumption, but the possibility that this was due to bias or confounding was judged tenable. 
2 garlic$tumour$In most experiments inhibition of ###### growth was established using fresh ###### extract, ###### compounds or synthetically prepared analogs. 
2 Lepidium meyenii$sexual dysfunction$CONCLUSIONS: Preliminary findings show that ################ (Maca) (3.5 g/d) reduces psychological symptoms, including anxiety and depression, and lowers measures of ################## in postmenopausal women independent of estrogenic and androgenic activity. 
2 green tea$skin papillomas$Inhibitory effect of ######### on the growth of established ############### in mice. 
2 almond$eczema$Historically, ###### oil had been used in Ancient Chinese, Ayurvedic and Greco-Persian schools of Medicine to treat dry skin conditions such as psoriasis and ###### . 
2 coffee$oral cavity cancer$RESULTS: We observed inverse associations between ################## and tea or ###### consumption (odds ratio, 0.39; 95% CI 0.21-0.70, for the highest quartile of tea consumption, and 0.60, 95% CI 0.34-1.05, for the highest quartile of ###### consumption). 
1 coffee$cancer$Several early studies suggested that ###### consumption could result in a marked increase in risk of coronary heart disease and several types of ###### . 
0 RU$MD$We used structural equation modeling to examine the relationship between ## , ## , and ND given ##. 
2 coffee$type 2 diabetes$However, evidence has been accumulating that frequent consumption of ###### may reduce risk of ############### and liver cancer. 
0 tobacco$atherosclerotic diseases$We studied whether common shared environmental or behavioral risk factors, other than ####### smoking, underlie both ######################## and cancer. 
0 garlic$fibrosarcoma$Cytotoxicity of macrophages' supernatant on WEHI-164 ############ cells was not affected by ###### protein fractions (P = 0.066 for 14-kDa and P = 0.085 for 47-kDa fractions). 
0 corn$necrosis$Dose-dependent changes included centrilobular ######## and markedly elevated LI in mice given 238 or 477 mg/kg chloroform in #### oil (the average daily doses that produced tumors in the cancer bioassay). 
0 ginseng$ASD$Using the prenatal valproic acid (VPA)-injection model of autism spectrum disorder ( ### ) in rats, which produces social impairrment and altered seizure susceptibility as in human ### patients as well as mild neural tube defects like crooked tail phenotype, we examined whether chronic administration of red ####### extract may rescue the social impairment and crooked tail phenotype in prenatally VPA-exposed rat offspring. 
0 corn$colitis$METHODS: IL-10-/- mice were fed chow supplemented with #### oil (CO; control, n=28), olive oil (OO; n=29), or fish oil (FO; n=35) for 12 wk and their colons were studied for ####### score, premalignant changes, and COX-2 expression. 
0 Gardenia jasminoides$liver fibrosis$The effects of #################### on ############## and the detailed molecular mechanisms were also assessed in human hepatic stellate cells (LX-2) in vitro. 
2 Zingiber officinale$Memory Impairment$ ################### Mitigates Brain Damage and Improves ################# in Focal Cerebral Ischemic Rat. 
2 Inonotus obliquus$cardiovascular disease$ ################# is a medicinal mushroom used in Russian and Eastern European folk medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal cancer, ###################### and diabetes. 
2 HPE$gastric cancer$HAs and ### were demonstrated to cause cancer cell apoptosis, especially in leukemia and ############## . 
3 coffee$RA$OBJECTIVE: Recent reports have suggested an association between consumption of ###### or decaffeinated ###### and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis ( ## ), although data are sparse and somewhat inconsistent. 
2 wolfberry$type 2 diabetes$Here we report that dietary ######### ameliorated mouse retinal abnormality at the early stage of ############### in db/db mice. 
0 Flaveria trinervia$liver toxicity$The prophylactic effects of oleanolic acid (OA) isolated from chloroform extract (CE) of ################## against ethanol induced ############## was investigated using rats. 
0 Allanblackia monticola$oedema$ ###################### (75-300 mg/kg) did not cause significant modification of the ###### induced by serotonin. 
2 coffee$GDM$CONCLUSIONS: Moderate pre-pregnancy caffeinated ###### consumption may have a protective association with ### . 
0 areca nut$carcinoma$RESULTS: Upon treatment with ######### extract, ######### cells showed the increase of vimentin. 
2 garlic$cancer$Effect on an aqueous extract of selenium-enriched ###### on in vitro markers and in vivo efficacy in ###### prevention. 
2 soybean$carcinogenesis$It is believed that supplementation of human diets with certain ####### products shown to suppress ############## in animals could markedly reduce human cancer mortality rates. 
0 tobacco$bladder cancer$The present study examines the effect of ####### smoking on the expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 gene, COX enzymatic activity and prostaglandin (PG) synthesis in urothelial mucosal tissues from patients with ############## and from normal individuals. 
0 tobacco$cancer$Identifying areas with higher than average ###### risk and smoking rates, then targeting those areas for intervention, is one approach to more rapidly lower the overall ####### disease burden in a given state. 
2 cruciferous vegetables$breast cancer$Elastase is the only currently identified target protein for indole-3-carbinol (I3C), a naturally occurring hydrolysis product of glucobrassicin in ###################### such as broccoli, cabbage, and Brussels sprouts that induces a cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of human ############# cells. 
1 pea$anaphylaxis$In this study 3 patients with a history of ########### to ### are described who subsequently had symptoms after ingestion of ###nut. 
0 coffee$cardiovascular disease$METHODS: We examined prospectively the relation of ###### consumption with the risk of myocardial infarction, need for coronary-artery bypass grafting or angioplasty, and risk of stroke in a cohort of 45,589 U.S. men who were 40 to 75 years old in 1986 and who had no history of ###################### . 
1 areca$oropharyngeal and oesophageal cancers$Diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, ##################################### have been associated with ##### nut chewing and the mechanism by which ##### nut chewing increases the risk of systemic diseases remains elusive. 
1 tobacco$cancers$With the highest ####### abuse prevalence among all minorities, American Indians incur high rates of #######-related ####### . 
3 coffee$type 2 diabetes$Numerous epidemiological studies have evaluated the association between ###### consumption and risk of ############### , coronary heart disease, and various cancers. 
0 citrus$stomach cancer$There were no statistically significant associations between ############## risk and consumption of ###### or others fruits. 
0 Coffee$cardiovascular diseases$ ###### consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes, ####################### , and cancer. 
2 black tea$hepatotoxicity$Here we report Ehrlich's ascites carcinoma (EAC)induced ############## and its protection by antitumor dose of ######### in mice. 
0 SCSE$atherosclerotic plaque$RESULTS: Relative to cholesterol-treated animals not receiving ####, #### -treated animals exhibited significantly improved cardiac function and improved peak early diastolic velocity to peak atrial velocity ratio (E'/A'), along with decreased ###################### formation and infarct size. 
2 wheat$gastric ulcer disease$Fiber-enriched ##### bran reduced bile acid concentrations significantly in patients with ##################### . 
2 black tea$hyperglycemia$Green and ######### suppress ############# and insulin resistance by retaining the expression of glucose transporter 4 in muscle of high-fat diet-fed C57BL/6J mice. 
0 olive$Hepatitis$ ######### was induced by the oral administration of 10% solution CCl4 in ##### oil at a dosage of 3 ml/kg body weight every day during 7 days. 
0 carrot$allergy$Allergy to ###### in patient 3 seems to be related to her ####### to different pollens; however, it wasn't related to birch pollen. 
0 tobacco$colorectal cancer$CONCLUSION: The expected increase of cancer incidence, mainly due to ####### -related tumours in women and colorectal in men, reinforces the need to strengthen smoking prevention and the expansion of early detection of ################# in Catalonia. 
0 Allium$stomach cancer$It is plausible that the sensitivity of H. pylori to garlic extract at such low concentration may be related to the reported lower risk of ############## in those with a high ###### vegetable intake. 
2 coffee$HCC$Our data confirmed an inverse association between ###### consumption and ### mortality. 
2 HAs$gastric cancer$ ### and HPE were demonstrated to cause cancer cell apoptosis, especially in leukemia and ############## . 
0 coffee$AD$We have utilized a transgenic mouse model for ## in well-controlled studies to determine if caffeine and/or ###### have beneficial actions to protect against or reverse ##-like cognitive impairment and ## pathology. 
2 tea$cancer$Despite indications from experimental studies that ### may protect against ###### , epidemiologic evidence has been inconclusive. 
0 coffee$RA$RESULTS: We did not find a significant association between decaffeinated ###### consumption of >/=4 cups/day (compared with no decaffeinated ###### consumption) and subsequent risk of incident ## , in either an adjusted multivariate model (relative risk [RR] 1.1, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.5-2.2) or a multivariate model using only baseline reports of decaffeinated ###### consumption (RR 1.0, 95% CI 0.6-1.7). 
2 Hawthorn$brain damage$The reduced ############ and improved neurological behavior after 24 h of reperfusion in ######## extract pretreated group may be attributed to its antioxidant property which restores glutathione levels, circumvents the increase in lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide levels thereby reducing peroxynitrite formation and free radical induced ############. 
0 garlic$stomach cancers$DESIGN: Meta-analyses were conducted for all cancers mutually and separately for colorectal and ############### in relation to consumption of exclusively raw ###### , cooked ######, or both (RC ######). 
2 bilberry$retinal inflammation$Vision preservation during #################### by anthocyanin-rich ######## extract: cellular and molecular mechanism. 
0 tea$RA$Similarly, there was no relationship between cumulative caffeinated coffee consumption and ## risk (RR 1.1, 95% CI 0.8-1.6 for >/=4 cups per day versus none) or between ### consumption and ## risk (RR 1.1, 95% CI 0.7-1.8 for >3 cups/day versus none). 
0 tea$lung, and breast cancers$Analysis of the ### and cancer relationship in a subgroup that included subjects in the lowest two quintiles of consumption of vegetables and fruits also failed to reveal a protective effect of ### consumption on the risk of three cancer types studied (colorectal, ######################## ). 
2 rice$arthritis$Recent studies have documented a role for stabilized #### bran (SRB) in treating diabetes and ######### , although little is known of the bioactive compounds that impart these health benefits. 
0 areca$systemic inflammation$Further work is required to confirm that ##################### is the main pathway by which ##### nut use increases the risk of systemic diseases. 
3 coffee$rheumatoid arthritis$OBJECTIVE: Recent reports have suggested an association between consumption of ###### or decaffeinated ###### and the risk of #################### (RA), although data are sparse and somewhat inconsistent. 
2 GE$tumour$Remarkably, daily oral feeding of 100 mg/kg body weight of ## inhibited growth and progression of PC-3 xenografts by approximately 56 % in nude mice, as shown by measurements of ###### volume. 
2 ginseng$colon cancer$20-O-棺-d-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol, a metabolite of ####### , inhibits ############ growth by targeting TRPC channel-mediated calcium influx. 
1 Tobacco$cancers$ ####### -associated ####### included lung, esophageal, and H/N #######. 
2 Chinese rose tea$hypertension$Hibiscus sabdariffa Linne is a traditional ################ and has been effectively used in folk medicines for treatment of ############ , inflammatory conditions. 
0 aloe$colon carcinoma$The present study aimed to investigate the anticancer effect of #### -emodin, an anthraquinone compound present in the leaves of Aloe vera, on two human ############### cell lines, DLD-1 and WiDr. 
2 onion$breast cancer$Our studies showed that ethyl acetate extract of ##### (EEO) had potent inhibitory effects on animal fatty acid synthase (FAS), and could induce apoptosis in FAS over-expressing human ############# MDA-MB-231 cells. 
2 HAs$oxidative damage$PCA and ### protected against ################ induced by tert-butyl droperoxide (t-BHP) in rat primary hepatocytes. 
0 P ovata$colorectal cancer$To test this hypothesis, an ecological study was performed to determine mortality rates and distribution of ################# , and the consumption and distribution of ####### , in different provinces in Spain. 
2 tea$oral cavity cancer$RESULTS: We observed inverse associations between ################## and ### or coffee consumption (odds ratio, 0.39; 95% CI 0.21-0.70, for the highest quartile of ### consumption, and 0.60, 95% CI 0.34-1.05, for the highest quartile of coffee consumption). 
1 tobacco$stomach cancer$If causal, the estimated proportion of ############## deaths attributable to ####### use would be 28% in US men and 14% in women. 
0 corn$tumor$The feeding of the Lactobacillus GG before and during carcinogen treatment resulted in a significant decrease in the incidence of colon #####s and the number of small intestinal and colon #####s per ##### -bearing animal for rats fed a 20% #### oil diet. 
2 coffee$gallstones$These findings do not support a protective effect of ###### consumption on total gallbladder disease, although ###### may decrease the risk of symptomatic ########## in women. 
3 tobacco$bronchitis$A low familial income and ####### smoking were associated with wheezing, asthma, chronic ########## and emphysema. 
0 garlic$head and neck, lung, breast, and prostate cancers$OBJECTIVE: The objective was to conduct meta-analyses of the epidemiologic literature on the association between ###### consumption and risk of stomach, colon, ################################################# . 
2 Flaveria trinervia$liver toxicity$In vivo prophylactic effects of oleanolic acid isolated from chloroform extract of ################## against ethanol induced ############## in rats. 
1 tobacco$lung cancer$An excess risk of dying of ########### and heart diseases probably reflects a high ####### consumption. 
0 ginseng$impairment of social interaction$Effects of Korean red ####### extracts on neural tube defects and ################################ induced by prenatal exposure to valproic acid. 
2 tea$oral carcinogenesis$Inhibition of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced ################### in hamsters by ### and curcumin. 
1 tobacco$cancer$Toward the identification of communities with increased ####### -associated ###### burden: Application of spatial modeling techniques. 
2 green tea$tumor$Examination of the data from all ten experiments revealed that complete ##### regression occurred in 14 of 346 papilloma-bearing mice (4%) that were treated with ######### in the drinking water or with i.p. injections of ######### constituents, whereas none of the 220 papilloma-bearing control mice treated with only vehicle exhibited complete ##### regression. 
2 rice$coronary death$CCSPS (4870 patients, follow-up 4 years), a secondary prevention trial using xuezhikang, a commercial red yeast #### preparation, produced a 46% reduction in nonfatal myocardial infarction and ############## .