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{'title': 'Brooklyn merges with NY to form present City of NY - Ellis Island became reception center for new immigrants', 'year': '1892-01-01', 'sentences': [u"Brooklyn (/\u02c8br\u028akl\u1d7bn/) is the most populous of New York City's five boroughs, with a Census-estimated 2,636,735 residents in 2015.", u'Since 1896, Brooklyn has had the same boundaries as Kings County, the most populous county in the U.S. state of New York, and the second-most densely populated county in the United States, after the county of New York (which is coextensive with the borough of Manhattan).', u"With a land area of 71 square miles (180 km2) and water area of 26 square miles (67 km2), Kings County is New York's fourth-smallest county by land area and third-smallest by total area, though it is the second-largest among the city's five boroughs.", u'Brooklyn was an independent incorporated city (and previously an authorized village and town within the provisions of the New York State Constitution) until January 1, 1898 when, after a long political campaign and public relations battle during the 1890s, according to the new Municipal Charter of "Greater New York", Brooklyn was consolidated with the other cities, boroughs, and counties to form the modern "City of New York" surrounding the Upper New York Bay with five constituent boroughs.', u'Since 2010, Brooklyn has evolved into a thriving hub of entrepreneurship and high technology startup firms, and of postmodern art and design.', u'The settlement began in the 17th century as the small Dutch-founded town of "Breuckelen" on the East River shore of Long Island, grew to be a sizable city in the 19th century, and was consolidated in 1898 with New York City (then confined to Manhattan and part of the Bronx), the remaining rural areas of Kings County, and the largely rural areas of Queens and Staten Island, to form the modern City of New York.', u'The "Breuckelen" settlement, named after Breukelen in the Netherlands, was part of New Netherland, and the Dutch West India Company lost little time in chartering the six original parishes (listed here first by their later, more common English names):\nGravesend: in 1645, settled under Dutch patent by English followers of the Anabaptist, Lady Deborah Moody, possibly after Gravesend, England, or \'s-Gravenzande, Netherlands\nBrooklyn Heights: as "Breuckelen" in 1646, after the town now spelled "Breukelen", Netherlands\nFlatlands: as "New Amersfoort" in 1647\nFlatbush: as "Midwout" in 1652\nNew Utrecht: in 1657, after the city of Utrecht, Netherlands\nBushwick: as "Boswijck" in 1661\n\nThe colony\'s capital, New Amsterdam across the East River, obtained its charter later than the village of Brooklyn did, in 1653.', u'==== Six townships in an English province ====\n\nWhat is today Brooklyn left Dutch hands after the final English conquest of New Netherland in 1664, a prelude to the Second Anglo\u2013Dutch War.', u'The English reorganized the six old Dutch towns on southwestern Long Island as Kings County on November 1, 1683, one of the "original twelve counties" then established in New York Province.', u"==== Revolutionary War ====\n\nOn August 27, 1776 was fought the Battle of Long Island (also known as the 'Battle of Brooklyn'), the first major engagement fought in the American Revolutionary War after independence was declared, and the largest of the entire conflict.", u'One result of the Treaty of Paris in 1783 was the evacuation of the British from New York City, celebrated by residents into the 20th century.', u'The first center of urbanization sprang up in the Town of Brooklyn, directly across from Lower Manhattan, which saw the incorporation of the Village of Brooklyn in 1816.', u'Town and Village were combined to form the first, kernel incarnation of the City of Brooklyn in 1834.', u'In parallel development, the Town of Bushwick, a little farther up the river, saw the incorporation of the Village of Williamsburgh in 1827, which separated as the Town of Williamsburgh in 1840 and formed the short-lived City of Williamsburgh in 1851.', u'However, the East River shore was growing too fast for the three-year-old infant City of Williamsburgh; it, along with its Town of Bushwick hinterland, was subsumed within a greater City of Brooklyn in 1854.', u'By 1841, with the appearance of the The Brooklyn Eagle, and Kings County Democrat published by Alfred G. Stevens, the growing city across the East River from Manhattan was producing its own prominent newspaper.', u'The publisher changed to L. Van Anden on April 19, 1842, and the paper was renamed The Brooklyn Daily Eagle and Kings County Democrat on June 1, 1846.', u'On May 14, 1849 the name was shortened to The Brooklyn Daily Eagle; on September 5, 1938 it was further shortened to Brooklyn Eagle.', u"Both major institutions were lost in the 1950s: the paper closed in 1955 after unsuccessful attempts at a sale following a reporters' strike, and the baseball team decamped for Los Angeles in a realignment of major league baseball in 1957.", u'The city had a population of 25,000 in 1834, but the police department only comprised 12 men on the day shift and another 12 at night.', u'Finally in 1855, a modern police force was created, employing 150 men.', u'In 1857 the state legislature merged the Brooklyn force with that of New York City.', u'They fought from 1861 to 1864, wore red the entire war, and were the only regiment named after a city; President Lincoln called them into service personally, making them part of a handful of three-year enlisted soldiers in April 1861.', u'==== Twin city ====\nBrooklyn is referred to as a twin city of New York in the 1883 poem, "The New Colossus" by Emma Lazarus, which appears on a plaque inside the Statue of Liberty.', u'The municipal Police Department, however, was abolished in 1854 in favor of a Metropolitan force covering also New York and Westchester Counties.', u'In 1865 the Brooklyn Fire Department (BFD) also gave way to the new Metropolitan Fire District.', u'The only municipal change seen was the secession of the eastern section of the Town of Flatbush as the Town of New Lots in 1852.', u'The building of rail links such as the Brighton Beach Line in 1878 heralded the end of this isolation.', u'In the space of a decade, the city annexed the Town of New Lots in 1886, the Town of Flatbush, the Town of Gravesend, the Town of New Utrecht in 1894, and the Town of Flatlands in 1896.', u'===== Mayors of the City of Brooklyn =====\n\nBrooklyn elected a mayor from 1834 until consolidation in 1898 into the City of Greater New York, whose own second mayor (1902\u20131903), Seth Low, had been Mayor of Brooklyn from 1882 to 1885.', u'Since 1898, Brooklyn has, in place of a separate mayor, elected a Borough President.', u"=== New York City borough ===\n\nIn 1883, the Brooklyn Bridge was completed, transportation to Manhattan was no longer by water only, and the City of Brooklyn's ties to the City of New York were strengthened.", u'In 1894, residents of Brooklyn and the other counties voted by a slight majority to merge, effective in 1898.', u'== Geography ==\nBrooklyn totals 97 square miles (250 km2) in area, of which 71 square miles (180 km2) is land (73%), and 26 square miles (67 km2) is water (27%); the borough is the second-largest in land area among the boroughs of New York City.', u"== Demographics ==\n\nSince 2010, the population of Brooklyn was estimated by the United States Census Bureau to have increased 5.3% to 2,636,735, as of 2015 \u2013 Brooklyn's estimated population represented 30.8% of New York City's estimated population of 8,550,405; 33.6% of Long Island's population of 7,838,722; and 13.3% of New York State's population of 19,795,791.", u"=== 2010 Census ===\nAccording to the 2010 United States Census, Brooklyn's population was 42.8% White, including 35.7% non-Hispanic White; 34.3% Black, including 31.9% non-Hispanic black; 10.5% Asian; 0.5% Native American; 0.0% (rounded) Pacific Islander; 3.0% Multiracial American; and 8.8% from Other races.", u'In 2010, Brooklyn had some neighborhoods segregated based on race, ethnicity, and religion.', u'=== 2012 estimates ===\nAccording to the 2012 U.S. Census Bureau estimates, there are 2,565,635 people (up from 2.3 million in 1990), 880,727 households, and 583,922 families living in Brooklyn.', u'Brooklyn has more women and girls, with 88.4 males for every 100 females.', u'As of 2010, 54.12% (1,240,416) of Brooklyn residents ages 5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language, while 17.16% (393,340) spoke Spanish, 6.46% (148,012) Chinese, 5.31% (121,607) Russian, 3.47% (79,469) Yiddish, 2.75% (63,019) French Creole, 1.35% (31,004) Italian, 1.20% (27,440) Hebrew, 1.01% (23,207) Polish, 0.99% (22,763) French, 0.95% (21,773) Arabic, 0.85% (19,388) various Indic languages, 0.70% (15,936) Urdu, and African languages were spoken as a main language by 0.54% (12,305) of the population over the age of five.', u"Brooklyn's most populous racial group, white, declined from 97.2% in 1930 to 46.9% by 1990.", u'Same-sex marriages in New York were legalized on June 24, 2011 and were authorized to take place beginning 30 days thereafter.', u'== Government and politics ==\n\nSince consolidation with New York City in 1898, Brooklyn has been governed by the New York City Charter that provides for a "strong" mayor-council system.', u'The office of Borough President was created in the consolidation of 1898 to balance centralization with local authority.', u'In 1989, the Supreme Court of the United States declared the Board of Estimate unconstitutional because Brooklyn, the most populous borough, had no greater effective representation on the Board than Staten Island, the least populous borough; it was a violation of the high court\'s 1964 "one man, one vote" reading of the Fourteenth Amendment.', u'Since 1990 the Borough President has acted as an advocate for the borough at the mayoral agencies, the City Council, the New York state government, and corporations.', u"Brooklyn's current Borough President is Eric Adams, elected as a Democrat in November 2013 with 90.8% of the vote.", u'As of 2005, 69.7% of registered voters in Brooklyn were Democrats.', u'Jobs in the borough have traditionally been concentrated in manufacturing, but since 1975, Brooklyn has shifted from a manufacturing-based to a service-based economy.', u'In 2004, 215,000 Brooklyn residents worked in the services sector, while 27,500 worked in manufacturing.', u'The pharmaceutical company Pfizer was founded in Brooklyn in 1869 and had a manufacturing plant in the borough for many years that once employed thousands of workers, but the plant shut down in 2008.', u'First established as a shipbuilding facility in 1801, the Brooklyn Navy Yard employed 70,000 people at its peak during World War II and was then the largest employer in the borough.', u'In 2000, 91% of the approximately 38,704 business establishments in Brooklyn had fewer than 20 employees.', u"As of August 2008, the borough's unemployment rate was 5.9%.", u'According to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, there were 37 banks and 26 credit unions operating in the borough in 2010.', u'The rezoning of Downtown Brooklyn has generated over US$10 billion of private investment and $300 million in public improvements since 2004.', u"The Brooklyn Museum, opened in 1897, is New York City's second-largest public art museum.", u"The Brooklyn Children's Museum, the world's first museum dedicated to children, opened in December 1899.", u'Among them the quarterly "L\'Idea", a bilingual magazine printed in Italian and English since 1974.', u'The Cyclone rollercoaster, built in 1927, is on the National Register of Historic Places.', u'The 1920 Wonder Wheel and other rides are still operational.', u'Green-Wood Cemetery, founded by the social reformer Henry Evelyn Pierrepont in 1838, is an early Rural cemetery.', u'The Nets and Islanders moved into the borough in 2012 and 2015, respectively, and both play their home games at Barclays Center in Prospect Heights.', u'The second recorded game of baseball was played near what is today Fort Greene Park on October 24, 1845.', u'In 1947 Jackie Robinson was hired by the Dodgers as the first African-American player in Major League Baseball in the modern era.', u'In 1955, the Dodgers, perennial National League pennant winners, won the only World Series for Brooklyn against their rival New York Yankees.', u'After a 43-year hiatus, professional baseball returned to the borough in 2001 with the Brooklyn Cyclones, a minor league team that plays in MCU Park in Coney Island.', u'Planned expressways that were never built include the Bushwick Expressway, an extension of I-78 and the Cross-Brooklyn Expressway, I-878.', u'Major thoroughfares include Atlantic Avenue, Fourth Avenue, 86th Street, Kings Highway, Bay Parkway, Ocean Parkway, Eastern Parkway, Linden Boulevard, McGuinness Boulevard, Flatbush Avenue, Pennsylvania Avenue, and Nostrand Avenue.', u'Brooklyn Tech opened in 1922.', u'This high school was built from 1930 to 1933 at a cost of about $6,000,000 and is 12 stories high.', u'The College ranked in the top 10 nationally for the second consecutive year in Princeton Review\u2019s 2006 guidebook, America\u2019s Best Value Colleges.', u'Founded in 1970, Medgar Evers College is a senior college of the City University of New York, with a mission to develop and maintain high quality, professional, career-oriented undergraduate degree programs in the context of a liberal arts education.', u'Established in 1946, City Tech can trace its roots to 1881 when the Technical Schools of the Metropolitan Museum of Art were renamed the New York Trade School.', u'In 1971, Voorhees was incorporated into City Tech.', u'SUNY Downstate College of Medicine, originally founded as the Long Island College Hospital in 1860, is the oldest hospital-based medical school in the United States.', u'==== Private colleges ====\n\nBrooklyn Law School was founded in 1901 and is notable for its diverse student body.', u'Women and African Americans were enrolled in 1909.', u'Pratt Institute, in Clinton Hill, is a private college founded in 1887 with programs in engineering, architecture, and the arts.', u"The New York University Tandon School of Engineering, the United States' second oldest private institute of technology, founded in 1854, has its main campus in Downtown's MetroTech Center, a commercial, civic and educational redevelopment project of which it was a key sponsor.", u'St. Francis College is a Catholic college located in Brooklyn Heights and was founded in 1859 by Franciscan friars.', u'== See also ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n=== Notes ===\n\n\n== Further reading ==\n\n\n=== Published 1950\u2013present ===\n\n\n=== Published until 1949 ===\n\n\n== External links ==\nOfficial website of the Brooklyn Borough President\nBrooklyn Tourism\nBrooklyn Neighborhoods\nAll About Brooklyn\nKings County HVAC\nHistory:\nBrooklyn Historical Society.']}
{'title': 'First Rose Bowl game held in Pasadena California', 'year': '1902-01-01', 'sentences': [u"When New Year's Day falls on a Sunday, the game is played on Monday, January 2 (14 times now).", u'It was first played in 1902, and has been played annually since 1916.', u'Since 1945, it has been the highest attended college football bowl game.', u'Beginning with the 2015 game, the official name for sponsorship reasons is the "Rose Bowl Game presented by Northwestern Mutual".', u'Vizio was the previous sponsor from 2012; prior sponsors included AT&T, Sony, and Citi.', u'In 2015, the game was also officially known as the "College Football Playoff semifinal at the Rose Bowl Game presented by Northwestern Mutual."', u'The Rose Bowl Game has traditionally hosted the conference champions from the Big Ten and Pac-12 conferences (or their predecessors), but due to its past and present membership in two consortiums that seek to determine a national champion in Division I FBS, in 2002, the Rose Bowl began to infrequently deviate from its traditional match-up in order to facilitate championship games.', u'In 2002 and 2006 (2001 and 2005 football seasons), under the Bowl Championship Series system, the Rose Bowl was designated as its championship game, and hosted the top two teams determined by the BCS system.', u'Beginning in 2015, the Rose Bowl has been part of the College Football Playoff system and hosts one of its semi-final games every three years.', u'== History ==\nOriginally titled the "Tournament East\u2013West football game", the first Rose Bowl was played on January 1, 1902, starting the tradition of New Year\'s Day bowl games.', u'The football game was added in 1902 to help fund the cost of the Rose Parade.', u"The inaugural game featured Fielding H. Yost's dominating 1901 Michigan team, representing the East, which crushed a previously 3-1-2 team from Stanford University, representing the West, by a score of 49\u20130 after Stanford quit in the third quarter.", u"But, on New Year's Day 1916 football returned to stay as The State College of Washington (now Washington State University) defeated Brown University in the first annual Rose Bowl with that explicit name.", u"=== Tournament Park and Rose Bowl stadium ===\nBefore the Rose Bowl was built for the January 1, 1923 match, games were played in Pasadena's Tournament Park, approximately three miles southeast of the current Rose Bowl stadium near the campus of Caltech.", u'The Rose Bowl stadium, designed after the Yale Bowl in New Haven, then hosted the first "Rose Bowl" game in 1923.', u'The name of the stadium was alternatively "Tournament of Roses Stadium" or "Tournament of Roses Bowl", until the name "Rose Bowl" was settled on before the 1923 Rose Bowl game.', u'The stadium seating has been reconfigured several times since its original construction in 1922.', u'For many years, the Rose Bowl stadium had the largest football stadium capacity in the United States, eventually being surpassed by Michigan Stadium in 1998.', u'The maximum stated seating capacity was 104,594 from 1972 to 1997.', u'Capacity was lowered following the 1998 Rose Bowl.', u'The 2006 Rose Bowl game, which was also the BCS championship game, had a crowd of 93,986; and a crowd of 94,118 saw the 2011 Rose Bowl game between TCU and Wisconsin.', u'As of 2012, the Rose Bowl is number seven on the List of American football stadiums by capacity with a current official seating capacity of 92,542 and is still the largest stadium that hosts post-season bowl games.', u'These include the 1925 Rose Bowl, featuring Knute Rockne\'s Notre Dame team, featuring the Four Horsemen, against "Pop" Warner\'s Stanford team; the 1926 Rose Bowl, featuring Alabama Crimson Tide\u2019s win over Washington; and the 1940 Rose Bowl, featuring Howard Jones\' USC Trojans against Bob Neyland\'s Tennessee Volunteers.', u'=== 1942 venue change to Durham, North Carolina ===\n\nAfter the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, and a series of attacks on West Coast shipping beginning on December 18, 1941, there were concerns about a possible Japanese attack on the West Coast.', u"On December 16, 1941, Duke University invited the game and Oregon State to Duke's home stadium in Durham, North Carolina.", u'The 1946 season was the first true post-war college football season with travel restrictions lifted and civilian college opponents returning to schedules.', u'None of the Southeastern Conference schools had an African American athlete until 1966.', u'The Cotton Bowl, Orange Bowl, and Sugar Bowl would not be integrated until 1948, 1955, and 1956 respectively.', u'=== Big Ten\u2013AAWU/Pac-8/10 agreement ===\nWhen the PCC dissolved prior to the 1959 season following a pay-for-play scandal in 1958, there was no official agreement in force.', u'The Tournament of Roses selected from the former members of PCC and invited Washington, the first champion of the newly formed Athletic Association of Western Universities (AAWU), to play Big Ten champion Wisconsin in the 1960 Rose Bowl.', u'The AAWU signed an agreement with the Rose Bowl that remained in force from the 1961 Rose Bowl until the advent of the BCS era in 1998.', u'In 1962, after Minnesota changed its vote against pursuing a new agreement (resolving a 5\u20135 voting deadlock which had prevented any new negotiations for years), a Big Ten agreement was finalized, which went into effect with the 1963 Rose Bowl and lasted until the BCS era.', u'While the Big Ten supplied the "East" representative and the PCC, AAWU, or Pac-8/10 supplied the "West" representative from the 1947 Rose Bowl to the BCS era, statements about an "exclusive" Rose Bowl agreement existing during this period are not entirely accurate: the Big Ten was not part of any agreement for the 1961 and 1962 games and the status of the agreement for 1960 is questionable, at best.', u'The fact that the 1961 Big Ten champion, Ohio State, declined the invitation to play in the 1962 Rose Bowl (without penalty) is the clearest evidence that this "exclusive agreement" did not exist in these years.', u'It officially adopted the "Pacific-8" name for the 1968 season.', u'The name changed to "Pacific-10" with the arrival of Arizona and Arizona State in 1978, its last official name change prior to the formation of the BCS in 1998.', u'The Big Ten Conference retained the same name throughout this period, even though it had eleven members by the start of the BCS era due to the addition of Penn State in 1990.', u'The notable exceptions to this rule were Washington playing in the 1960 and 1961 games and Minnesota playing in the 1961 and 1962 games during the period when the conference agreements were in a state of flux.', u'The Big Ten abolished this rule in 1972.', u'The AAWU/Pac-8 had abandoned its no-repeat rule by the time Southern California played in four consecutive Rose Bowl games from 1967 to 1970.', u'Both conferences abolished this rule before the 1975 college football season.', u'As a result, Michigan and USC were allowed to play in the 1976 Orange Bowl and the 1975 Liberty Bowl, respectively.', u'=== Bowl Championship Series ===\n\nAs of the 1998 season, with the creation of the Bowl Championship Series (BCS), team selection for the Rose Bowl was tied to the other three BCS bowls, although in any given year the Rose Bowl still attempted, if possible, to maintain the traditional Pac-10 (Pac-12 after the addition of Utah and Colorado in 2011) versus Big Ten format.', u'The 2002 game served as the BCS championship game between the BCS No.', u'This prevented a West Coast team playing in the Rose Bowl for their first time, and it also marked the first match up since 1946 to not feature the traditional pairing of Pac-10 vs. Big Ten teams.', u'The 2006 Rose Bowl game featured offensive powerhouses Texas, riding a 19-game winning streak, and USC, which entered the game with a 34-game winning streak and two Heisman Trophy winners.', u'The game had a television viewership of 35.6 million, the highest for college football contest since the 1987 Fiesta Bowl between Penn State and Miami.', u"The 2003 Rose Bowl couldn't select Big Ten co-champion and automatic qualifier Ohio State, who finished No.", u'The 2005 game featured Texas of the Big 12 Conference, selected, amid some controversy, over California of the Pac-10, marking the second time a West Coast team did not make the Rose Bowl.', u'Texas went on to defeat Michigan in the 2005 game, featuring a four-touchdown performance by Vince Young, foreshadowing his 467-yard performance a year later in the 2006 defeat of USC that won the National Title for Texas.', u'The 2004 game is also noteworthy.', u'The second BCS-era Rose Bowl arrangement ran from 2004 through 2014.', u'The 2010 TCU Horned Frogs finished their second consecutive regular season at 12\u20130, were back-to-back champions of the Mountain West Conference, and ranked No.', u'5 Wisconsin 21\u201319 in the 2011 Rose Bowl.', u'The 100th Rose Bowl Game featured a traditional pairing of Big Ten champion versus Pac-12 champion, with Michigan State playing against Stanford on January 1, 2014.', u'The Bowl Championship Series format ended with the 2014 BCS National Championship Game, played at the Rose Bowl stadium on January 6.', u'=== College Football Playoff ===\nThe BCS was replaced in 2014 by the College Football Playoff, which selects four teams for two national semifinal games, leading to a championship game.', u'The first game under the new arrangement was played on January 1, 2015 and was known as the College Football Playoff semifinal at the Rose Bowl Game presented by Northwestern Mutual.', u"Oregon defeated Florida State, 59\u201320, ending the Seminoles' 29 game-winning streak, which dated back to the end of the 2012 season.", u'As a result, Oregon advanced to the 2015 College Football Playoff National Championship played on January 12.', u"In the end, the College Football Playoff Committee ranked Iowa ahead of Ohio State, which led to Iowa's first Rose Bowl berth since 1991.", u'== Sponsorship and broadcasting rights ==\n\nFor many years the Rose Bowl eschewed sponsorship, but for the 1999 Rose Bowl, the game became known as The Rose Bowl Game presented by AT&T.', u'In 2002 it was branded The Rose Bowl Game presented by PlayStation 2.', u'From 2003 to 2010, after the agreement with Sony expired, the game was presented by Citi.', u'In June 2010, Citi decided to end sponsorship of the Rose Bowl games, including the National Championship game.', u'In October 2010, HDTV maker Vizio signed a 4-year contract to be the official sponsor of the Rose Bowl games through 2014.', u'After Vizio declined to renew sponsorship in 2014, financial services giant Northwestern Mutual became the new presenting sponsor.', u'The 1952 Rose Bowl game was the first nationally televised bowl game and the first nationally televised college game of any sport.', u"From 1952 to 1988, the Rose Bowl was televised by NBC at 2 p.m. PST, and in most years was the only New Year's Day bowl airing at that time.", u'The 1962 Rose Bowl was the first college football game broadcast in color.', u'From 1989 to 2010, the game was broadcast on ABC, usually at 2 p.m. PST; the 2005 Rose Bowl was the first one broadcast in HDTV.', u'Though, beginning in 2007, FOX had the broadcast rights to the other Bowl Championship Series games, the Rose Bowl, which negotiates its own television contract independent of the BCS, had agreed to keep the game on ABC.', u"Beginning with the 2010 season, ESPN (majority-owned by ABC's parent company, The Walt Disney Company) now broadcasts all the BCS games, including the Rose Bowl game.", u'In 2013 ESPN Deportes provided the first Spanish language telecast in the U.S. of the Rose Bowl Game.', u'The Rose Bowl game contract with ESPN was extended on June 28, 2012, to 2026, for a reportedly $80 million per year.', u'Northwestern Mutual takes over as presenting sponsor beginning in 2015 and will continue until 2020.', u'Pittsburgh appeared four times in a nine-year period, from 1927 to 1936.', u"Among Pac-8/10/12 and Big Ten schools, the record for longest drought since a team's last Rose Bowl appearance is held by California (1959), followed by Minnesota (1962), Oregon State (1965), and Indiana (1968).", u'Among Pac-8/10/12 and Big Ten schools who have played in at least one Rose Bowl, the record for the longest period since a win is held jointly by Indiana and Nebraska, who have never won, followed by Washington State (1916), Cal (1939), Oregon State (1942), Northwestern (1949), and Iowa (1959).', u'The most frequent Rose Bowl matchup is USC\u2013Michigan, occurring for the eighth time in 2007, with USC holding a 6\u20132 advantage (including rare meetings outside the Rose Bowl, USC leads this series 6\u20134).', u'The next most frequent matchup is USC\u2013Ohio State, occurring for the seventh time in 1985, with USC holding a 4\u20133 advantage.', u'From the 1946 season (1947 Rose Bowl), when the Big Ten-Rose Bowl agreement began, through the 1971 season (1972 Rose Bowl), the Big Ten did not permit the same team to represent that Conference in the Rose Bowl in consecutive years.', u'There was one exception: Minnesota played in the 1961 Rose Bowl and 1962 Rose Bowl games, as previously explained in the section on the conference agreements after the collapse of the Pacific Coast Conference.', u'Also of note, during this era Big Ten and Pac-8 teams could play only in the Rose Bowl; this restriction was not lifted until the 1975 season.', u'Legendary coach Woody Hayes led Ohio State to the Rose Bowl from 1973 to 1976, while USC head coach Pete Carroll led the Trojans to the Rose Bowl from 2006 to 2009.', u'Current members of the Pac-12 or the Big Ten to have not appeared in the Rose Bowl are Arizona (who joined the then-Pac-10 in 1978), Colorado and Utah (who both joined the Pac-12 in 2011), and Maryland and Rutgers (who both joined the Big Ten in 2014), though California appeared in the Rose Bowl only as a member of a predecessor league to the Pac-12.', u'Similar to Cal, Nebraska played in the 1941 and 2002 games, but was not a member of the Big Ten Conference at these times.', u'The Idaho and Montana, who were members of the Pacific Coast Conference from 1922 until 1958 and 1950 respectively, never finished near the top in the PCC football standings.', u'Relatively new Pac-12 members Colorado and Utah have yet to appear in one, having joined the Pac-12 on July 1, 2011.', u'The most recent additions to the Big Ten, Maryland and Rutgers, have yet to appear in one, having joined the Big Ten on July 1, 2014.', u'The Rose Bowl was exclusively a Big Ten-Pac-10 affair for 52 years, from 1946 (1947 Rose Bowl) through 1997 (1998 Rose Bowl).', u'The BCS era covered sixteen games, starting with the 1999 (85th) Rose Bowl to the 2014 (100th) Rose Bowl .', u'However, the 2007 (93rd) Rose Bowl and 2008 (94th) Rose Bowl, each Big Ten losses to the Pac-12, actually featured the Big Ten runner-up, as conference champion Ohio State was selected to play each of those years in the BCS National Championship Game.', u'The 2002 and 2006 Rose Bowls represented the National Championship game.', u'In 2002, there was neither a Big Ten or Pac-10 school, as Oregon was in the Fiesta Bowl while Illinois was in the Sugar Bowl.', u'In 2006, top-ranked USC represented the Pac-10 in the National Championship Game in the Rose Bowl against second-ranked Texas from the Big 12 Conference.', u'The other two non-Big Ten vs. Pac-10 matchups in the BCS era involved Big 12 Conference teams: Oklahoma in the 2003 (89th) Rose Bowl and Texas in the 2005 (91st) Rose Bowl.', u'The 2011 Rose Bowl Game marked the sole time during the BCS era that a school from a non-BCS conference played in the game (as Oregon, the Pacific-10 champion, was selected to play in the BCS National Championship Game).', u'== Game arrangements ==\n\nBeginning with the 1947 Rose Bowl, the Pacific Coast representative was the home team, and the Big Nine representative was the visitor.', u'UCLA wore their home jerseys in the 1962, 1966, and 1976 Rose Bowl games.', u'From 1947 through 2001, the Big Ten team was the home team in odd-numbered years, and the Pac-10 team was the home team in even-numbered years.', u'In 2003, Washington State was the home team, as a non-Big Ten or Pac-10 school (Oklahoma of the Big 12) was the opponent; the same applied in 2005, when Michigan played another Big 12 school, Texas.', u'Beginning with the 2002 Rose Bowl, Nebraska was home, with team and fans on the East sideline.', u'Since 2006, the home team has been the team with the highest BCS season ending ranking.', u'For the 2005 Rose Bowl, the Michigan team was on the East sideline, Texas was the visiting team and was on the West sideline.', u'For the 2006 Rose Bowl, USC was the home team and Texas was the visiting team on the West sideline.', u'In BCS Championship years, a performer was invited to sing the Anthem, the last being LeAnn Rimes in 2006.', u"== Appearances and win-loss records ==\n\n^ The Pacific Coast Conference, predecessor to the Pac-12 Conference, had their first football season in 1916, so Washington State's appearance in 1916 for the 1915 season and Stanford's appearance in 1902 for the 1901 season do not count toward the conference's total.", u"* Penn State was not a member of the Big Ten at the time of their 1923 Rose Bowl appearance, so Penn State's appearance in 1923 for the 1922 season does not count toward the Big Ten's conference's total\n\u2020 Nebraska was not a member of the Big Ten at the time of either of their appearances.", u'Therefore, as of 2014, they have not represented the Big Ten in the Rose Bowl.', u'Alabama made additional appearances in 1926, 1927, and 1931 before becoming a charter member of the SEC in 1932.', u'Another SEC charter member, Georgia Tech, made an appearance in 1929, and left the SEC in 1964.', u"Tulane, also a charter member, made an appearance in 1932, prior to the SEC's establishment in December of that year.", u'Tulane left the SEC in 1966.', u'The award was created in 1953 and awarded retroactively for players all the way back to the 1902 Rose Bowl.', u'Beginning with the 2005 Rose Bowl Game, the Rose Bowl Player of the Game Award has been given to both offensive and defensive players of the game.', u'Only four players have ever been named the Player of the Game in more than one Rose Bowl: Bob Schloredt, Washington (1960, 1961), Charles White, USC (1979, 1980), Ron Dayne, Wisconsin (1999, 2000), and Vince Young, Texas (2005, 2006).', u'1 ranked teams ===\n1954 Season/1955 Game: No.', u'17 USC, 20\u20137\n1960 Season/1961 Game: No.', u'1 Minnesota, 17\u20137\n1962 Season/1963 Game: No.', u'2 Wisconsin, 42\u201337\n1965 Season/1966 Game: No.', u'1 Michigan State, 14\u201312\n1968 Season/1969 Game: No.', u'2 USC, 27\u201316\n1972 Season/1973 Game: No.', u'3 Ohio State, 42-17\n1975 Season/1976 Game: No.', u'1 Ohio State, 23-10\n1979 Season/1980 Game: No.', u'1 Ohio State, 17\u201316\n1997 Season/1998 Game: No.', u'8 Washington State, 21\u201316\n2001 Season/2002 BCS National Championship Game: No.', u'4 Nebraska, 37\u201314\n2003 Season/2004 Game: No.', u'4 Michigan, 28\u201314\n2005 Season/2006 BCS National Championship Game: No.', u'2 teams ===\n1962 Season/1963 Game: No.', u'2 Wisconsin, 42\u201337\n1968 Season/1969 Game: No.', u'Ohio State was voted national champion\n2005 Season/2006 BCS National Championship Game: No.', u'1956 Iowa 14, Oregon State 13; 1957 Rose Bowl Rematch: Iowa 35, Oregon State 19\n1965 Michigan State 13, UCLA 3; 1966 Rose Bowl Rematch: UCLA 14, Michigan State 12\n1975 Ohio State 41, UCLA 20; 1976 Rose Bowl Rematch: UCLA 23, Ohio State 10\n1982 UCLA 31, Michigan 27; 1983 Rose Bowl Rematch: UCLA 24, Michigan 14\n1987 Michigan State 27, USC 13; 1988 Rose Bowl Rematch: Michigan State 20, USC 17\n\n\n== Rose Bowl Hall of Fame ==\nInductees (by year):\n1989 \u2013 C.W.', u'"Bump" Elliott, Michigan; W.W. "Woody" Hayes, Ohio State; Howard Jones, USC; Jim Plunkett, Stanford\n1990 \u2013 Archie Griffin, Ohio State; Bob Reynolds, Stanford; Neil Snow, Michigan; Wallace Wade, Brown, Alabama, & Duke; Charles White, USC\n1991 \u2013 Rex Kern, Ohio State; John McKay, USC; Ernie Nevers, Stanford; Roy Riegels, California; Bob Schloredt, Washington; John Sciarra, UCLA; Russell Stein, Washington & Jefferson; Charley Trippi, Georgia; Ron Vander Kelen, Wisconsin; George Wilson, Washington\n1992 \u2013 Frank Albert, Stanford; Bob Chappuis, Michigan; Sam Cunningham, USC; Bill Daddio, Pittsburgh; Bob Griese, Purdue; Hollis Huntington, Oregon & Mare Island Marines; Shy Huntington, Oregon; Elmer Layden, Notre Dame; Jim Owens, Washington\n1993 \u2013 Frank Aschenbrenner, Northwestern; Dixie Howell, Alabama; Don Hutson, Alabama; Curly Morrison, Ohio State; Brick Muller, California; Julius Rykovich, Illinois; Bo Schembechler, Michigan; O.J.', u'Simpson, USC; Bob Stiles, UCLA; Buddy Young, Illinois\n1994 \u2013 Vic Bottari, California; Jim Hardy, USC; Don James, Washington; Bob Jeter, Iowa; Lay Leishman, Tournament of Roses; Pat Richter, Wisconsin; Russell Sanders, USC\n1995 \u2013 Gary Beban, UCLA; Dick Butkus, Illinois; Harry Gilmer, Alabama; Pat Haden, USC; Al Krueger, USC; Doyle Nave, USC; Ted Shipkey, Stanford\n1996 \u2013 Eric Ball, UCLA; Pete Beathard, USC; John Ferraro, USC; Stan Hahn, Tournament of Roses; John Ralston, Stanford; Bill Tate, Illinois\n1997 \u2013 Terry Donahue, UCLA; Jim Grabowski, Illinois; Warren Moon, Washington; Erny Pinckert, USC; Ken Ploen, Iowa; Sandy Stephens, Minnesota\n1998 \u2013 Jack Crabtree, Oregon; Don Durdan, Oregon State; J.K. McKay, USC; Rick Neuheisel, UCLA; Bill Nicholas, Tournament of Roses; Butch Woolfolk, Michigan\n1999 \u2013 Al Hoisch, UCLA; Keith Jackson, ABC Sports; Dave Kaiser, Michigan State\n2000 \u2013 Johnny Mack Brown, Alabama; Marv Goux, USC\n2001 \u2013 No inductees\n2002 \u2013 Ambrose "Amblin\' Amby" Schindler, USC; Mel Anthony, Michigan\n2003 \u2013 Harriman Cronk, Tournament of Roses; Danny O\'Neil, Oregon; John Robinson, USC\n2004 \u2013 Alan Ameche, Wisconsin; Rudy Bukich, USC; Wayne Duke, Big Ten; Jim Stivers, Tournament of Roses\n2005 \u2013 Richard N. Frank, Lawry\u2019s Restaurants (Beef Bowl); Curt Gowdy, Sports Broadcaster\n2006 \u2013 Steve Emtman, Washington; Rube Samuelsen, Sports Journalist; Jeff Van Raaphorst, Arizona State\n2007 \u2013 Pete Johnson, Ohio State; Tom Ramsey, UCLA; Dennis Swanson, Television Executive\n2008 \u2013 Keyshawn Johnson, USC; Virgil "Virg" Lubberden, USC (administrator); Chuck Ortmann, Michigan\n2009 \u2013 Barry Alvarez, Wisconsin; Tom Hansen, Pacific-10 Conference; John Hicks, Ohio State\n2010 \u2013 Brad Budde, USC; Hayden Fry, Iowa; Leroy Keyes, Purdue\n2011 \u2013 Ron Dayne, Wisconsin; Dick Enberg, NBC; George Fleming, Washington\n2012 \u2013 John Cooper, Arizona State and Ohio State; Brian Griese, Michigan; and Ron Yary, USC\n2013 \u2013 Lloyd Carr, Michigan; Orlando Pace, Ohio State; Lynn Swann, USC\n2014 \u2013 Knute Rockne, Notre Dame; Dick Vermeil, UCLA and Ki-Jana Carter, Penn State\n2015 \u2013 Mark Brunell, Washington; Jim Muldoon (Pac-10); Fritz Pollard, Brown; and Tyrone Wheatley, Michigan\n2016 \u2013 Bobby Bell, Minnesota; Ricky Ervins, USC; Tommy Prothro, UCLA and Art Spander, UCLA\n\n\n== All-Century Class ==\nThe Rose Bowl Game All-Century Class was announced by Rose Bowl Hall of Fame member Keith Jackson, on Sunday, December 8, 2013 at 4:00 p.m. at Tournament House.', u'Griffin and McKay (represented by his son John McKay, Jr.) will participate in the 2014 Rose Parade.', u'The finalists:\n1900\u20131919: Patty Driscoll (Great Lakes Navy, 1919), Neil Snow (Michigan, 1902) and George Halas (Great Lakes Navy, 1919)\n1920\u20131929: Ernie Nevers (Stanford, 1925), Elmer Layden (Notre Dame, 1925) and Johnny Mack Brown (Alabama, 1926)\n1930\u20131939: Millard "Dixie" Howell (Alabama, 1935), Don Hutson (Alabama, 1935) and Howard Jones (USC, 1930, 1932\u201333, 1939\u201340)\n1940\u20131949: Bob Chappuis (Michigan, 1948), Harry Gilmer (Alabama, 1946) and Charley Trippi (Georgia, 1943)\n1950\u20131959: Alan Ameche (Wisconsin, 1953), Bob Jeter (Iowa, 1959) and Woody Hayes (Ohio State, 1954, 1957, 1968, 1970, 1972\u20131975)\n1960\u20131969: Ron Vander Kelen (Wisconsin, 1963), O.J.', u'Simpson (USC, 1968-69) and John McKay (USC, 1963, 1967\u201370, 1973\u20131975)\n1970\u20131979: Jim Plunkett (Stanford, 1971), Charles White (USC, 1979\u20131980) and Archie Griffin (Ohio State, 1973\u20131976)\n1980\u20131989: Don James (Washington, 1978, 1981\u201382, 1991\u201393), John Robinson (USC, 1977, 1979\u201380, 1996) and Bo Schembechler (Michigan, 1970, 1972, 1977\u201379, 1981, 1983, 1987, 1989\u201390)\n1990\u20131999: Barry Alvarez (Wisconsin, 1994, 1999, 2000 and 2013), Keyshawn Johnson (USC, 1996) and Ron Dayne (Wisconsin, 1999 and 2000)\n2000\u20132009: Matt Leinart (USC, 2004 and 2006), Vince Young (Texas, 2005\u201306) and Brian Cushing (USC, 2006\u201309), John David Booty (USC 2006\u201307)\n2010\u20132012: Terrelle Pryor (Ohio State, 2010), Tank Carder (TCU, 2011) and Montee Ball (Wisconsin, 2011\u201313)\nNominated by The Football Writers Association of America.', u"== Player and coach ==\nNine former players have come back to coach a team in the game (played and coached, as listed by the Tournament of Roses Association):\nBret Bielema: Iowa (1991); Wisconsin (2011, 2012)\nTerry Donahue: UCLA (1966); UCLA (1983, 1984, 1986, 1994)\nBump Elliott: Michigan (1948); Michigan (1965)\nPete Elliott: Michigan (1948); California (1959); Illinois (1964)\nJess Hill: USC (1930); USC (1953, 1955)\nShy Huntington: Oregon (1917); Oregon (1920)\nRick Neuheisel: UCLA (1983, 1984 \u2013 MVP); Washington (2001)\nJohn Robinson: Oregon (1958); USC (1977, 1979, 1980, 1996)\nChuck Taylor: Stanford (1941); Stanford (1952)\n\n\n== Coaches with two teams ==\nHugo Bezdek: Oregon, 1917; Mare Island, 1918; Penn State, 1923 (three teams)\nJohn Cooper: Arizona State, 1987; Ohio State, 1997 (Only coach to win the Rose Bowl Game with both a Big Ten and Pac-10 team)\nBill \u201cLone Star\u201d Dietz: Washington State, 1916; Mare Island, 1919\nPete Elliott: California, 1959; Illinois, 1964\nRobert Folwell: Pennsylvania, 1917; Navy 1924\nTommy Prothro: Oregon State, 1965; UCLA 1966\nWallace Wade: Alabama, 1926, 1927, 1931; Duke 1939, 1942\n\n\n== Related ==\n\n\n=== Events ===\nSelection Sunday, December 6, 2015\nLawry's Beef Bowl \u2013 December 27, 28, 2015\nHall of Fame ceremony, Pasadena Convention Center, December 30, 2015\nKickoff Luncheon, Rose Bowl, December 31, 2015\nRose Bowl Game Public Tailgate, January 1, 2016\n\n\n=== Notes ===\nJanuary 1, 1918 \u2013 Hugo Bezdek was the first college football coach to lead two separate schools (Oregon, 1917 and Mare Island, 1918) to victories; He also coached Penn State in a loss in the 1923 Rose Bowl\nJanuary 2, 1922 \u2013 First bowl game not played on New Year's Day\nJanuary 3, 2002 \u2013 First time hosting the BCS National Championship where Miami defeated Nebraska, 37-14, and the Rose Parade and the Rose Bowl Game were held on separate days\n\n\n=== Books ===\nAmerica's New Year Celebration.", u'1999\nSamuelsen, Rube - The Rose Bowl Game.', u'Doubleday Company and Inc. 1951\nBig Ten Conference football media guide (PDF copy available at http://bigten.cstv.com)\nPacific-10 Conference football media guide (PDF copy available at http://www.pac-10.org)\nMoran Malcolm, Keith Jackson \u2013 The Rose Bowl: 100th: The History of the Granddaddy of Them All.', u'Whitman Publishing, LLC, 06/01/2013.']}
{'title': 'Alcatraz officially becomes a Federal Prison', 'year': '1934-01-01', 'sentences': [u'The small island was developed with facilities for a lighthouse, a military fortification, a military prison (1868), and a federal prison from 1933 until 1963.', u'Beginning in November 1969, the island was occupied for more than 19 months by a group of aboriginal people from San Francisco who were part of a wave of Native activism across the nation with public protests through the 1970s.', u'In 1972, Alcatraz became a national recreation area and received designation as a National Historic Landmark in 1986.', u'According to a 1971 documentary on the history of Alcatraz, the island measures 1,675 feet (511 m) by 590 feet (180 m) and is 135 feet (41 m) at highest point during mean tide.', u'== History ==\n\nThe first Spaniard to document the island was Juan Manuel de Ayala in 1775, who charted San Francisco Bay and named one of the three islands he identified as the "La Isla de los Alcatraces," which translates as "The Island of the Pelicans," from the archaic Spanish alcatraz (in English: "pelican").', u'In August 1827, French Captain Auguste Bernard Duhaut-Cilly wrote "...running past Alcatraze\'s (Pelicans) Island...covered with a countless number of these birds.', u'=== Military garrison ===\nThe earliest recorded owner of the island of Alcatraz is Julian Workman, to whom it was given by Mexican governor Pio Pico in June 1846, with the understanding that Workman would build a lighthouse on it.', u'Later in 1846, acting in his capacity as Military Governor of California, John C. Fremont, champion of Manifest Destiny and leader of the Bear Flag Republic, bought the island for $5,000 in the name of the United States government from Francis Temple.', u'In 1850, President Millard Fillmore ordered that Alcatraz Island be set aside specifically as a United States military reservation, for military purposes based upon the U.S. acquisition of California from Mexico following the Mexican\u2013American War.', u'In 1853, under the direction of Zealous B.', u'Tower, the United States Army Corps of Engineers began fortifying the island, work which continued until 1858, eventuating in Fortress Alcatraz.', u'When the American Civil War broke out in 1861, the island mounted 85 cannons (increased to 105 cannons by 1866) in casemates around its perimeter, though the small size of the garrison meant only a fraction of the guns could be used at one time.', u'==== Military prison ====\n\nBecause of its isolation from the outside by the cold, strong, hazardous currents of the waters of San Francisco Bay, Alcatraz was used to house Civil War prisoners of war (POWs) as early as 1861.', u'Following the war in 1866, the army determined that the fortifications and guns were being rapidly rendered obsolete by advances in military technology.', u'Modernization efforts, including an ambitious plan to level the entire island and construct shell-proof underground magazines and tunnels, were undertaken between 1870 and 1876 but never completed (the so-called "parade ground" on the southern tip of the island represents the extent of the flattening effort).', u'In 1867, a brick jailhouse was built (previously inmates had been kept in the basement of the guardhouse), and in 1868, Alcatraz was officially designated a long-term detention facility for military prisoners.', u'The facility was later discontinued for POWs in 1946.', u'In 1898, the Spanish\u2013American War increased the prison population from 26 to over 450, and from 1905 to 1907 it was commanded by U.S. Army General George W. McIver.', u'After the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, civilian prisoners were transferred to Alcatraz for safe confinement.', u'On March 21, 1907, Alcatraz was officially designated as the Western U.S. Military Prison, later Pacific Branch, U.S. Disciplinary Barracks, 1915.', u"In 1909 construction began on the huge concrete main cell block, designed by Major Reuben Turner, which remains the island's dominant feature.", u'It was completed in 1912.', u'The Fortress was deactivated as a military prison in October 1933 and transferred to the Bureau of Prisons.', u'=== Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary ===\n\nThe United States Disciplinary Barracks on Alcatraz was acquired by the United States Department of Justice on October 12, 1933, and the island became a federal prison in August 1934.', u'At 9:40 am in the morning of August 11, 1934, the first batch of 137 prisoners arrived at Alcatraz, arriving by railroad from the United States Penitentiary in Leavenworth, Kansas at Santa Venetia, California, before being escorted to Alcatraz, handcuffed in high security coaches and guarded by some 60 special FBI agents, U.S.', u'The most violent occurred on May 2, 1946, when a failed escape attempt by six prisoners led to the Battle of Alcatraz.', u'On June 11, 1962, Frank Morris, John Anglin, and Clarence Anglin carried out one of the most intricate escapes ever devised.', u'== Post-prison years ==\nBecause the penitentiary cost much more to operate than other prisons (nearly $10 per prisoner per day, as opposed to $3 per prisoner per day at Atlanta), and half a century of salt water saturation had severely eroded the buildings, then Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy ordered the penitentiary closed on March 21, 1963.', u'=== Native American occupation ===\n\nAlcatraz Island was occupied by Native American activists for the first time on March 8, 1964.', u'Beginning on November 20, 1969, a group of Native Americans called United Indians of All Tribes, mostly college students from San Francisco, occupied the island to protest federal policies related to American Indians.', u'(Note: The Treaty of 1868 stated that all abandoned or unused federal land adjacent to the Great Sioux Reservation could be reclaimed by descendants of the Sioux Nation.)', u'The occupation ended on June 11, 1971.', u'In 2011 a permanent multimedia exhibit was opened on Alcatraz examining the 19-month occupation.', u'== Landmarks ==\n\nThe entire Alcatraz Island was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976, and was further declared a National Historic Landmark in 1986.', u'In 1993, the National Park Service published a plan entitled Alcatraz Development Concept and Environmental Assessment.', u'This plan, approved in 1980, doubled the amount of Alcatraz accessible to the public to enable visitors to enjoy its scenery and bird, marine, and animal life.', u'During the previous year, supporters collected 10,350 signatures that placed it on the presidential primary ballots in San Francisco for February 5, 2008.', u'On February 6, 2008, the Alcatraz Island Global Peace Center Proposition C failed to pass, with 72% of voters rejecting the proposition.', u'Carved from the hillside during the late 19th century and covered with rubble since the government demolished guard housing in 1971, the area has become a habitat and breeding ground for black-crowned night herons, western gulls, slender salamanders, and deer mice.', u'=== Flora ===\n\nGardens planted by families of the original Army post, and later by families of the prison guards, fell into neglect after the prison closure in 1963.', u"== In popular culture ==\n\nAlcatraz Island appears often in media and popular culture, including films dating from 1962: The Book of Eli (2010), X-Men: The Last Stand (2006), Catch Me If You Can (2002), The Rock (1996), Murder in the First (1995), Escape from Alcatraz (1979), The Enforcer (1976), Birdman of Alcatraz (1962), and J. J. Abrams' 2012 television series Alcatraz.", u'It is also featured as a playable racetrack in the 1996 arcade racing video game San Francisco Rush: Extreme Racing.', u'1 (January): 3.', u'Retrieved 8 November 2014.', u'Federal Bureau of Prisons.gov: "A Brief History of Alcatraz"\nCalifornia State Military Museum.org: The Post at Alcatraz Island\n2012 KDRTradio.org: Interview with former Alcatraz convict Robert Luke\nReport on the 1962 Alcatraz escape incident \u2014 (from the FBI FOIA electronic reading room).']}
{'title': 'European Economic Community [Common Market] starts operation', 'year': '1958-01-01', 'sentences': [u'It was created by the Treaty of Rome of 1957.', u'Upon the formation of the European Union (EU) in 1993, the EEC was incorporated and renamed as the European Community (EC).', u"In 2009 the EC's institutions were absorbed into the EU's wider framework and the community ceased to exist.", u'It gained a common set of institutions along with the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM) as one of the European Communities under the 1965 Merger Treaty (Treaty of Brussels).', u'In 1993, a complete single market was achieved, known as the internal market, which allowed for the free movement of goods, capital, services, and people within the EEC.', u'In 1994, the internal market was formalised by the EEA agreement.', u'Upon the entry into force of the Maastricht Treaty in 1993, the EEC was renamed the European Community to reflect that it covered a wider range than economic policy.', u'The EC existed in this form until it was abolished by the 2009 Treaty of Lisbon, which incorporated the EC\'s institutions into the EU\'s wider framework and provided that the EU would "replace and succeed the European Community".', u'The EEC was also known as the Common Market in the English-speaking countries and sometimes referred to as the European Community even before it was officially renamed as such in 1993.', u'== History ==\n\n\n=== Background ===\nIn 1951, the Treaty of Paris was signed, creating the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC).', u'After the Messina Conference in 1955, Paul Henri Spaak was given the task to prepare a report on the idea of a customs union.', u'The so-called Spaak Report of the Spaak Committee formed the cornerstone of the intergovernmental negotiations at Val Duchesse castle in 1956.', u'In 1956, Paul Henri Spaak led the Intergovernmental Conference on the Common Market and Euratom at the Val Duchesse castle, which prepared for the Treaty of Rome in 1957.', u'The conference led to the signature, on 25 March 1957, of the Treaty of Rome establishing a European Economic Community.', u'The first formal meeting of the Hallstein Commission, was held on 16 January 1958 at the Chateau de Val-Duchesse.', u'In 1968, internal tariffs (tariffs on trade between member nations) were removed on certain products.', u'Another crisis was triggered in regard to proposals for the financing of the Common Agricultural Policy, which came into force in 1962.', u"Eventually, a compromise was reached with the Luxembourg compromise on 29 January 1966 whereby a gentlemen's agreement permitted members to use a veto on areas of national interest.", u'On 1 July 1967 when the Merger Treaty came into operation, combining the institutions of the ECSC and Euratom into that of the EEC, they already shared a Parliamentary Assembly and Courts.', u'In 1961, Denmark, Ireland, Norway and the United Kingdom applied to join the three Communities.', u'The four countries resubmitted their applications on 11 May 1967 and with Georges Pompidou succeeding Charles de Gaulle as French president in 1969, the veto was lifted.', u"Negotiations began in 1970 under the pro-European government of Edward Heath, who had to deal with disagreements relating to the Common Agricultural Policy and the UK's relationship with the Commonwealth of Nations.", u'Nevertheless, two years later the accession treaties were signed so that Denmark, Ireland and the UK joined the Community effective 1 January 1973.', u'The Norwegian people had finally rejected membership in a referendum on 25 September 1972.', u'Parliament pressured for agreement and on 20 September 1976 the Council agreed part of the necessary instruments for election, deferring details on electoral systems which remain varied to this day.', u'During the tenure of President Jenkins, in June 1979, the elections were held in all the then-members (see European Parliament election, 1979).', u'The European Council agreed to this and adopted the Symbols of Europe as those of the Community in 1984.', u'=== Towards Maastricht ===\nGreece applied to join the community on 12 June 1975, following the restoration of democracy, and joined on 1 January 1981.', u'Following on from Greece, and after their own democratic restoration, Spain and Portugal applied to the communities in 1977 and joined together on 1 January 1986.', u'In 1987 Turkey formally applied to join the Community and began the longest application process for any country.', u'With the prospect of further enlargement, and a desire to increase areas of co-operation, the Single European Act was signed by the foreign ministers on the 17 and 28 February 1986 in Luxembourg and the Hague respectively.', u'It came into force on 1 July 1987.', u'The act was followed by work on what would be the Maastricht Treaty, which was agreed on 10 December 1991, signed the following year and coming into force on 1 November 1993 establishing the European Union.', u'In 2002, the Treaty of Paris which established the ECSC expired, having reached its 50-year limit (as the first treaty, it was the only one with a limit).', u'After the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon in 2009 the pillar structure ceased to exist.', u'This was originally proposed under the European Constitution but that treaty failed ratification in 2005.', u'The first enlargement was in 1973, with the accession of Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom.', u'The former East Germany became part of the EEC upon German reunification in 1990.', u'Following the creation of the EU in 1993, it has enlarged to include an additional sixteen countries by 2013.', u'Prior to 2004, the larger members (France, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom) have had two Commissioners.', u'== Institutions ==\n\nThere were three political institutions which held the executive and legislative power of the EEC, plus one judicial institution and a fifth body created in 1975.', u'These institutions (except for the auditors) were created in 1957 by the EEC but from 1967 onwards they applied to all three Communities.', u'After the Maastricht Treaty in 1993, these institutions became those of the European Union, though limited in some areas due to the pillar structure.', u'By virtue of the Merger Treaty in 1967, the executives of the ECSC and Euratom were merged with that of the EEC, creating a single institutional structure governing the three separate Communities.', u'In 1970 and 1975, the Budgetary treaties gave Parliament power over the Community budget.', u"The Parliament's members, up-until 1980 were national MPs serving part-time in the Parliament.", u'The Treaties of Rome had required elections to be held once the Council had decided on a voting system, but this did not happen and elections were delayed until 1979 (see European Parliament election, 1979).', u'It is the only institution not mentioned in the original treaties, having been set up in 1975.']}
{'title': "NY Carnegie Deli\\'s owner Leo Steiner dies", 'year': '1988-01-01', 'sentences': [u'Its main branch, opened in 1937 adjacent to Carnegie Hall, is located at 854 7th Avenue (between 54th and 55th Streets) in Midtown Manhattan.', u'== History ==\n\n\n=== Early history ===\n\nLeo Steiner (c. 1939 \u2013 December 31, 1987) was a Jewish American restaurateur who was co-owner of the first Carnegie Deli, located at 55th Street and Seventh Avenue in Midtown Manhattan near Carnegie Hall.', u'The one-time owner of Pastrami & Things, a delicatessen located at Third Avenue and 23rd Street, he joined Milton Parker and Fred Klein in 1976, purchasing the Carnegie Deli from the trio of Bernie Gross, Max Hudas and Thomas North.', u'He created a 60-pound Statue of Liverty carved from chopped liver, complete with a torch fashioned from a turkey wing, for the United States Bicentennial and was asked to prepare corned beef and pastrami for visiting heads of state attending the G7 economic summit meeting held in 1983 in Williamsburg, Virginia.', u"Portions of Woody Allen's 1984 movie Broadway Danny Rose were filmed in the restaurant.", u"Owner Milton Parker, who died in 2009, had written a book (with Allyn Freeman) called How to Feed Friends and Influence People: The Carnegie Deli, providing the history of the family's ownership.", u'=== Main branch closures ===\nOn April 24, 2015, the main, Midtown Manhattan branch of Carnegie Deli was closed temporarily due to the discovery of an illegal gas line in the restaurant.', u'On July 28, 2015, Carnegie Deli was subsequently closed for upgrades to its energy lines after the discovery of improperly siphoning off natural gas for the previous six years.', u'The Carnegie Deli was the favorite hangout of comedian Henny Youngman, and Adam Sandler included a reference to the deli in "The Chanukah Song" in 1996.', u'In March 2012, the deli introduced a sandwich dedicated to newly arrived New York Jets quarterback Tim Tebow.', u'The deli operates a second location on the Las Vegas Strip, which opened at The Mirage in 2005.', u'A third location opened in 2006 at the Six Flags Great Adventure in New Jersey and serves as the "healthy choice" restaurant at the park; however, the menu is smaller and only has the restaurant\'s most popular items.', u'The fifth location is at the Sands Casino Resort in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, and opened November 22, 2009.', u'== Critical reception ==\nIn 2013, Zagat gave it a food rating of 23, and rated it the 8th-best deli in New York City.', u'== External links ==\nOfficial New York website\nLas Vegas website\nPennsylvania website\nnthWORD Magazine, The nthWORD Guys Hit the Road \u2013 Issue #7, August 2010']}
{'title': '28 nations at war with Axis pledge no separate peace', 'year': '1942-01-02', 'sentences': [u'The deadliest war in history, in terms of the cumulative number of deaths since its start, is the Second World War, from 1939 to 1945, with 60\u201385 million deaths, followed by the Mongol conquests which was greater than 41 million.', u'In 2013 war resulted in 31,000 deaths, down from 72,000 deaths in 1990.', u'In 2003, Richard Smalley identified war as the sixth (of ten) biggest problem facing humanity for the next fifty years.', u'For instance, of the nine million people who were on the territory of Soviet Belarus in 1941, some 1.6 million were killed by the Germans in actions away from battlefields, including about 700,000 prisoners of war, 500,000 Jews, and 320,000 people counted as partisans (the vast majority of whom were unarmed civilians).', u'Nuclear warfare breaking out in August 1988, when nuclear arsenals were at peak level, and the aftermath thereof, could have reduced human population from 5,150,000,000 by 1,850,000,000 to 3,300,000,000 within a period of about one year, according to a projection that doesn\'t consider "the most severe predictions concerning nuclear winter".', u'In 1947, in view of the rapidly increasingly destructive consequences of modern warfare, and with a particular concern for the consequences and costs of the newly developed atom bomb, Albert Einstein famously stated, "I know not with what weapons World War III will be fought, but World War IV will be fought with sticks and stones."', u'The Human Security Report 2005 documented a significant decline in the number and severity of armed conflicts since the end of the Cold War in the early 1990s.', u'However, the evidence examined in the 2008 edition of the Center for International Development and Conflict Management\'s "Peace and Conflict" study indicated the overall decline in conflicts had stalled.', u'One-tenth of mobilised American men were hospitalised for mental disturbances between 1942 and 1945, and after thirty-five days of uninterrupted combat, 98% of them manifested psychiatric disturbances in varying degrees.', u'Based on 1860 census figures, 8% of all white American males aged 13 to 43 died in the American Civil War, including about 6% in the North and approximately 18% in the South.', u'United States military casualties of war since 1775 have totaled over two million.', u'Of the 450,000 soldiers who crossed the Neman on 25 June 1812, less than 40,000 returned.', u'It is estimated that between 1985 and 1994, 378,000 people per year died due to war.', u"For example, Russia's involvement in World War I took such a toll on the Russian economy that it almost collapsed and greatly contributed to the start of the Russian Revolution of 1917.", u'==== World War II ====\n\nWorld War II was the most financially costly conflict in history: its belligerents cumulatively spent about a trillion U.S. dollars on the war effort (as adjusted to 1940 prices).', u'The Mexican Drug War, with estimated casualties of 40,000 since December 2006, has recently faced fundamental opposition.', u'In 2011, the movement for peace and justice has started a popular middle-class movement against the war.', u'Pope Urban II in 1095, on the eve of the First Crusade, spoke:\n\nFor this land which you now inhabit, shut in on all sides by the sea and the mountain peaks, is too narrow for your large population; it scarcely furnishes food enough for its cultivators.', u'Among prominent historical events that have been attributed to youth bulges are the role played by the historically large youth cohorts in the rebellion and revolution waves of early modern Europe, including the French Revolution of 1789, and the effect of economic depression upon the largest German youth cohorts ever in explaining the rise of Nazism in Germany in the 1930s.', u'The 1994 Rwandan Genocide has also been analyzed as following a massive youth bulge.']}
{'title': 'Turkey made peace with Armenia', 'year': '1921-01-03', 'sentences': [u'The Seljuk Turks began migrating into the area in the 11th century, starting the process of Turkification, which was accelerated by the Seljuk victory over the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071.', u'The Seljuk Sultanate of R\xfbm ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion in 1243, when it disintegrated into small Turkish beyliks.', u'Suspended by Sultan Abd\xfclhamid II in 1878, the Ottoman constitution and parliament were restored with the Young Turk Revolution on 24 July 1908.', u'Taking advantage of the chaos, Bulgaria formally declared its independence on 5 October 1908, and Austria-Hungary formally annexed Bosnia-Herzegovina on 6 October 1908.', u"The disappointment in these losses led to the 1913 Ottoman coup d'\xe9tat which effectively put the country under the control of the Three Pashas, who decided to join the Central Powers of World War I (1914\u20131918) which were ultimately defeated by the Allied Powers.", u'The Turkish War of Independence (1919\u20131922), initiated by Mustafa Kemal Atat\xfcrk and his colleagues in Anatolia against the occupying Allies, resulted in the abolition of monarchy in 1922 and the establishment of the modern Republic of Turkey in 1923, with Atat\xfcrk as its first president.', u'After becoming one of the first members of the Council of Europe in 1949, Turkey became an associate member of the EEC in 1963, applied for full EEC membership in 1987, joined the EU Customs Union in 1995 and started accession negotiations with the European Union in 2005.', u'It is the largest and best-preserved Neolithic site found to date and in July 2012 was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.', u'The Assyrians conquered and settled parts of southeastern Turkey as early as 1950 BC until the year 612 BC.', u'Following the collapse of the Hittite empire c. 1180 BC, the Phrygians, an Indo-European people, achieved ascendancy in Anatolia until their kingdom was destroyed by the Cimmerians in the 7th century BC.', u'=== Antiquity and Byzantine period ===\n\nStarting around 1200 BC, the coast of Anatolia was heavily settled by Aeolian and Ionian Greeks.', u'In 1071, the Seljuks defeated the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert, starting the Turkification process in the area; the Turkish language and Islam were introduced to Armenia and Anatolia, gradually spreading throughout the region.', u"In 1243, the Seljuk armies were defeated by the Mongols, causing the Seljuk Empire's power to slowly disintegrate.", u'In 1453, the Ottomans completed their conquest of the Byzantine Empire by capturing its capital, Constantinople.', u"In 1514, Sultan Selim I (1512\u20131520) successfully expanded the empire's southern and eastern borders by defeating Shah Ismail I of the Safavid dynasty in the Battle of Chaldiran.", u'In 1517, Selim I expanded Ottoman rule into Algeria and Egypt, and created a naval presence in the Red Sea.', u'At sea, the Ottoman Navy contended with several Holy Leagues, such as those in 1538, 1571, 1684 and 1717 (composed primarily of Habsburg Spain, the Republic of Genoa, the Republic of Venice, the Knights of St. John, the Papal States, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and the Duchy of Savoy), for the control of the Mediterranean Sea.', u"As it gradually shrank in size, military power and wealth, especially after the Ottoman economic crisis and default in 1875 which led to uprisings in the Balkan provinces that culminated into the Russo-Turkish War of 1877\u201378, many Balkan Muslims migrated to the Empire's heartland in Anatolia, along with the Circassians fleeing the Russian conquest of the Caucasus.", u"The Young Turk Revolution in 1908 restored the Ottoman constitution and parliament 30 years after their suspension by Sultan Abd\xfclhamid II in 1878, but the 1913 Ottoman coup d'\xe9tat effectively put the country under the control of the Three Pashas.", u'Following the Armistice of Mudros on 30 October 1918, the victorious Allied Powers sought to partition the Ottoman state through the 1920 Treaty of S\xe8vres.', u'By 18 September 1922 the occupying armies were expelled, and the Ankara-based Turkish regime, which had declared itself the legitimate government of the country on 23 April 1920, started to formalize the legal transition from the old Ottoman into the new Republican political system.', u'On 1 November 1922, the Turkish Parliament in Ankara formally abolished the Sultanate, thus ending 623 years of monarchical Ottoman rule.', u'The Treaty of Lausanne of 24 July 1923 led to the international recognition of the sovereignty of the newly formed "Republic of Turkey" as the successor state of the Ottoman Empire, and the republic was officially proclaimed on 29 October 1923 in Ankara, the country\'s new capital.', u'With the Surname Law of 1934, the Turkish Parliament bestowed upon Mustafa Kemal the honorific surname "Atat\xfcrk" (Father of the Turks).', u'Turkey remained neutral during most of World War II, but entered the closing stages of the war on the side of the Allies on 23 February 1945.', u'On 26 June 1945, Turkey became a charter member of the United Nations.', u'Difficulties faced by Greece after the war in quelling a communist rebellion, along with demands by the Soviet Union for military bases in the Turkish Straits, prompted the United States to declare the Truman Doctrine in 1947.', u'Both countries were included in the Marshall Plan and OEEC for rebuilding European economies in 1948, and subsequently became founding members of the OECD in 1961.', u'After participating with the United Nations forces in the Korean War, Turkey joined NATO in 1952, becoming a bulwark against Soviet expansion into the Mediterranean.', u'Following a decade of Cypriot intercommunal violence and the coup in Cyprus on 15 July 1974 staged by the EOKA B paramilitary organization, which overthrew President Makarios and installed the pro-Enosis (union with Greece) Nikos Sampson as dictator, Turkey invaded Cyprus on 20 July 1974.', u'The single-party period ended in 1945.', u"It was followed by a tumultuous transition to multiparty democracy over the next few decades, which was interrupted by military coups d'\xe9tat in 1960, 1971, and 1980, as well as a military memorandum in 1997.", u'In 1984, the PKK, a Kurdish separatist group, began an insurgency campaign against the Turkish government.', u'Peace talks were launched in 2012, but hostilities restarted in 2015 following the Suruc bombing.', u'In 2013, widespread protests erupted in many Turkish provinces, sparked by a plan to demolish Gezi Park but growing into general anti-government dissent.', u'Turkey is subdivided into 81 provinces for administrative purposes.', u'Since its foundation as a republic in 1923, Turkey has developed a strong tradition of secularism.', u'Universal suffrage for both sexes has been applied throughout Turkey since 1933, and every Turkish citizen who has turned 18 years of age has the right to vote.', u'There are 550 members of parliament who are elected for a four-year term by a party-list proportional representation system from 85 electoral districts.', u'Between 1998 and 2008 the European Court of Human Rights made more than 1,600 judgements against Turkey for human rights violations, particularly regarding the right to life, and freedom from torture.', u'In 2012, the CPJ identified 76 jailed journalists in Turkey, including 61 directly held for their published work, ranking 1st in the world, more than in Iran, Eritrea or China while Freemuse identified 9 musicians imprisoned for their work, ranking 3rd after Russia and China.', u'According to figures released by the Justice Ministry, there are 100,000 people in Turkish prisons as of November 2008, a doubling since 2000.', u'In the years of government by the AKP and Tayyip Erdo\u011fan, particularly since 2013, the independence and integrity of the Turkish judiciary has increasingly been considered in doubt by institutions, parliamentarians and journalists both within and outside of Turkey; due to political interference in the promotion of judges and prosecutors, and in their pursuit of public duty.', u'The Turkey 2015 report of the European Commission stated that "the independence of the judiciary and respect of the principle of separation of powers have been undermined and judges and prosecutors have been under strong political pressure."', u'Turkey was a member of the United Nations Security Council in 1951\u20131952, 1954\u20131955, 1961 and 2009\u20132010.', u'In September 2013, Turkey became a member of the Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD).', u'Turkey became one of the first members of the Council of Europe in 1949, applied for associate membership of the EEC (predecessor of the European Union) in 1959 and became an associate member in 1963.', u'After decades of political negotiations, Turkey applied for full membership of the EEC in 1987, became an associate member of the Western European Union in 1992, joined the EU Customs Union in 1995 and has been in formal accession negotiations with the EU since 2005.', u"The common threat posed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War led to Turkey's membership of NATO in 1952, ensuring close bilateral relations with Washington.", u'The independence of the Turkic states of the Soviet Union in 1991, with which Turkey shares a common cultural and linguistic heritage, allowed Turkey to extend its economic and political relations deep into Central Asia, thus enabling the completion of a multi-billion-dollar oil and natural gas pipeline from Baku in Azerbaijan to the port of Ceyhan in Turkey.', u"Following the Arab Spring in December 2010, the choices made by the AKP government for supporting certain political opposition groups in the affected countries have led to tensions with some Arab states, such as Turkey's neighbour Syria since the start of the Syrian civil war, and Egypt after the ousting of President Mohamed Morsi.", u'Diplomatic relations with Israel were also severed after the Gaza flotilla raid in 2010, but were normalized following a deal in June 2016.', u'In 2015, Turkey, Saudi Arabia and Qatar formed a "strategic alliance" against Syrian President Bashar al-Assad.', u'Turkey has maintained forces in international missions under the United Nations and NATO since 1950, including peacekeeping missions in Somalia and former Yugoslavia, and support to coalition forces in the First Gulf War.', u'Turkey has had troops deployed in Afghanistan as part of the United States stabilization force and the UN-authorized, NATO-commanded International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) since 2001.', u'Since 2003, Turkey contributes military personnel to Eurocorps and takes part in the EU Battlegroups.', u'Turkey has the second largest standing military force in NATO, after the U.S. Armed Forces, with an estimated strength of 495,000 deployable forces, according to a 2011 NATO estimate.', u'A total of 90 B61 nuclear bombs are hosted at the Incirlik Air Base, 40 of which are allocated for use by the Turkish Air Force in case of a nuclear conflict, but their use requires the approval of NATO.', u'Asian Turkey, which includes 97 percent of the country, is separated from European Turkey by the Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles.', u'The latest of those big earthquakes was the 1999 \u0130zmit earthquake.', u'There are 40 national parks, 189 nature parks, 31 nature preserve areas, 80 wildlife protection areas and 109 nature monuments in Turkey such as Gallipoli Peninsula Historical National Park, Mount Nemrut National Park, Ancient Troya National Park, \xd6l\xfcdeniz Nature Park and Polonezk\xf6y Nature Park.', u'The last confirmed death of an Anatolian leopard, closely related to the Persian (Caucasian) leopard and native to the western regions of Anatolia, took place in the Ba\u011f\xf6z\xfc village of the Beypazar\u0131 district in Ankara Province on 17 January 1974.', u'The Caspian tiger is an extinct tiger subspecies (closely related to the Siberian tiger) which lived in the easternmost regions of Turkey until the latter half of the 20th century, with the last confirmed death in Uludere, February 1970.', u'The eastern part of that coast averages 2,200 millimetres (87 in) annually which is the highest precipitation in the country.', u'Summers are hot and dry, with temperatures often above 30 \xb0C (86 \xb0F) in the day.', u"The EU \u2013 Turkey Customs Union in 1995 led to an extensive liberalization of tariff rates, and forms one of the most important pillars of Turkey's foreign trade policy.", u"Turkey's exports were $143.5 billion in 2011 and reached $163 billion in 2012 (main export partners in 2012: Germany 8.6%, Iraq 7.1%, Iran 6.5%, UK 5.7%, UAE 5.4%).", u'However, larger imports which amounted to $229 billion in 2012 threatened the balance of trade (main import partners in 2012: Russia 11.3%, Germany 9%, China 9%, US 6%, Italy 5.6%).', u'Turkey has a sizeable automotive industry, which produced over 1.3 million motor vehicles in 2015, ranking as the 14th largest producer in the world.', u'Turkish shipbuilding exports were worth US$1.2 billion in 2011.', u'In 2011, there were 70 active shipyards in Turkey, with another 56 being built.', u'In 2010, the agricultural sector accounted for 9 percent of GDP, while the industrial sector accounted for 26 percent and the services sector for 65 percent.', u'In 2004, it was estimated that 46 percent of total disposable income was received by the top 20 percent of income earners, while the lowest 20 percent received only 6 percent.', u'The rate of female employment in Turkey was 30 percent in 2012, the lowest among all OECD countries.', u'Foreign direct investment (FDI) was $8.3 billion in 2012, a figure expected to rise to $15 billion in 2013.', u"In 2012, Fitch Group upgraded Turkey's credit rating to investment grade after an 18-year gap; this was followed by a ratings upgrade by Moody's in May 2013, as the service lifted Turkey's government bond ratings to the lowest investment grade Baa3.", u'During the first six decades of the republic, between 1923 and 1983, Turkey generally adhered to a quasi-statist approach with strict government planning of the budget and government-imposed limitations over foreign trade, flow of foreign currency, foreign direct investment and private sector participation in certain fields (such as broadcasting, telecommunications, energy, mining, etc.).', u'However, in 1983, Prime Minister Turgut \xd6zal initiated a series of reforms designed to shift the economy from a statist, insulated system to a more private-sector, market-based model.', u'The reforms, combined with unprecedented amounts of funding from foreign loans, spurred rapid economic growth; but this growth was punctuated by sharp recessions and financial crises in 1994, 1999 (following the earthquake of that year), and 2001; resulting in an average of 4 percent GDP growth per annum between 1981 and 2003.', u'Since the economic crisis of 2001 and the reforms initiated by the finance minister of the time, Kemal Dervi\u015f, inflation has dropped to single-digit figures for the first time in decades (8% in 2005), investor confidence and foreign investment have soared, and unemployment has fallen (10% in 2005).', u'The public debt-to-GDP ratio peaked at 75.9 percent during the recession of 2001, falling to an estimated 26.9 percent by 2013.', u'The real GDP growth rate from 2002 to 2007 averaged 6.8 percent annually, which made Turkey one of the fastest growing economies in the world during that period.', u'However, growth slowed to 1 percent in 2008, and in 2009 the Turkish economy was affected by the global financial crisis, with a recession of 5 percent.', u'The economy was estimated to have returned to 8 percent growth in 2010.', u'According to Eurostat data, Turkish GDP per capita adjusted by purchasing power standard stood at 52 percent of the EU average in 2011.', u'In the early years of the 21st century, the chronically high inflation was brought under control; this led to the launch of a new currency, the Turkish new lira (Yeni T\xfcrk Liras\u0131) in 2005, to cement the acquisition of the economic reforms and erase the vestiges of an unstable economy.', u'In 2009, after only four years in circulation, the Turkish new lira was renamed back to the Turkish lira with the introduction of new banknotes and coins (and the withdrawal of the Turkish new lira banknotes and coins that were introduced in 2005), but the ISO 4217 code of the Turkish new lira (TRY) remains in use for the current Turkish lira in the foreign exchange market.', u"In 2013, 37.8 million foreign visitors arrived in Turkey, which ranked as the 6th most popular tourism destination in the world; they contributed $27.9 billion to Turkey's revenues.", u'In 2012, 15 percent of the tourists were from Germany, 11 percent from Russia, 8 percent from the United Kingdom, 5 percent from Bulgaria, 4 percent each from Georgia, the Netherlands and Iran, 3 percent from France, 2 percent each from the United States and Syria, and 40 percent from other countries.', u'=== Infrastructure ===\n\nIn 2013 there were 98 airports in Turkey, including 22 international airports.', u'As of 2015, Istanbul Atat\xfcrk Airport is the 11th busiest airport in the world, serving 31,833,324 passengers between January and July 2014, according to Airports Council International.', u"Turkish Airlines, flag carrier of Turkey since 1933, was selected by Skytrax as Europe's best airline for five consecutive years in 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015.", u'As of 2014, the country has a roadway network of 65,623 kilometres (40,776 miles).', u'The total length of the rail network was 10,991 km in 2008, including 2,133 kilometres (1,325 miles) of electrified and 457 kilometres (284 miles) of high-speed track.', u'The Turkish State Railways started building high-speed rail lines in 2003.', u'The Ankara-Konya line became operational in 2011, while the Ankara-Istanbul line entered service in 2014.', u"Opened in 2013, the Marmaray tunnel under the Bosphorus connects the railway and metro lines of Istanbul's European and Asian sides; while the nearby Eurasia Tunnel will provide an undersea road connection for motor vehicles.", u"In 2008, 7,555 kilometres (4,694 mi) of natural gas pipelines and 3,636 kilometres (2,259 mi) of petroleum pipelines spanned the country's territory.", u'The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline, the second longest oil pipeline in the world, was inaugurated on 10 May 2005.', u'In 2013, the energy consumption was 240 billion kilowatt hours.', u'As Turkey imported 72 percent of its energy in 2013, the government decided to invest in nuclear power to reduce imports.', u'In 2004, 61% of the wastewater collected through sewers was being treated.', u'In 2015, Aziz Sancar, a Turkish professor at the University of North Carolina, won the Nobel Chemistry Prize along with Tomas Lindahl and Paul Modrich, for their work on how cells repair damaged DNA.', u"== Demographics ==\n\nAccording to the Address-Based Population Recording System of Turkey, the country's population was 74.7 million people in 2011, nearly three-quarters of whom lived in towns and cities.", u'According to the 2011 estimate, the population is increasing by 1.35 percent each year.', u'Turkey has an average population density of 97 people per km\xb2.', u'People within the 15\u201364 age group constitute 67.4 percent of the total population; the 0\u201314 age group corresponds to 25.3 percent; while senior citizens aged 65 years or older make up 7.3 percent.', u'In 1927, when the first official census was recorded in the Republic of Turkey, the population was 13.6 million.', u'Article 66 of the Turkish Constitution defines a "Turk" as "anyone who is bound to the Turkish state through the bond of citizenship"; therefore, the legal use of the term "Turkish" as a citizen of Turkey is different from the ethnic definition.', u'Turkey hosts the largest number of refugees in the world, including 2.2 million Syrian refugees, as of September 2015.', u"=== Languages ===\n\nThe country's official language is Turkish, which is spoken by 85.54 percent of the population as mother tongue.", u'However, the ban was lifted from universities in 2011, from government buildings in 2013, and from schools in 2014.', u'==== Islam ====\nIslam is the dominant religion of Turkey with 99.8 percent of the population being registered as Muslim (although some sources give a slightly lower estimate of 96.4 percent) with the most popular sect being the Hanafite school of Sunni Islam.', u"The percentage of non-Muslims in Turkey fell from 19 percent in 1914 to 2.5 percent in 1927, due to events which had a significant impact on the country's demographic structure, such as the Armenian Genocide, the population exchange between Greece and Turkey, and the emigration of non-Muslims (such as Levantines, Greeks, Armenians, Jews, etc.)", u"The Wealth Tax on non-Muslims in 1942, the emigration of a portion of Turkish Jews to Israel after 1948, and the ongoing Cyprus dispute which damaged the relations between Turks and Greeks (culminating in the Istanbul pogrom of 6\u20137 September 1955) were other important events that contributed to the decline of Turkey's non-Muslim population.", u'==== Agnosticism and atheism ====\nAccording to a 2010 Eurobarometer poll 94% of Turks believed in God while only 1% did not.', u'Recent polls suggest that 4,5 millions of people were irreligious in 2013.', u'Less than half of 25- to 34-year-old Turks have completed at least high school, compared with an OECD average of over 80 percent.', u'The overall adult literacy rate in 2011 was 94.1 percent; 97.9 percent for males and 90.3 percent for females.', u'By 2011, there were 166 universities in Turkey.', u'In 2008, the quota of admitted students was 600,000, compared to 1,700,000 who took the \xd6SS exam in 2007.', u'In 2003, the government introduced a sweeping health reform programme aimed at increasing the ratio of private to state health provision and making healthcare available to a larger share of the population.', u'Turkish Statistical Institute announced that 76.3 billion TL was spent for healthcare in 2012; 79.6 percent of which was covered by the Social Security Institution and 15.4 percent of which was paid directly by the patients.', u'In 2012, there were 29,960 medical institutions in Turkey, and on average one doctor per 583 people and 2.65 beds per 1000 people.', u'Life expectancy (as of 2010) was 71.1 years for men and 75.3 for women, with an overall average of 73.2.', u'The very first painting lessons were scheduled at what is now the Istanbul Technical University (then the Imperial Military Engineering School) in 1793, mostly for technical purposes.', u'The young Turkish artists sent to Europe in 1926 came back inspired by contemporary trends such as Fauvism, Cubism and even Expressionism, still very influential in Europe.', u'Many of the writers in the Tanzimat period wrote in several genres simultaneously: for instance, the poet N\xe2m\u0131k Kemal also wrote the important 1876 novel \u0130ntib\xe2h (Awakening), while the journalist \u015einasi is noted for writing, in 1860, the first modern Turkish play, the one-act comedy "\u015eair Evlenmesi" (The Poet\'s Marriage).', u'Most of the roots of modern Turkish literature were formed between the years 1896 and 1923.', u'Another revolution in Turkish poetry came about in 1941 with the Garip Movement.', u'The mix of cultural influences in Turkey is dramatized, for example, in the form of the "new symbols of the clash and interlacing of cultures" enacted in the novels of Orhan Pamuk, recipient of the 2006 Nobel Prize in Literature.', u'The transition from Seljuk architecture to Ottoman architecture is most visible in Bursa, which was the capital of the Ottoman State between 1335 and 1413.', u'Following the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople (Istanbul) in 1453, Ottoman architecture was significantly influenced by Byzantine architecture.', u'Galatasaray won the UEFA Cup and UEFA Super Cup in 2000.', u'The Turkish national football team finished 3rd and won the bronze medal at the 2002 FIFA World Cup and at the 2003 FIFA Confederations Cup; while also reaching the semi-finals (finishing 3rd by goals difference) at the UEFA Euro 2008.', u"The Turkish men's national basketball team finished 2nd and won the silver medal at the 2010 FIBA World Championship and at EuroBasket 2001, which were both hosted by Turkey.", u'They also won two gold medals (1987 and 2013), one silver medal (1971) and three bronze medals (1967, 1983 and 2009) at the Mediterranean Games.', u'won the 1995\u201396 FIBA Kora\u0107 Cup, finished 2nd at the 1992\u201393 FIBA Saporta Cup, and made it to the Final Four of Euroleague and Suproleague in 2000 and 2001, finishing 3rd on both occasions.', u"The Turkish women's national volleyball team won the silver medal at the 2003 European Championship, the bronze medal at the 2011 European Championship, and the bronze medal at the 2012 FIVB World Grand Prix.", u'They also won a gold medal (2005), six silver medals (1987, 1991, 1997, 2001, 2009, 2013) and a bronze medal (1993) at the Mediterranean Games.', u"Fenerbah\xe7e won the 2010 FIVB Women's Club World Championship and the 2012 CEV Women's Champions League.", u"Representing Europe as the winner of the 2012\u201313 CEV Women's Champions League, Vak\u0131fbank also became the world champion by winning the 2013 FIVB Women's Club World Championship.", u'Edirne has hosted the annual K\u0131rkp\u0131nar oiled wrestling tournament since 1361. International wrestling styles governed by FILA such as Freestyle wrestling and Greco-Roman wrestling are also popular, with many European, World and Olympic championship titles won by Turkish wrestlers both individually and as a national team.', u'Since the fall of the empire in World War I (1914\u20131918) and the establishment of the Turkish Republic in 1923, foreign food such as French hollandaise sauce and western fast food have made their way into the modern Turkish diet.', u'In 2003 a total of 257 television stations and 1,100 radio stations were licensed to operate, and others operated without licenses.']}
{'title': 'William Joyce [Lord Haw Haw] hanged in Britain for treason', 'year': '1946-01-03', 'sentences': [u'William Brooke Joyce (24 April 1906 \u2013 3 January 1946), nicknamed Lord Haw-Haw, was an American-born, Irish-raised British Fascist politician and Nazi propaganda broadcaster to the United Kingdom during World War II.', u'He was convicted of one count of high treason in 1945, and was sentenced to death.', u'He was hanged at Wandsworth Prison by Albert Pierrepoint on 3 January 1946, making him the last person to be executed for treason in the United Kingdom.', u'The death penalty for treason was formally abolished in the United Kingdom in 1998.', u'== Early life ==\nWilliam Joyce was born on Herkimer Street in Brooklyn, New York, to an Anglican mother and an Irish Catholic father, Michael, who had taken United States citizenship on 25 October 1894.', u"Following what he alleged to be an assassination attempt in 1921 (which supposedly failed because he took a different route home from school), he left for England and briefly attended King's College School, Wimbledon, on a foreign exchange.", u'He enlisted in the Worcestershire Regiment in 1921, but he was discharged when it was discovered he had lied about his age.', u'On 22 October 1924, while stewarding a meeting in support of Jack Lazarus (the Conservative Party candidate for Lambeth North in the general election), Joyce was attacked by Communists and received a deep razor slash that ran across his right cheek.', u'== British Union of Fascists ==\n\nIn 1932, Joyce joined the British Union of Fascists (BUF) under Sir Oswald Mosley, and swiftly became a leading speaker, praised for his power of oratory.', u"In 1934, Joyce was promoted to the BUF's Director of Propaganda, replacing Wilfred Risdon (who had expressed concern to Mosley about the use of the spotlights at the Olympia rally in June) and later appointed deputy leader.", u'He was instrumental in changing the name of the BUF to "British Union of Fascists and National Socialists" in 1936, and stood as a party candidate in the 1937 elections to the London County Council.', u'In 1936 Joyce lived for a year in Whitstable, where he owned a radio and electrical shop.', u'Between April 1934 and 1937, when Mosley sacked him, Joyce also served as Area Administrative Officer for the BUF West Sussex division.', u'Joyce was sacked from his paid position when Mosley drastically reduced the BUF staff shortly after the 1937 elections, after which Joyce promptly formed a breakaway organisation, the National Socialist League.', u'Though Joyce had been deputy leader of the party from 1933 and an effective fighter and orator, Mosley snubbed him in his autobiography and later denounced him as a traitor because of his wartime activities.', u'Unlike Joyce, the Elams did not escape detention under Defence Regulation 18B; both were arrested on the same day as Mosley in May 1940.', u'In later life, Elam reported that although she disliked Joyce, she believed that his execution by the British in 1946 was wrong, stating that he should not have been regarded as a traitor to England because he was not English, but Irish.', u'== Lord Haw-Haw ==\n\nIn late August 1939, shortly before war was declared, Joyce and his wife Margaret fled to Germany.', u'Joyce became a naturalised German citizen in 1940.', u'The name "Lord Haw-Haw of Zeesen" was coined in 1939 by the pseudonymous Daily Express radio critic Jonah Barrington, but this referred initially to Wolf Mittler (or possibly Norman Baillie-Stewart).', u'At the height of his influence, in 1940, Joyce had an estimated six million regular and 18 million occasional listeners in the United Kingdom.', u'Joyce recorded his final broadcast on 30 April 1945, during the Battle of Berlin.', u"On 5 May 1945, four days after the Allies took Hamburg, CBS war correspondent Bill Downs broadcast a report about the condition of that city using Joyce's microphone.", u'== Capture and trial ==\nOn 28 May 1945 Joyce was captured by British forces at Flensburg, near the German border with Denmark.', u'It was on this basis that Joyce was convicted of the third charge and sentenced to death on 19 September 1945.', u'=== Appeal ===\nHis conviction was upheld by the Court of Appeal on 1 November 1945, and by Lords Jowitt L.C., Macmillan, Wright, Simonds, and Porter of the House of Lords on 13 December 1945.', u'Of the 32 British renegades and broadcasters caught in Germany at the end of the war, only Margaret Joyce, who died in London in 1972, was not charged with treason.', u'Joyce was executed on 3 January 1946 at Wandsworth Prison, aged 39.', u'In 1976 they were exhumed and reinterred in the Protestant section of the New Cemetery in Galway, Ireland.', u"Hall [Notable British Trials series] (William Hodge and Company, London, 1946)\nThe Meaning of Treason by Dame Rebecca West (Macmillan, London, 1949)\nLord Haw-Haw and William Joyce by William Cole (Faber and Faber, London, 1964)\nHitler's Englishman by Francis Selwyn (Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd, London, 1987)\nRenegades: Hitler's Englishmen by Adrian Weale (Weidenfeld and Nicholson, London, 1994)\nGermany Calling \u2014 a personal biography of William Joyce by Mary Kenny (New Island Books, Dublin, 2003)\nHaw-Haw: the tragedy of William and Margaret Joyce by Nigel Farndale (Macmillan, London, 2005)\nSearching for Lord Haw-Haw: The Political Lives of William Joyce by Colin Holmes (Routledge, Abingdon, 2016)\n\n\n== External links ==\nFascism and Jewry (first published 1933, this version published 1935), reproduction of a pamphlet by William Joyce for the BUF.", u'"Twilight over England" 2008 reprint by AAARGH.', u'The final broadcast of William Joyce during the Battle of Berlin 1945.', u'Retrieved 13 August 2009.']}
{'title': 'Alaska becomes 49th state', 'year': '1959-01-03', 'sentences': [u'The United States purchased Alaska from the Russian Empire on March 30, 1867, for 7.2 million U.S. dollars at approximately two cents per acre ($4.74/km2).', u'The area went through several administrative changes before becoming organized as a territory on May 11, 1912.', u'Officially designated in 1963.', u'=== Land ownership ===\n\nAccording to an October 1998 report by the United States Bureau of Land Management, approximately 65% of Alaska is owned and managed by the U.S. federal government as public lands, including a multitude of national forests, national parks, and national wildlife refuges.', u'Of these, the Bureau of Land Management manages 87 million acres (35 million hectares), or 23.8% of the state.', u'Another 44 million acres (18 million hectares) are owned by 12 regional, and scores of local, Native corporations created under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) of 1971.', u"Provisions of ANCSA allowing the corporations' land holdings to be sold on the open market starting in 1991 were repealed before they could take effect.", u'On average, Anchorage receives 16 in (41 cm) of precipitation a year, with around 75 in (190 cm) of snow, although there are areas in the south central which receive far more snow.', u'The highest is 100 \xb0F (38 \xb0C) in Fort Yukon (which is just 8 mi or 13 km inside the arctic circle) on June 27, 1915, making Alaska tied with Hawaii as the state with the lowest high temperature in the United States.', u'The lowest official Alaska temperature is \u221280 \xb0F (\u221262 \xb0C) in Prospect Creek on January 23, 1971, one degree above the lowest temperature recorded in continental North America (in Snag, Yukon, Canada).', u'The Tsimshian people came to Alaska from British Columbia in 1887, when President Grover Cleveland, and later the U.S. Congress, granted them permission to settle on Annette Island and found the town of Metlakatla.', u"According to this hypothesis, in 1648 several koches of Semyon Dezhnyov's expedition came ashore in Alaska by storm and founded this settlement.", u'The first European vessel to reach Alaska is generally held to be the St. Gabriel under the authority of the surveyor M. S. Gvozdev and assistant navigator I. Fyodorov on August 21, 1732 during an expedition of Siberian cossak A. F. Shestakov and Belorussian explorer Dmitry Pavlutsky (1729\u20141735).', u'Another European contact with Alaska occurred in 1741, when Vitus Bering led an expedition for the Russian Navy aboard the St. Peter.', u'The first permanent European settlement was founded in 1784.', u'Between 1774 and 1800, Spain sent several expeditions to Alaska in order to assert its claim over the Pacific Northwest.', u'In 1789 a Spanish settlement and fort were built in Nootka Sound.', u'Sitka, renamed New Archangel from 1804 to 1867, on Baranof Island in the Alexander Archipelago in what is now Southeast Alaska, became the capital of Russian America.', u"William H. Seward, the United States Secretary of State, negotiated the Alaska Purchase (also known as Seward's Folly) with the Russians in 1867 for $7.2 million.", u'Alaska was loosely governed by the military initially, and was administered as a district starting in 1884, with a governor appointed by the President of the United States.', u'Legislation allowing Alaskan communities to legally incorporate as cities did not come about until 1900, and home rule for cities was extremely limited or unavailable until statehood took effect in 1959.', u'Alaska was officially incorporated as an organized territory in 1912.', u"Alaska's capital, which had been in Sitka until 1906, was moved north to Juneau.", u'During World War II, the Aleutian Islands Campaign focused on the three outer Aleutian Islands \u2013 Attu, Agattu and Kiska \u2013 that were invaded by Japanese troops and occupied between June 1942 and August 1943.', u'Decades later, the statehood movement gained its first real momentum following a territorial referendum in 1946.', u'Statehood was approved by Congress on July 7, 1958.', u'Alaska was officially proclaimed a state on January 3, 1959.', u"In 1960, the Census Bureau reported Alaska's population as 77.2% White, 3% Black, and 18.8% American Indian and Alaska Native.", u'On March 27, 1964, the massive Good Friday earthquake killed 133 people and destroyed several villages and portions of large coastal communities, mainly by the resultant tsunamis and landslides.', u'It was over one thousand times more powerful than the 1989 San Francisco earthquake.', u'The 1968 discovery of oil at Prudhoe Bay and the 1977 completion of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System led to an oil boom.', u'Royalty revenues from oil have funded large state budgets from 1980 onward.', u'In 1989, the Exxon Valdez hit a reef in the Prince William Sound, spilling over 11 million U.S. gallons (42 megaliters) of crude oil over 1,100 miles (1,800 km) of coastline.', u'As of January 31, 2012, over 35,000 sites have been reported.', u'== Demographics ==\n\nThe United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Alaska was 738,432 on July 1, 2015, a 3.97% increase since the 2010 United States Census.', u'In 2010, Alaska ranked as the 47th state by population, ahead of North Dakota, Vermont, and Wyoming (and Washington, D.C.) Alaska is the least densely populated state, and one of the most sparsely populated areas in the world, at 1.2 inhabitants per square mile (0.46/km2), with the next state, Wyoming, at 5.8 inhabitants per square mile (2.2/km2).', u"As of November 2014, the state's unemployment rate was 6.6%.", u'=== Race and ancestry ===\nAccording to the 2010 United States Census, Alaska had a population of 710,231.', u"As of 2011, 50.7% of Alaska's population younger than one year of age belonged to minority groups (i.e., did not have two parents of non-Hispanic white ancestry).", u'=== Languages ===\n\nAccording to the 2011 American Community Survey, 83.4% of people over the age of five speak only English at home.', u"As of 2014 nearly all of Alaska's native languages were classified as either threatened, shifting, moribund, nearly extinct, or dormant languages.", u"In October 2014, the governor of Alaska signed a bill declaring the state's 20 indigenous languages as official languages.", u'The 20 languages that were included in the bill are:\nInupiaq\nSiberian Yupik\nCentral Alaskan Yup\u2019ik\nAlutiiq\nUnangax\nDena\u2019ina\nDeg Xinag\nHolikachuk\nKoyukon\nUpper Kuskokwim\nGwich\u2019in\nTanana\nUpper Tanana\nTanacross\nH\xe4n\nAhtna\nEyak\nTlingit\nHaida\nTsimshian\n\n\n=== Religion ===\n\nAccording to statistics collected by the Association of Religion Data Archives from 2010, about 34% of Alaska residents were members of religious congregations.', u'The largest religious denominations in Alaska as of 2010 were the Catholic Church with 50,866 adherents, non-denominational Evangelical Protestants with 38,070 adherents, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with 32,170 adherents, and the Southern Baptist Convention with 19,891 adherents.', u'In 1795, the First Russian Orthodox Church was established in Kodiak.', u'In 2009 there were 6,000 Jews in Alaska (for whom observance of halakha may pose special problems).', u'They broke ground on a building in south Anchorage in 2010 and were nearing completion in late 2014.', u'== Economy ==\n\nThe 2007 gross state product was $44.9 billion, 45th in the nation.', u'Its per capita personal income for 2007 was $40,042, ranking 15th in the nation.', u'According to a 2013 study by Phoenix Marketing International, Alaska had the fifth-largest number of millionaires per capita in the United States, with a ratio of 6.75 percent.', u'Major oil and gas reserves were found in the Alaska North Slope (ANS) and Cook Inlet basins, but according to the Energy Information Administration, by February 2014 Alaska had fallen to fourth place in the nation in crude oil production after Texas, North Dakota, and California.', u"Prudhoe Bay on Alaska's North Slope is still the second highest-yielding oil field in the United States, typically producing about 400,000 barrels per day (64,000 m3/d), although by early 2014 North Dakota's Bakken Formation was producing over 900,000 barrels per day (140,000 m3/d).", u"Prudhoe Bay was the largest conventional oil field ever discovered in North America, but was much smaller than Canada's enormous Athabasca oil sands field, which by 2014 was producing about 1,500,000 barrels per day (240,000 m3/d) of unconventional oil, and had hundreds of years of producible reserves at that rate.", u'The United States Geological Survey estimates that there are 85.4 trillion cubic feet (2,420 km3) of undiscovered, technically recoverable gas from natural gas hydrates on the Alaskan North Slope.', u'==== Permanent Fund ====\nThe Alaska Permanent Fund is a constitutionally authorized appropriation of oil revenues, established by voters in 1976 to manage a surplus in state petroleum revenues from oil, largely in anticipation of the then recently constructed Trans-Alaska Pipeline System.', u'The fund was originally proposed by Governor Keith Miller on the eve of the 1969 Prudhoe Bay lease sale, out of fear that the legislature would spend the entire proceeds of the sale (which amounted to $900 million) at once.', u'Starting in 1982, dividends from the fund\'s annual growth have been paid out each year to eligible Alaskans, ranging from an initial $1,000 in 1982 (equal to three years\' payout, as the distribution of payments was held up in a lawsuit over the distribution scheme) to $3,269 in 2008 (which included a one-time $1,200 "Resource Rebate").', u'Most farms are in either the Matanuska Valley, about 40 miles (64 km) northeast of Anchorage, or on the Kenai Peninsula, about 60 miles (97 km) southwest of Anchorage.', u"Alaskan agriculture has experienced a surge in growth of market gardeners, small farms and farmers' markets in recent years, with the highest percentage increase (46%) in the nation in growth in farmers' markets in 2011, compared to 17% nationwide.", u'One unique feature of the Alaska Highway system is the Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel, an active Alaska Railroad tunnel recently upgraded to provide a paved roadway link with the isolated community of Whittier on Prince William Sound to the Seward Highway about 50 miles (80 km) southeast of Anchorage at Portage.', u'At 2.5 miles (4.0 km), the tunnel was the longest road tunnel in North America until 2007.', u'=== Rail ===\n\nBuilt around 1915, the Alaska Railroad (ARR) played a key role in the development of Alaska through the 20th century.', u'It was featured in the 1983 BBC television series Great Little Railways.', u'In 2000, the U.S. Congress authorized $6 million to study the feasibility of a rail link between Alaska, Canada, and the lower 48.', u'The population of Ketchikan may rise by over 10,000 people on many days during the summer, as up to four large cruise ships at a time can dock, debarking thousands of passengers.', u'In 2006 Alaska had the highest number of pilots per capita of any U.S. state.', u'The race commemorates the famous 1925 serum run to Nome in which mushers and dogs like Togo and Balto took much-needed medicine to the diphtheria-stricken community of Nome when all other means of transportation had failed.', u'The "Serum Run" is another sled dog race that more accurately follows the route of the famous 1925 relay, leaving from the community of Nenana (southwest of Fairbanks) to Nome.', u'GCI owns and operates what it calls the Alaska United Fiber Optic system and as of late 2011 Alaska Communications advertised that it has "two fiber optic paths to the lower 48 and two more across Alaska.', u'In January 2011, it was reported that a $1 billion project to connect Asia and rural Alaska was being planned, aided in part by $350 million in stimulus from the federal government.', u'In addition, Republican Governor Wally Hickel was elected to the office for a second term in 1990 after leaving the Republican party and briefly joining the Alaskan Independence Party ticket just long enough to be reelected.', u'He subsequently officially rejoined the Republican party in 1994.', u"Alaska's voter initiative making marijuana legal took effect 24 February 2015, placing Alaska alongside Colorado and Washington as the first three U.S. states where recreational marijuana is legal.", u'While Alaska has no state sales tax, 89 municipalities collect a local sales tax, from 1.0\u20137.5%, typically 3\u20135%.', u'In 2014 the Tax Foundation ranked Alaska as having the fourth most "business friendly" tax policy, behind only Wyoming, South Dakota, and Nevada.', u'Alaska was carried by Democratic nominee Lyndon B. Johnson during his landslide election in 1964, while the 1960 and 1968 elections were close.', u'Since 1972, however, Republicans have carried the state by large margins.', u'In 2008, Republican John McCain defeated Democrat Barack Obama in Alaska, 59.49% to 37.83%.', u"Obama lost Alaska again in 2012, but he captured 40% of the state's vote in that election, making him the first Democrat to do so since 1968.", u'As of 2004, well over half of all registered voters have chosen "Non-Partisan" or "Undeclared" as their affiliation, despite recent attempts to close primaries to unaffiliated voters.', u'This seat is held by Republican Don Young, who was re-elected to his 21st consecutive term in 2012.', u"In 2008, Governor Sarah Palin became the first Republican woman to run on a national ticket when she became John McCain's running mate.", u"She continued to be a prominent national figure even after resigning from the governor's job in July 2009.", u'In 2008, Democrat Mark Begich, mayor of Anchorage, defeated long-time Republican senator Ted Stevens.', u'The conviction was set aside in April 2009 after evidence of prosecutorial misconduct emerged.', u'After being elected governor in 2002, he resigned from the Senate and appointed his daughter, State Representative Lisa Murkowski as his successor.', u'She won full six-year terms in 2004 and 2010.', u"In 2000, 57.71% of Alaska's area has this status, with 13.05% of the population.", u'Anchorage merged the city government with the Greater Anchorage Area Borough in 1975 to form the Municipality of Anchorage, containing the city proper and the communities of Eagle River, Chugiak, Peters Creek, Girdwood, Bird, and Indian.', u"The state's most populous city is Anchorage, home to 278,700 people in 2006, 225,744 of whom live in the urbanized area.", u'The richest location in Alaska by per capita income is Halibut Cove ($89,895).', u'=== Cities and census-designated places (by population) ===\nAs reflected in the 2010 United States Census, Alaska has a total of 355 incorporated cities and census-designated places (CDPs).', u"Of Alaska's 2010 Census population figure of 710,231, 20,429 people, or 2.88% of the population, did not live in an incorporated city or census-designated place.", u'CDPs have not been established for these areas by the United States Census Bureau, except that seven CDPs were established for the Ketchikan-area neighborhoods in the 1980 Census (Clover Pass, Herring Cove, Ketchikan East, Mountain Point, North Tongass Highway, Pennock Island and Saxman East), but have not been used since.', u'As of 2013, Alaska did not have a law school or medical school.', u'They have a long and storied history, but were not an official organization until 1941.', u'The official state song of Alaska is "Alaska\'s Flag", which was adopted in 1955; it celebrates the flag of Alaska.', u'Released in 1924 by the Alaska Moving Picture Corporation, it was the only film the company made.', u'In 1932 an expedition set out from MGM\'s studios in Hollywood to Alaska to film what was then billed as "The Biggest Picture Ever Made."', u'The 1983 Disney movie Never Cry Wolf was at least partially shot in Alaska.', u"The 1991 film White Fang, based on Jack London's novel and starring Ethan Hawke, was filmed in and around Haines.", u"Steven Seagal's 1994 On Deadly Ground, starring Michael Caine, was filmed in part at the Worthington Glacier near Valdez.", u'The 1999 John Sayles film Limbo, starring David Strathairn, Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio, and Kris Kristofferson, was filmed in Juneau.', u'The 2007 film directed by Sean Penn, Into The Wild, was partially filmed and set in Alaska.', u'The film, which is based on the novel of the same name, follows the adventures of Christopher McCandless, who died in a remote abandoned bus along the Stampede Trail west of Healy in 1992.', u'The 2007 horror feature 30 Days of Night is set in Barrow, but was filmed in New Zealand.', u'In 2011 the Anchorage Daily News found ten set in the state.', u'== State symbols ==\n\nState motto: North to the Future\nNicknames: "The Last Frontier" or "Land of the Midnight Sun" or "Seward\'s Icebox"\nState bird: willow ptarmigan, adopted by the Territorial Legislature in 1955.', u'State fish: king salmon, adopted 1962.', u'State flower: wild/native forget-me-not, adopted by the Territorial Legislature in 1917.', u'State fossil: woolly mammoth, adopted 1986.', u'State gem: jade, adopted 1968.', u'State insect: four-spot skimmer dragonfly, adopted 1995.', u'State land mammal: moose, adopted 1998.', u'State marine mammal: bowhead whale, adopted 1983.', u'State mineral: gold, adopted 1968.', u'State song: "Alaska\'s Flag"\nState sport: dog mushing, adopted 1972.', u'State tree: Sitka spruce, adopted 1962.', u'State dog: Alaskan Malamute, adopted 2010.']}
{'title': 'Golden Gate Bridge closed for 3rd time by fierce storm', 'year': '1982-01-04', 'sentences': [u'It opened in 1937 and was, until 1964, the longest suspension bridge main span in the world, at 4,200 feet (1,300 m).', u'A ferry service began as early as 1820, with a regularly scheduled service beginning in the 1840s for the purpose of transporting water to San Francisco.', u'The Sausalito Land and Ferry Company service, launched in 1867, eventually became the Golden Gate Ferry Company, a Southern Pacific Railroad subsidiary, the largest ferry operation in the world by the late 1920s.', u'=== Conception ===\nAlthough the idea of a bridge spanning the Golden Gate was not new, the proposal that eventually took hold was made in a 1916 San Francisco Bulletin article by former engineering student James Wilkins.', u"San Francisco's City Engineer estimated the cost at $100 million, which would have been $2.12 billion in 2009, and impractical for the time.", u'One who responded, Joseph Strauss, was an ambitious engineer and poet who had, for his graduate thesis, designed a 55-mile-long (89 km) railroad bridge across the Bering Strait.', u'In May 1924, Colonel Herbert Deakyne held the second hearing on the Bridge on behalf of the Secretary of War in a request to use federal land for construction.', u"The bridge's name was first used when the project was initially discussed in 1917 by M.M.", u'The name became official with the passage of the Golden Gate Bridge and Highway District Act by the state legislature in 1923, creating a special district to design, build and finance the bridge.', u'In November 1931, Strauss fired Ellis and replaced him with a former subordinate, Clifford Paine, ostensibly for wasting too much money sending telegrams back and forth to Moisseiff.', u'Ellis, obsessed with the project and unable to find work elsewhere during the Depression, continued working 70 hours per week on an unpaid basis, eventually turning in ten volumes of hand calculations.', u'In May 2007, the Golden Gate Bridge District issued a formal report on 70 years of stewardship of the famous bridge and decided to give Ellis major credit for the design of the bridge.', u'=== Finance ===\nThe Golden Gate Bridge and Highway District, authorized by an act of the California Legislature, was incorporated in 1928 as the official entity to design, construct, and finance the Golden Gate Bridge.', u'However, after the Wall Street Crash of 1929, the District was unable to raise the construction funds, so it lobbied for a $30 million bond measure.', u'The bonds were approved in November 1930, by votes in the counties affected by the bridge.', u'However, the District was unable to sell the bonds until 1932, when Amadeo Giannini, the founder of San Francisco\u2013based Bank of America, agreed on behalf of his bank to buy the entire issue in order to help the local economy.', u'=== Construction ===\nConstruction began on January 5, 1933.', u'Of eleven men killed from falls during construction, ten were killed when the bridge was near completion on May 27, 1937 when the net failed under the stress of a scaffold that had fallen.', u'The project was finished and opened May 27, 1937.', u'The Bridge Round House diner was then included in the southeastern end of the Golden Gate Bridge, adjacent to the tourist plaza which was renovated in 2012.', u'The Bridge Round House, an Art Deco design by Alfred Finnila completed in 1938, has been popular throughout the years as a starting point for various commercial tours of the bridge and an unofficial gift shop.', u'The diner was renovated in 2012 and the gift shop was then removed as a new, official gift shop has been included in the adjacent plaza.', u'With the death of Jack Balestreri in April 2012, all workers involved in the original construction are now deceased.', u'=== Opening festivities, 50th, and 75th anniversaries ===\nThe bridge-opening celebration began on May 27, 1937 and lasted for one week.', u'A statue of Strauss was moved in 1955 to a site near the bridge.', u'In May 1987, as part of the 50th anniversary celebration, the Golden Gate Bridge district again closed the bridge to automobile traffic and allowed pedestrians to cross the bridge.', u'Although the bridge is designed to flex in that way under heavy loads, and was estimated not to have exceeded 40% of the yielding stress of the suspension cables, bridge officials stated that uncontrolled pedestrian access was not being considered as part of the 75th anniversary on Sunday, May 27, 2012, because of the additional law enforcement costs required "since 9/11".', u'== Structural specifications ==\n\nUntil 1964, the Golden Gate Bridge had the longest suspension bridge main span in the world, at 4,200 feet (1,300 m).', u'Since 1964 its main span length has been surpassed by ten bridges; it now has the second-longest main span in the United States, after the Verrazano\u2013Narrows Bridge in New York City.', u"The Golden Gate Bridge's clearance above high water averages 220 feet (67 m) while its towers, at 746 feet (227 m) above the water, were the world's tallest on a suspension bridge until 1998 when bridges in Denmark and Japan were completed.", u"In 1999, it was ranked fifth on the List of America's Favorite Architecture by the American Institute of Architects.", u'Since 1990 acrylic topcoats have been used instead for air-quality reasons.', u'The program was completed in 1995 and it is now maintained by 38 painters who touch up the paintwork where it becomes seriously corroded.', u'From 1968 to 2015, opposing traffic was separated by small, plastic pylons, and during that time, there were 16 fatalities resulting from 128 head-on collisions.', u'To improve safety, the speed limit on the Golden Gate Bridge was reduced from 50 to 45 mph (80 to 72 km/h) on October 1, 1989.', u'Although there had been discussion concerning the installation of a movable barrier since the 1980s, only in March 2005 did the Bridge Board of Directors commit to finding funding to complete the $2 million study required prior to the installation of a movable median barrier.', u"Installation of the resulting barrier was completed on January 11, 2015, following a closure of 45.5 hours to private vehicle traffic, the longest in the bridge's history.", u'Initially, they were separated from the traffic lanes by only a metal curb, but railings between the walkways and the traffic lanes were added in 2003, primarily as a measure to prevent bicyclists from falling into the roadway.', u"It opened in 2012, in time for the bridge's 75th anniversary celebration.", u'=== Tolls ===\nThe last of the construction bonds were retired in 1971, with $35 million in principal and nearly $39 million in interest raised entirely from bridge tolls.', u'In November 2006, the Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District recommended a corporate sponsorship program for the bridge to address its operating deficit, projected at $80 million over five years.', u'In October 2007, the Board unanimously voted to discontinue the proposal and seek additional revenue through other means, most likely a toll increase.', u'Subsequently, this was delayed and toll taker elimination occurred in March 2013.', u'On April 7, 2014, the toll for users of FasTrak was increased from $5 to $6, while the toll for drivers using either the license plate tolling or the one time payment system was raised from $6 to $7.', u'The Golden Gate Transportation District then planned to increase the tolls by 25 cents in July 2015, and then by another 25 cents each of the next three years.', u'=== Congestion pricing ===\n\nIn March 2008, the Golden Gate Bridge District board approved a resolution to start congestion pricing at the Golden Gate Bridge, charging higher tolls during the peak hours, but rising and falling depending on traffic levels.', u'As a condition of the grant, the congestion toll was to be in place by September 2009.', u'The different pricing scenarios considered were presented in public meetings in December 2008.', u'In August 2008, transportation officials ended the congestion pricing program in favor of varying rates for metered parking along the route to the bridge including on Lombard Street and Van Ness Avenue.', u'The deck is about 245 feet (75 m) above the water.', u'After a fall of four seconds, jumpers hit the water at around 75 mph or about 120 km/h.', u'=== Wind ===\n\nSince its completion, the Golden Gate Bridge has been closed because of weather conditions only three times: on December 1, 1951, because of gusts of 69 mph (111 km/h); on December 23, 1982, because of winds of 70 mph (113 km/h); and on December 3, 1983, because of wind gusts of 75 mph (121 km/h).', u'Once thought to have been able to withstand any magnitude of foreseeable earthquake, the bridge was actually vulnerable to complete structural failure (i.e., collapse) triggered by the failure of supports on the 320-foot (98 m) arch over Fort Point.', u'The retrofit was planned to be completed in 2012.', u'The former elevated approach to the Golden Gate Bridge through the San Francisco Presidio, known as Doyle Drive, dated to 1933 and was named after Frank P. Doyle, President and son of the founder of the Exchange Bank in Santa Rosa, and the man who, more than any other person, made it possible to build the Golden Gate Bridge.', u'Construction on the $1 billion replacement, temporarily known as the Presidio Parkway, began in December 2009.', u'The elevated Doyle Drive was demolished on the weekend of April 27\u201330, 2012, and traffic used a part of the partially completed Presidio Parkway, until it was switched onto the finished Presidio Parkway on the weekend of July 9\u201312, 2015.', u'As of May 2012, an official at Caltrans said there is no plan to permanently rename the portion known as Doyle Drive.', u'== See also ==\n Bridges portal\n San Francisco Bay Area portal\n25 de Abril Bridge, a bridge with a similar design in Portugal\nGolden Gate Bridge in popular culture\nList of Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks\nList of longest suspension bridge spans\nList of San Francisco Designated Landmarks\nList of tallest bridges in the world\nSan Francisco\u2013Oakland Bay Bridge\nSuicide bridge\nSuspension bridge\nThe Bridge, a 2006 documentary on suicides from the Bridge\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== Further reading ==\nCassady, Stephen (1979).', u'Spanning the Gate (Commemorative edition, 1987 ed.).', u'79 (30).', u'Archived from the original on November 8, 2006.', u'April 5, 2006.', u'March 1931.']}
{'title': 'Henry Ford announced a minimum wage of $5 for an eight hour day', 'year': '1914-01-05', 'sentences': [u'Henry Ford (July 30, 1863 \u2013 April 7, 1947) was an American industrialist, the founder of the Ford Motor Company, and the sponsor of the development of the assembly line technique of mass production.', u'== Early life ==\nHenry Ford was born July 30, 1863, on a farm in Greenfield Township, Michigan.', u'Ford was devastated when his mother died in 1876.', u'In 1879, Ford left home to work as an apprentice machinist in Detroit, first with James F. Flower & Bros., and later with the Detroit Dry Dock Co.', u'In 1882, he returned to Dearborn to work on the family farm, where he became adept at operating the Westinghouse portable steam engine.', u'== Marriage and family ==\n\nFord married Clara Jane Bryant (1866\u20131950) on April 11, 1888 and supported himself by farming and running a sawmill.', u'== Career ==\nIn 1891, Ford became an engineer with the Edison Illuminating Company.', u'After his promotion to Chief Engineer in 1893, he had enough time and money to devote attention to his personal experiments on gasoline engines.', u'These experiments culminated in 1896 with the completion of a self-propelled vehicle which he named the Ford Quadricycle.', u'Also in 1896, Ford attended a meeting of Edison executives, where he was introduced to Thomas Edison.', u'Encouraged by Edison, Ford designed and built a second vehicle, completing it in 1898.', u'Backed by the capital of Detroit lumber baron William H. Murphy, Ford resigned from the Edison Company and founded the Detroit Automobile Company on August 5, 1899.', u'Ultimately, the company was not successful and was dissolved in January 1901.', u'With the help of C. Harold Wills, Ford designed, built, and successfully raced a 26-horsepower automobile in October 1901.', u'With this success, Murphy and other stockholders in the Detroit Automobile Company formed the Henry Ford Company on November 30, 1901, with Ford as chief engineer.', u'In 1902, Murphy brought in Henry M. Leland as a consultant; Ford, in response, left the company bearing his name.', u'Teaming up with former racing cyclist Tom Cooper, Ford also produced the 80+ horsepower racer "999" which Barney Oldfield was to drive to victory in a race in October 1902.', u'Ford & Malcomson was reincorporated as the Ford Motor Company on June 16, 1903, with $28,000 capital.', u'Ford then demonstrated a newly designed car on the ice of Lake St. Clair, driving 1 mile (1.6 km) in 39.4 seconds and setting a new land speed record at 91.3 miles per hour (146.9 kilometres per hour).', u'==== Model T ====\nThe Model T was introduced on October 1, 1908.', u'It was so cheap at $825 in 1908 ($21,760 today) (the price fell every year) that by the 1920s, a majority of American drivers had learned to drive on the Model T.\nFord created a huge publicity machine in Detroit to ensure every newspaper carried stories and ads about the new product.', u'Always on the hunt for more efficiency and lower costs, in 1913 Ford introduced the moving assembly belts into his plants, which enabled an enormous increase in production.', u'(See Ford Piquette Avenue Plant)\n\nSales passed 250,000 in 1914.', u'By 1916, as the price dropped to $360 for the basic touring car, sales reached 472,000.', u'(Using the consumer price index, this price was equivalent to $7,828.08 in 2015 dollars.)', u"By 1918, half of all cars in America were Model T's.", u'The design was fervently promoted and defended by Ford, and production continued as late as 1927; the final total production was 15,007,034.', u'President Woodrow Wilson asked Ford to run as a Democrat for the United States Senate from Michigan in 1918.', u'Henry Ford turned the presidency of Ford Motor Company over to his son Edsel Ford in December 1918.', u"==== Model A and Ford's later career ====\nBy 1926, flagging sales of the Model T finally convinced Henry to make a new model.", u'The result was the successful Ford Model A, introduced in December 1927 and produced through 1931, with a total output of more than 4 million.', u'Ford astonished the world in 1914 by offering a $5 per day wage ($120 today), which more than doubled the rate of most of his workers.', u'Ford announced his $5-per-day program on January 5, 1914, raising the minimum daily pay from $2.34 to $5 for qualifying male workers.', u'By the time he wrote his 1922 memoir, he spoke of the Social Department and of the private conditions for profit-sharing in the past tense, and admitted that "paternalism has no place in industry.', u'===== The five-day workweek =====\nIn addition to raising the wages of his workers, Ford also introduced a new, reduced workweek in 1926.', u'The decision was made in 1922, when Ford and Crowther described it as six 8-hour days, giving a 48-hour week, but in 1926 it was announced as five 8-hour days, giving a 40-hour week.', u"On May 1, 1926, the Ford Motor Company's factory workers switched to a five-day 40-hour workweek, with the company's office workers making the transition the following August.", u"The most famous incident, on May 26, 1937, involved Bennett's security men beating with clubs UAW representatives, including Walter Reuther.", u'A sit-down strike by the UAW union in April 1941 closed the River Rouge Plant.', u'The contract was signed in June 1941.', u'After the war, it returned to auto manufacturing until 1925, when Ford acquired the Stout Metal Airplane Company.', u'The Trimotor first flew on June 11, 1926, and was the first successful U.S. passenger airliner, accommodating about 12 passengers in a rather uncomfortable fashion.', u'199 Trimotors were built before it was discontinued in 1933, when the Ford Airplane Division shut down because of poor sales during the Great Depression.', u'In 1915, the pacifist Rosika Schwimmer gained favor with Ford, who agreed to fund a Peace Ship to Europe, where World War I was raging.', u"Marquis headed Ford's Sociology Department from 1913 to 1921.", u'When the U.S. entered the war in 1917 the company became a major supplier of weapons, especially the Liberty engine for airplanes, and anti-submarine boats.', u'In 1918, with the war on and the League of Nations a growing issue in global politics, President Woodrow Wilson, a Democrat, encouraged Ford to run for a Michigan seat in the U.S. Senate.', u'When Wilson made a major speaking tour in the summer of 1919 to promote the League, Ford helped fund the attendant publicity.', u'Ford "insisted that war was the product of greedy financiers who sought profit in human destruction"; in 1939 he went so far as to claim that the torpedoing of U.S. merchant ships by German submarines was the result of conspiratorial activities undertaken by financier war-makers.', u'In the run-up to World War II and when the war erupted in 1939, he reported that he did not want to trade with belligerents.', u'Beginning in 1940, with the requisitioning of between 100 and 200 French POWs to work as slave laborers, Ford-Werke contravened Article 31 of the 1929 Geneva Convention.', u'He "lined up behind the war effort" when the U.S. entered in late 1941.', u'Ford broke ground on Willow Run in the spring of 1941, and the first B-24 came off the line in October 1942.', u'At its peak in 1944, the Willow Run plant produced 650 B-24s per month, and by 1945 Ford was completing each B-24 in eighteen hours, with one rolling off the assembly line every 58 minutes.', u'When Edsel Ford died prematurely in 1943, Henry Ford nominally resumed control of the company, but a series of strokes in the late 1930s had left him increasingly debilitated, and his mental ability was fading.', u'Ford grew jealous of the publicity Sorensen received and forced Sorensen out in 1944.', u"Nothing happened until 1945 when, with bankruptcy a serious risk, Edsel's widow led an ouster and installed her son, Henry Ford II, as president.", u'The young man took full control, and forced out Harry Bennett in a purge of the old guard in 1947.', u"In 1918, Ford's closest aide and private secretary, Ernest G. Liebold, purchased an obscure weekly newspaper for Ford, The Dearborn Independent.", u'The Independent ran for eight years, from 1920 until 1927, with Liebold as editor.', u'The 2010 documentary film Jews and Baseball: An American Love Story (written by Pulitzer Prize winner Ira Berkow) states that Ford wrote on May 22, 1920: "If fans wish to know the trouble with American baseball they have it in three words\u2014too much Jew."', u'In a letter written in 1924, Heinrich Himmler described Ford as "one of our most valuable, important, and witty fighters."', u'Speaking in 1931 to a Detroit News reporter, Hitler said he regarded Ford as his "inspiration," explaining his reason for keeping Ford\'s life-size portrait next to his desk.', u'On February 1, 1924, Ford received Kurt Ludecke, a representative of Hitler, at home.', u'A libel lawsuit was brought by San Francisco lawyer and Jewish farm cooperative organizer Aaron Sapiro in response to the antisemitic remarks, and led Ford to close the Independent in December 1927.', u'Before leaving his presidency early in 1921, Woodrow Wilson joined other leading Americans in a statement that rebuked Ford and others for their antisemitic campaign.', u'A boycott against Ford products by Jews and liberal Christians also had an impact, and Ford shut down the paper in 1927, recanting his views in a public letter to Sigmund Livingston, ADL.', u"Ford's 1927 apology was well received.", u'"Four-Fifths of the hundreds of letters addressed to Ford in July 1927 were from Jews, and almost without exception they praised the industrialist."', u'In January 1937, a Ford statement to the Detroit Jewish Chronicle disavowed "any connection whatsoever with the publication in Germany of a book known as the International Jew."', u'In July 1938, before the outbreak of war, the German consul at Cleveland gave Ford, on his 75th birthday, the award of the Grand Cross of the German Eagle, the highest medal Nazi Germany could bestow on a foreigner.', u'On January 7, 1942, Ford wrote a letter to Sigmund Livingston as the Founder and National Chairman of the Anti-Defamation League.', u'The purpose of the letter was to clarify some general misconceptions that he subscribed or supported directly or indirectly, \u201cany agitation which would promote antagonism toward my Jewish fellow citizens.\u201d He concluded the letter with \u201cMy sincere hope that now in this country and throughout the world when the war is finished, hatred of the Jews and hatred against any other racial or religious groups shall cease for all time.\u201d\nDistribution of The International Jew was halted in 1942 through legal action by Ford, despite complications from a lack of copyright.', u'Ford had suffered previous strokes and his final cerebral hemorrhage occurred in 1947 at age 83.', u'He opened Ford assembly plants in Britain and Canada in 1911, and soon became the biggest automotive producer in those countries.', u'In 1912, Ford cooperated with Giovanni Agnelli of Fiat to launch the first Italian automotive assembly plants.', u'In the 1920s, Ford also opened plants in Australia, India, and France, and by 1929, he had successful dealerships on six continents.', u'In 1929, in the absence of diplomatic relations between the United States and the Soviet Union, Ford accepted an offer by the Soviet Government to provide technical aid in building the first Soviet automobile plant (GAZ) near Nizhny Novgorod (Gorky).', u'The technical assistance agreement between the Ford Motor Company, VSNKh, and Amtorg (as purchasing agent) was concluded for nine years and was signed in Dearborn on May 31, 1929, by Henry Ford, vice-president of the Ford Motor Company, Peter E. Martin, vice-chairman of VSNKh, Valery I. Mezhlauk, and the president of Amtorg, Saul G. Bron (an additional contract for actual construction of the plant was signed with The Austin Company on August 23, 1929).', u"All the world is bound to catch some good from it.\u201d\nBy 1932, Ford was manufacturing one third of all the world's automobiles.", u'== Racing ==\n\nFord maintained an interest in auto racing from 1901 to 1913 and began his involvement in the sport as both a builder and a driver, later turning the wheel over to hired drivers.', u'He entered stripped-down Model Ts in races, finishing first (although later disqualified) in an "ocean-to-ocean" (across the United States) race in 1909, and setting a one-mile (1.6 km) oval speed record at Detroit Fairgrounds in 1911 with driver Frank Kulick.', u'In 1913, Ford attempted to enter a reworked Model T in the Indianapolis 500 but was told rules required the addition of another 1,000 pounds (450 kg) to the car before it could qualify.', u'Nevertheless, Ford did make quite an impact on auto racing during his racing years, and he was inducted into the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 1996.', u'== Later career and death ==\nWhen Edsel Ford, President of Ford Motor Company, died of cancer in May 1943, the elderly and ailing Henry Ford decided to assume the presidency.', u'His health failing, Ford ceded the company Presidency to his grandson, Henry Ford II, in September 1945 and went into retirement.', u'He died on April 7, 1947, of a cerebral hemorrhage at Fair Lane, his estate in Dearborn, at the age of 83.', u'357, Detroit, in 1894.', u'When he received his 33rd in 1940, he said, "Masonry is the best balance wheel the United States has."', u'In 1923, Ford\'s pastor, and head of his sociology department, Episcopal minister Samuel S. Marquis, claimed that Ford believed, or "once believed," in reincarnation.', u'Ford published an anti-smoking book, circulated to youth in 1914, called The Case Against the Little White Slaver, which documented many dangers of cigarette smoking attested to by many researchers and luminaries.', u'This project culminated in 1942, when Ford patented an automobile made almost entirely of plastic, attached to a tubular welded frame.', u'In 1927 Ford partnered with Thomas Edison and Harvey Samuel Firestone (each contributing $25,000) to create the Edison Botanic Research Corp. in Fort Myers, Florida, to look for a native source of rubber.', u'=== Florida and Georgia residences and community ===\nFord had a vacation residence in Fort Myers, Florida next to that of Thomas Edison, which he bought in 1915 and used until approximately 1930.', u'In 1936, Ford broke ground for a beautiful Greek revival style mansion on the banks of the Ogeechee River on the site of a 1730s plantation.', u'It was opened in 1929 as the Edison Institute.', u'The Christian cross is replaced with a capital "T" for Model-T.\nUpton Sinclair created a fictional description of Ford in the 1937 novel The Flivver King.', u'Ford, his family, and his company were the subjects of a 1986 biography by Robert Lacey entitled Ford: The Man and the Machine.', u'The book was adapted in 1987 into a film starring Cliff Robertson and Michael Ironside.', u'In the 2005 alternative history novel The Plot Against America, Philip Roth features Ford as Secretary of the Interior in a fictional Charles Lindbergh presidential administration.', u'Ford appears as a Great Builder in the 2008 strategy video game Civilization Revolution.', u"== Honors and recognition ==\nIn December 1999, Ford was among 18 included in Gallup's List of Widely Admired People of the 20th Century, from a poll conducted of the American people.", u"In 1928, Ford was awarded the Franklin Institute's Elliott Cresson Medal.", u"In 1938, Ford was awarded Nazi Germany's Grand Cross of the German Eagle, a medal given to foreigners sympathetic to Nazism.", u'He was inducted into the Automotive Hall of Fame in 1946.', u'== See also ==\n\nDetroit, Toledo and Ironton Railroad\nDodge v. Ford Motor Company\nEdison and Ford Winter Estates\nFerdinand Porsche\nFerdinand Verbiest\nFord family tree\nList of covers of Time magazine (1920s)\nList of wealthiest historical figures\nList of richest Americans in history\nPreston Tucker\nRansom Olds\nWilliam Benson Mayo\n\n\n== Notes ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n=== Memoirs by Ford Motor Company principals ===\n\n\n=== Biographies ===\n\n\n=== Specialized studies ===\n\n\n== Further reading ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nHenry Ford at Find a Grave\nFull text of My Life and Work from Project Gutenberg\nTimeline\nQuotes\nNevins and Hill tell the story of Peace Ship in American Heritage\nThe Henry Ford Heritage Association\nThe Washington Post reports on Ford and General Motors response to alleged collaboration with Nazi Germany\n"Power, Ignorance, and Anti-Semitism: Henry Ford and His War on Jews" by Jonathan R. Logsdon, Hanover Historical Review 1999\nReview of The People\'s Tycoon by Steven Watts.']}
{'title': 'NASA announces development of Space Shuttle', 'year': '1972-01-05', 'sentences': [u'President Dwight D. Eisenhower established NASA in 1958 with a distinctly civilian (rather than military) orientation encouraging peaceful applications in space science.', u"The National Aeronautics and Space Act was passed on July 29, 1958, disestablishing NASA's predecessor, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA).", u'The new agency became operational on October 1, 1958.', u'== CreationEdit ==\n\nFrom 1946, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) had been experimenting with rocket planes such as the supersonic Bell X-1.', u"After the Soviet launch of the world's first artificial satellite (Sputnik 1) on October 4, 1957, the attention of the United States turned toward its own fledgling space efforts.", u'The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) was created in February 1958 to develop space technology for military application.', u'On July 29, 1958, Eisenhower signed the National Aeronautics and Space Act, establishing NASA.', u'When it began operations on October 1, 1958, NASA absorbed the 43-year-old NACA intact; its 8,000 employees, an annual budget of US$100 million, three major research laboratories (Langley Aeronautical Laboratory, Ames Aeronautical Laboratory, and Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory) and two small test facilities.', u'A NASA seal was approved by President Eisenhower in 1959.', u'In December 1958, NASA gained control of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a contractor facility operated by the California Institute of Technology.', u'Manned programs sent the first Americans into low Earth orbit (LEO), won the Space Race with the Soviet Union by landing twelve men on the Moon from 1969 to 1972 in the Apollo program, developed a semi-reusable LEO Space Shuttle, and developed LEO space station capability by itself and with the cooperation of several other nations including post-Soviet Russia.', u'Reacting to loss of national prestige and security fears caused by early leads in space exploration by the Soviet Union, in 1961 President John F. Kennedy proposed the ambitious goal "of landing a man on the Moon by the end of [the 1960s], and returning him safely to the Earth."', u'This goal was met in 1969 by the Apollo program, and NASA planned even more ambitious activities leading to a manned mission to Mars.', u'To date, NASA has launched a total of 166 manned space missions on rockets, and thirteen X-15 rocket flights above the USAF definition of spaceflight altitude, 260,000 feet (80 km).', u'Requests for proposal were issued on December 30, 1954 for the airframe, and February 4, 1955 for the rocket engine.', u'The airframe contract was awarded to North American Aviation in November 1955, and the XLR30 engine contract was awarded to Reaction Motors in 1956, and three planes were built.', u'A total of 199 flights were made between 1959 and 1968, resulting in the official world record for the highest speed ever reached by a manned powered aircraft (current as of 2014), and a maximum speed of Mach 6.72, 4,519 miles per hour (7,273 km/h).', u'Eight of the pilots were awarded Air Force astronaut wings for flying above 260,000 feet (80 km), and two flights by Joseph A. Walker exceeded 100 kilometers (330,000 ft), qualifying as spaceflight according to the International Aeronautical Federation.', u'By 1958, the space plane concepts were eliminated in favor of the ballistic capsule.', u'On May 5, 1961, astronaut Alan Shepard became the first American in space aboard Freedom 7, launched by a Redstone booster on a 15-minute ballistic (suborbital) flight.', u'John Glenn became the first American to be launched into orbit by an Atlas launch vehicle on February 20, 1962 aboard Friendship 7.', u"Glenn completed three orbits, after which three more orbital flights were made, culminating in L. Gordon Cooper's 22-orbit flight Faith 7, May 15\u201316, 1963.", u"They sent the first man in space, by launching cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin into a single Earth orbit aboard Vostok 1 in April 1961, one month before Shepard's flight.", u'In August 1962, they achieved an almost four-day record flight with Andriyan Nikolayev aboard Vostok 3, and also conducted a concurrent Vostok 4 mission carrying Pavel Popovich.', u"==== Project Gemini (1961\u201366)Edit ====\n\nBased on studies to grow the Mercury spacecraft capabilities to long-duration flights, developing space rendezvous techniques, and precision Earth landing, Project Gemini was started as a two-man program in 1962 to overcome the Soviets' lead and to support the Apollo manned lunar landing program, adding extravehicular activity (EVA) and rendezvous and docking to its objectives.", u'The first manned Gemini flight, Gemini 3, was flown by Gus Grissom and John Young on March 23, 1965.', u'Nine missions followed in 1965 and 1966, demonstrating an endurance mission of nearly fourteen days, rendezvous, docking, and practical EVA, and gathering medical data on the effects of weightlessness on humans.', u"They succeeded in launching two manned flights before Gemini's first flight, achieving a three-cosmonaut flight in 1963 and the first EVA in 1964.", u"==== Project Apollo (1961\u201372)Edit ====\n\nThe U.S public's perception of the Soviet lead in the space race (by putting the first man in space) motivated President John F. Kennedy to ask the Congress on May 25, 1961 to commit the federal government to a program to land a man on the Moon by the end of the 1960s, which effectively launched the Apollo program.", u'The second manned mission, Apollo 8, brought astronauts for the first time in a flight around the Moon in December 1968.', u'On the next two missions docking maneuvers that were needed for the Moon landing were practiced and then finally the Moon landing was made on the Apollo 11 mission in July 1969.', u'Five subsequent Apollo missions also landed astronauts on the Moon, the last in December 1972.', u'Conceived in 1965 as a workshop to be constructed in space from a spent Saturn IB upper stage, the 169,950 lb (77,088 kg) station was constructed on Earth and launched on May 14, 1973 atop the first two stages of a Saturn V, into a 235-nautical-mile (435 km) orbit inclined at 50\xb0 to the equator.', u'It was occupied for a total of 171 days by 3 successive crews in 1973 and 1974.', u"NASA planned to have a Space Shuttle dock with it, and elevate Skylab to a higher safe altitude, but the Shuttle was not ready for flight before Skylab's re-entry on July 11, 1979.", u'Three three-man crews stayed aboard the station for periods of 28, 59, and 84 days.', u'==== Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (1972\u201375)Edit ====\n\nOn May 24, 1972, US President Richard M. Nixon and Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin signed an agreement calling for a joint manned space mission, and declaring intent for all future international manned spacecraft to be capable of docking with each other.', u'The mission took place in July 1975.', u'This was the last US manned space flight until the first orbital flight of the Space Shuttle in April 1981.', u'Planned as a frequently launchable and mostly reusable vehicle, four space shuttle orbiters were built by 1985.', u'The first to launch, Columbia, did so on April 12, 1981, the 20th anniversary of the first known human space flight.', u'Another famous series of missions were the launch and later successful repair of the Hubble Space Telescope in 1990 and 1993, respectively.', u'In 1995, Russian-American interaction resumed with the Shuttle-Mir missions (1995\u20131998).', u'The strength of their cooperation on this project was even more evident when NASA began relying on Russian launch vehicles to service the ISS during the two-year grounding of the shuttle fleet following the 2003 Space Shuttle Columbia disaster.', u'The Shuttle fleet lost two orbiters and 14 astronauts in two disasters: Challenger in 1986, and Columbia in 2003.', u'While the 1986 loss was mitigated by building the Space Shuttle Endeavour from replacement parts, NASA did not build another orbiter to replace the second loss.', u'NASA originally planned in the 1980s to develop Freedom alone, but US budget constraints led to the merger of these projects into a single multi-national program in 1993, managed by NASA, the Russian Federal Space Agency (RKA), the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), the European Space Agency (ESA), and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA).', u'The on-orbit assembly began in 1998, the completion of the US Orbital Segment occurred in 2011 and the completion of the Russian Orbital Segment is expected by 2016.', u'Since May 2009, expedition crew size has been six crew members.', u'Several uncrewed cargo spacecraft service the ISS, they are the Russian Progress spacecraft which has done so since 2000, the European Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV) since 2008, the Japanese H-II Transfer Vehicle (HTV) since 2009, the American Dragon spacecraft since 2012, and the American Cygnus spacecraft since 2013.', u'===== Commercial Resupply Services (2006\u2013present)Edit =====\n\nThe development of the Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) vehicles began in 2006 with the purpose of creating American commercially operated uncrewed cargo vehicles to service the ISS.', u'On December 23, 2008, NASA awarded Commercial Resupply Services contracts to SpaceX and Orbital Sciences Corporation.', u'The first Dragon resupply mission occurred in May 2012.', u'The first Cygnus resupply mission occurred in September 2013.', u'===== Commercial Crew Program (2010\u2013present)Edit =====\n\nThe Commercial Crew Development (CCDev) program was initiated in 2010 with the purpose of creating American commercially operated crewed spacecraft capable of delivering at least four crew members to the ISS, staying docked for 180 days and then returning them back to Earth.', u'In 2010, NASA announced the winners of the first phase of the program, a total of $50 million was divided among five American companies to foster research and development into human spaceflight concepts and technologies in the private sector.', u'In 2011, the winners of the second phase of the program were announced, $270 million was divided among four companies.', u'In 2012, the winners of the third phase of the program were announced, NASA provided $1.1 billion divided among three companies to further develop their crew transportation systems.', u'In 2014, the winners of the final round were announced.', u"In February 2010, President Barack Obama's administration proposed eliminating public funds for the Constellation program and shifting greater responsibility of servicing the ISS to private companies.", u'During a speech at the Kennedy Space Center on April 15, 2010, Obama proposed a new heavy-lift vehicle (HLV) to replace the formerly planned Ares V. In his speech, Obama called for a manned mission to an asteroid as soon as 2025, and a manned mission to Mars orbit by the mid-2030s.', u'The NASA Authorization Act of 2010 was passed by Congress and signed into law on October 11, 2010.', u'The Authorization Act required a newly designed HLV be chosen within 90 days of its passing; the launch vehicle was given the name "Space Launch System".', u'The initial capability of SLS is required to be able to lift 70 mt into LEO.', u"Exploration Flight Test 1 (EFT-1), an unmanned test flight of Orion's crew module, was launched on December 5, 2014, atop a Delta IV Heavy rocket.", u'As of March 2012, the destination for EM-3 and the intermediate focus for this new program is still in-flux.', u'It was launched in January 1958, two months after Sputnik.', u'A more recent Earth mission, not related to the Explorer program, was the Hubble Space Telescope, which as mentioned above was brought into orbit in 1990.', u'The first successful landing on Mars was made by Viking 1 in 1976.', u'Outside Mars, Jupiter was first visited by Pioneer 10 in 1973.', u'Pioneer 11 became the first spacecraft to visit Saturn in 1979, with Voyager 2 making the first (and so far only) visits to Uranus and Neptune in 1986 and 1989, respectively.', u'The first spacecraft to leave the solar system was Pioneer 10 in 1983.', u'Contact with Pioneer 10 was lost in 2003.', u"On November 26, 2011, NASA's Mars Science Laboratory mission was successfully launched for Mars.", u'Curiosity successfully landed on Mars on August 6, 2012, and subsequently began its search for evidence of past or present life on Mars.', u'The New Horizons mission to Pluto was launched in 2006 and successfully performed a flyby of Pluto on July 14, 2015.', u"The probe received a gravity assist from Jupiter in February 2007, examining some of Jupiter's inner moons and testing on-board instruments during the flyby.", u'On December 4, 2006, NASA announced it was planning a permanent moon base.', u'However, in 2009, the Augustine Committee found the program to be on a "unsustainable trajectory."', u'In 2010, President Barack Obama halted existing plans, including the Moon base, and directed a generic focus on manned missions to asteroids and Mars, as well as extending support for the International Space Station.', u"Since 2011, NASA's strategic goals have been\nExtend and sustain human activities across the solar system\nExpand scientific understanding of the Earth and the universe\nCreate innovative new space technologies\nAdvance aeronautics research\nEnable program and institutional capabilities to conduct NASA's aeronautics and space activities\nShare NASA with the public, educators, and students to provide opportunities to participate\nIn August 2011, NASA accepted the donation of two space telescopes from the National Reconnaissance Office.", u'In September 2011, NASA announced the start of the Space Launch System program to develop a human-rated heavy lift vehicle.', u'The Orion MPCV conducted an unmanned test launch on a Delta IV Heavy rocket in December 2014.', u'On August 6, 2012, NASA landed the rover Curiosity on Mars.', u"On August 27, 2012, Curiosity transmitted the first pre-recorded message from the surface of Mars back to Earth, made by Administrator Charlie Bolden:\n\n\n== Scientific researchEdit ==\n\nNASA's Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate conducts aeronautics research.", u"In 2009, President Barack Obama nominated Charles Bolden as NASA's twelfth administrator.", u'It has been the launch site for every United States human space flight since 1968.', u"== BudgetEdit ==\n\nNASA's budget has generally been approximately 1% of the federal budget from the early 1970s on, after briefly peaking at approximately 4.41% in 1966 during the Apollo program.", u"Public perception of NASA's budget has differed significantly from reality; a 1997 poll indicated that most Americans responded that 20% of the federal budget went to NASA.", u'The percentage of federal budget that NASA has been allocated has been steadily dropping since the Apollo program and in 2012 it was estimated at 0.48% of the federal budget.', u'In a March 2012 meeting of the United States Senate Science Committee, Neil deGrasse Tyson testified that "Right now, NASA\u2019s annual budget is half a penny on your tax dollar.', u'For Fiscal Year 2015, NASA received an appropriation of US$18.01 billion from Congress\u2014$549 million more than requested and approximately $350 million more than the 2014 NASA budget passed by Congress.', u'However, carbon dioxide emissions are insignificant compared to those from other sources; on average, the United States consumed 802,620,000 US gallons (3.0382\xd7109 L) gallons of liquid fuels per day in 2014, while a single Falcon 9 rocket first stage burns around 25,000 US gallons (95,000 L) of kerosene fuel per launch.', u'NASA addressed environmental concerns with its canceled Constellation program in accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act in 2011.', u'On May 8, 2003, Environmental Protection Agency recognized NASA as the first federal agency to directly use landfill gas to produce energy at one of its facilities\u2014the Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland.', u'Additionally, the Exploration Sciences Building was awarded the LEED Gold rating in 2010.']}
{'title': 'Surrogate Baby M case begins in Hackensack NJ', 'year': '1987-01-05', 'sentences': [u'Baby M (born March 27, 1986) was the pseudonym used in the case In re Baby M, 537 A.2d 1227, 109 N.J. 396 (N.J. 1988) for the infant whose legal parentage was in question.', u'== Background details ==\nIn March 1984, Mary Beth Whitehead responded to an ad placed by the Infertility Center of New York in the Asbury Park Press seeking women willing to help infertile couples have children.', u'On March 27, 1986, Mary Beth gave birth to a daughter, whom she named Sara Elizabeth Whitehead.', u'On March 31, 1987, New Jersey Superior Court Judge Harvey R. Sorkow formally validated the surrogacy contract and awarded custody of Baby M to the Sterns under a "best interest of the child analysis".', u'On February 3, 1988, however, the Supreme Court of New Jersey, led by Chief Justice Robert Wilentz, invalidated surrogacy contracts as against public policy but in dicta affirmed the trial court\'s use of a "best interest of the child" analysis and remanded the case to family court.', u'In 2009, New Jersey Superior Court ruled that In re Baby M applies to gestational surrogacy as well as traditional surrogacy cases, in A.G.R.', u'However, a later ruling in 2011 awarded full custody to the biological father.', u"== Aftermath ==\nAfter reaching the age of maturity in March 2004, Melissa Stern legally terminated Mary Beth's parental rights and formalized Elizabeth's maternity through adoption proceedings.", u'"I love my family very much and am very happy to be with them," Melissa told a reporter for the New Jersey Monthly, referring to the Sterns in 2004.', u'The biological mother, Ms. Whitehead, wrote a book about her experience in 1989.', u'In January 2011, a British court ruled a woman who bore a daughter under an informal surrogate agreement with a childless couple would keep the baby.', u'== In popular culture ==\nAn ABC Network miniseries, simply titled Baby M, was broadcast in May 1988.', u"In 1989, Mary Beth Whitehead published her own book about her experiences, A Mother's Story: The Truth About the Baby M Case.", u'In 1988 artist Martha Rosler made the video "Born to be Sold: Martha Rosler Reads the Strange Case of Baby M".']}
{'title': 'Samuel Morse made 1st public demonstration of telegraph', 'year': '1838-01-06', 'sentences': [u'Samuel Finley Breese Morse (April 27, 1791 \u2013 April 2, 1872) was an American painter and inventor.', u'In 1810, he graduated from Yale with Phi Beta Kappa honors.', u'The two men set sail aboard the Lybia on July 15, 1811.', u"In England, Morse perfected his painting techniques under Allston's watchful eye; by the end of 1811, he gained admittance to the Royal Academy.", u"During Morse's time in Britain, the Americans and British were engaged in the War of 1812.", u'He left England on August 21, 1815, to return to the United States and begin his full-time career as a painter.', u"Morse's 1818 painting of Mrs. Emma Quash symbolized the opulence of Charleston.", u'Between 1819 and 1821, Morse went through great changes in his life, including a decline in commissions due to the Panic of 1819.', u'Morse was commissioned to paint President James Monroe in 1820.', u'The Hall of Congress failed to draw a crowd when exhibited in New York City in 1821.', u'In 1826 he helped found the National Academy of Design in New York City.', u"He served as the Academy's President from 1826 to 1845 and again from 1861 to 1862.", u'From 1830 to 1832, Morse traveled and studied in Europe to improve his painting skills, visiting Italy, Switzerland and France.', u'On a subsequent visit to Paris in 1839, Morse met Louis Daguerre.', u'Morse artworks\n\n\n== Attributed artworks ==\n\n\n== Telegraph ==\n\nAs noted, in 1825 New York City had commissioned Morse to paint a portrait of Lafayette in Washington, DC.', u'While returning by ship from Europe in 1832, Morse encountered Charles Thomas Jackson of Boston, a man who was well schooled in electromagnetism.', u'Meanwhile, William Cooke and Professor Charles Wheatstone had learned of the Wilhelm Weber and Carl Gauss electromagnetic telegraph in 1833.', u'In England, Cooke became fascinated by electrical telegraphy in 1836, four years after Morse.', u'Cooke and Wheatstone formed a partnership and patented the electrical telegraph in May 1837, and within a short time had provided the Great Western Railway with a 13-mile (21 km) stretch of telegraph.', u'In an 1848 letter to a friend, Morse describes how vigorously he fought to be called the sole inventor of the electromagnetic telegraph despite the previous inventions.', u'At the Speedwell Ironworks in Morristown, New Jersey on January 11, 1838, Morse and Vail made the first public demonstration of the electric telegraph.', u'Morse traveled to Washington, D.C. in 1838 seeking federal sponsorship for a telegraph line but was not successful.', u'== Federal support ==\nMorse made his last trip to Washington, D.C., in December 1842, stringing "wires between two committee rooms in the Capitol, and sent messages back and forth" to demonstrate his telegraph system.', u'Congress appropriated $30,000 in 1843 for construction of an experimental 38-mile (61 km) telegraph line between Washington, D.C., and Baltimore along the right-of-way of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.', u"An impressive demonstration occurred on May 1, 1844, when news of the Whig Party's nomination of Henry Clay for U.S. President was telegraphed from the party's convention in Baltimore to the Capitol Building in Washington.", u'On May 24, 1844, the line was officially opened as Morse sent the now-famous words, "What hath God wrought," from the Supreme Court chamber in the basement of the U.S. Capitol building in Washington, D.C., to the B&O\'s Mount Clare Station in Baltimore.', u'In May 1845 the Magnetic Telegraph Company was formed in order to build telegraph lines from New York City toward Philadelphia, Boston, Buffalo, New York and the Mississippi.', u'== Patent ==\n\nMorse received a patent for the telegraph in 1847, at the old Beylerbeyi Palace (the present Beylerbeyi Palace was built in 1861\u20131865 on the same location) in Istanbul, which was issued by Sultan Abd\xfclmecid, who personally tested the new invention.', u'He was elected an Associate Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1849.', u'Morse expressed his wish to donate his portrait from 1830 to the king.', u'The Morse telegraphic apparatus was officially adopted as the standard for European telegraphy in 1851.', u'In 1858, Morse introduced wired communication to Latin America when he established a telegraph system in Puerto Rico, then a Spanish Colony.', u'The line was inaugurated on March 1, 1859, in a ceremony flanked by the Spanish and American flags.', u"In 1836, he ran unsuccessfully for mayor of New York under the anti-immigrant Nativist Party's banner, receiving only 1496 votes.", u'== Marriages ==\nMorse married Lucretia Pickering Walker on September 29, 1818, in Concord, New Hampshire.', u'She died on February 7, 1825, shortly after the birth of their third child (Susan b.', u'1819, Charles b.', u'1823, James b.', u'He married his second wife, Sarah Elizabeth Griswold on August 10, 1848 in Utica, New York and had four children (Samuel b.', u'1849, Cornelia b.', u'1851, William b.', u'1853, Edward b.', u"In 1853 The Telegraph Patent case--O'Reilly v. Morse-- came before the U.S. Supreme Court where, after very lengthy investigation, Chief Justice Roger B. Taney ruled that Morse had been the first to combine the battery, electromagnetism, the electromagnet and the correct battery configuration into a workable practical telegraph.", u'There was a widespread recognition that something must be done, and in 1858 Morse was awarded the sum of 400,000 French francs (equivalent to about $80,000 at the time) by the governments of France, Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, Piedmont, Russia, Sweden, Tuscany and Turkey, each of which contributed a share according to the number of Morse instruments in use in each country.', u'In 1858, he was also elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.', u'Morse had experimented with underwater telegraph circuits since 1842.', u'In 1856, Morse traveled to London to help Charles Tilston Bright and Edward Whitehouse test a 2,000-mile-length of spooled cable.', u'Though the cable broke three times during the third attempt, it was successfully repaired, and the first transatlantic telegraph messages were sent in 1858.', u'Though Field had to wait out the Civil War, the cable laid in 1866 proved more durable, and the era of reliable transatlantic telegraph service had begun.', u'He could not patent it, however, because of an existing 1820 Thomas Blanchard design.', u'He died in New York City on April 2, 1872, and was interred at Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York.', u'== Honors and awards ==\n\nMorse was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1815.', u'Despite honors and financial awards received from foreign countries there was no such recognition in the U.S. until he neared the end of his life, when on June 10, 1871 a bronze statue of Samuel Morse was unveiled in Central Park, New York City.', u'An engraved portrait of Morse appeared on the reverse side of the United States two-dollar bill silver certificate series of 1896.', u'An example can be seen on the website of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco\'s website in their "American Currency Exhibit":\nA blue plaque was erected to commemorate him at 141 Cleveland Street, London, where he lived from 1812 to 1815.', u'According to his The New York Times obituary published on April 3, 1872, Morse received respectively the decoration of the Atiq Nishan-i-Iftikhar (English: Order of Glory) [first medal on wearer\'s right depicted in photo of Morse with medals], set in diamonds, from Sultan Abd\xfclmecid of Turkey (c.1847), a "golden snuff box containing the Prussian gold medal for scientific merit" from the King of Prussia (1851); the Great Gold Medal of Arts and Sciences from the King of W\xfcrttemberg (1852); and the Great Golden Medal of Science and Arts from Emperor of Austria (1855); a cross of Chevalier in the L\xe9gion d\'honneur from the Emperor of France; the Cross of a Knight of the Order of the Dannebrog from the King of Denmark (1856); the Cross of Knight Commander of the Order of Isabella the Catholic, from the Queen of Spain, besides being elected member of innumerable scientific and art societies in this [United States] and other countries.', u'Other awards include Order of the Tower and Sword from the kingdom of Portugal (1860); and Italy conferred on him the insignia of chevalier of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus in 1864.', u"Morse's telegraph was recognized as an IEEE Milestone in 1988.", u'On April 1, 2012, Google announced the release of "Gmail Tap", an April Fools\' Day joke that allowed users to use Morse Code to send text from their mobile phones.', u'== Patents ==\n\nUS Patent 1,647, Improvement in the mode of communicating information by signals by the application of electro-magnetism, June 20, 1840\nUS Patent 1,647 (Reissue #79), Improvement in the mode of communicating information by signals by the application of electro-magnetism, January 15, 1846\nUS Patent 1,647 (Reissue #117), Improvement in electro-magnetic telegraphs, June 13, 1848\nUS Patent 3,316, Method of introducing wire into metallic pipes, October 5, 1843\nUS Patent 4,453, Improvement in Electro-magnetic telegraphs, April 11, 1846\nUS Patent 4,453 (Reissue #118), Improvement in Electro-magnetic telegraphs, June 13, 1848\nUS Patent 6,420, Improvement in electric telegraphs, May 1, 1849\n\n\n== Notes ==\n\n\n== References ==\nBellion, Wendy (2011), Citizen Spectator: Art, Illusion, and Visual Perception in Early National America, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-0-8078-3388-9 \nBellis, Mary (2009), Timeline: Biography of Samuel Morse 1791\u20131872, The New York Times Company, retrieved 2009-04-27 \nBellis, Mary (2009a), The Communication Revolution, The New York Times Company, retrieved 2009-04-27 \nCarter, Samuel III (1968), Cyrus Field: Man of Two Worlds, New York: G.P.', u'(2011), The Information: a History, a Theory, a Flood, London, Fourth Estate \nInvent Now staff (19 February 2007), Inventor profile: Samuel F. B. Morse, National Inventors Hall of Fame Foundation, retrieved 20 October 2013 \nMabee, Carleton (2004), Samuel F. B. Morse, archived from the original on December 12, 2006, retrieved 2007-02-14 \nMcCullough, David (2011), The Greater Journey: Americans in Paris, Simon & Schuster, ISBN 978-1-4165-7176-6 \nMcCullough, David (September 2011), "Reversal of Fortune", Smithsonian, 42 (5): 80\u201388 \nMcEwen, Neal (1997), Morse Code or Vail Code?', u'Did Samuel F. B. Morse Invent the Code as We Know it Today?, The Telegraph Office, retrieved 2009-10-17 \nMorse, Samuel (December 26, 2006) [1839], "Letter to the New-York Observer Vol.', u'", The Daguerrotipe, The Daguerreian Society, retrieved 2008-09-25 \nMorse, Samuel F. B.', u'Mabee, Carleton, The American Leonardo: A Life of Samuel F. B. Morse (1943, reissued 1969); William Kloss, Samuel F. B. Morse (1988); Paul J. Staiti, Samuel F. B. Morse (1989) (Knopf, 1944) (Pulitzer Prize winner for biography for 1944).', u'Samuel F. B. Morse, Foreign Conspiracy Against the Liberties of the United States: The Numbers Under the Signature (Harvard University Press 1835,1855)\nKenneth Silverman, Lightning Man \u2013 The Accursed Life of Samuel F. B. Morse (De Capo Press 2004)\nPaul J. Staiti, Samuel F. B. Morse (Cambridge 1989).', u'P. Kragelund and M. Nykj\xe6r, Rome 1991 (Analecta Romana Instituti Danici, Supplementum 18.', u'New York: Henry Holt and Company: 119\u2013157 \nAndrew Wheen, DOT-DASH TO DOT.COM: How Modern Telecommunications Evolved from the Telegraph to the Internet (Springer, 2011) pp 3\u201329\nJames D. Reid, "The Telegraph in America: Its Founders, Promoters and Noted Men" New York: Arno Press, 1974.', u'Robert Luther Thompson, "Wiring A Continent, The History of the Telegraph Industry in the United States 1832\u2013186" Princeton University Press, 1947.', u'CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)\n\n\n== External links ==\nArt and the empire city: New York, 1825\u20131861, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Morse (see index)\nSamuel Morse at Find a Grave\nSpeech of Morse given at the National Academy of Design, 1840, regarding the daguerreotype\nReminiscence by Morse regarding the early days of the daguerreotype\nSamuel Finley Brown Morse Papers, 1911\u20131969 (call number JL016; 42.5 linear ft.) are housed in the Department of Special Collections and University Archives at Stanford University Libraries\nBooknotes interview with Kenneth Silverman on Lightning Man: The Accursed Life of Samuel F. B. Morse, February 22, 2004.']}
{'title': 'Galileo discovers 1st 3 Jupiter satellites Io Europa & Ganymede', 'year': '1610-01-07', 'sentences': [u'Galileo Galilei (Italian pronunciation: [\u0261ali\u02c8l\u025b\u02d0o \u0261ali\u02c8l\u025bi]; 15 February 1564 \u2013 8 January 1642) was an Italian polymath: astronomer, physicist, engineer, philosopher, and mathematician, he played a major role in the scientific revolution of the seventeenth century.', u'The matter was investigated by the Roman Inquisition in 1615, which concluded that heliocentrism was "foolish and absurd in philosophy, and formally heretical since it explicitly contradicts in many places the sense of Holy Scripture."', u'== Early life and family ==\nGalileo was born in Pisa (then part of the Duchy of Florence), Italy, on 15 February 1564, the first of six children of Vincenzo Galilei, a famous lutenist, composer, and music theorist, and Giulia (n\xe9e Ammannati), who had married in 1562.', u'=== Name ===\nThe surname Galilei derives from the given name of an ancestor, Galileo Bonaiuti, a physician, university teacher and politician who lived in Florence from 1370 to 1450; his descendents had changed their family name from Bonaiuti (or Buonaiuti) to Galilei in his honor in the late 14th century.', u"In 1614, during the Galileo affair, one of Galileo's opponents, the Dominican priest Tommaso Caccini, delivered against Galileo a controversial and influential sermon.", u'She died on 2 April 1634, and is buried with Galileo at the Basilica of Santa Croce, Florence.', u'In 1581, when he was studying medicine, he noticed a swinging chandelier, which air currents shifted about to swing in larger and smaller arcs.', u'He created a thermoscope, a forerunner of the thermometer, and in 1586 published a small book on the design of a hydrostatic balance he had invented (which first brought him to the attention of the scholarly world).', u'Galileo also studied disegno, a term encompassing fine art, and in 1588 obtained the position of instructor in the Accademia delle Arti del Disegno in Florence, teaching perspective and chiaroscuro.', u'In 1589, he was appointed to the chair of mathematics in Pisa.', u'In 1591, his father died, and he was entrusted with the care of his younger brother Michelagnolo.', u'In 1592, he moved to the University of Padua where he taught geometry, mechanics, and astronomy until 1610.', u'=== Galileo, Kepler and theories of tides ===\n\nCardinal Bellarmine had written in 1615 that the Copernican system could not be defended without "a true physical demonstration that the sun does not circle the earth but the earth circles the sun".', u'He circulated his first account of the tides in 1616, addressed to Cardinal Orsini.', u'=== Controversy over comets and The Assayer ===\n\nIn 1619, Galileo became embroiled in a controversy with Father Orazio Grassi, professor of mathematics at the Jesuit Collegio Romano.', u'It began as a dispute over the nature of comets, but by the time Galileo had published The Assayer (Il Saggiatore) in 1623, his last salvo in the dispute, it had become a much wider controversy over the very nature of science itself.', u'Early in 1619, Father Grassi had anonymously published a pamphlet, An Astronomical Disputation on the Three Comets of the Year 1618, which discussed the nature of a comet that had appeared late in November of the previous year.', u"Nevertheless, following the death of Copernicus and before Galileo, heliocentrism was relatively uncontroversial; Copernicus's work was used by Pope Gregory XIII to reform the calendar in 1582.", u'Galileo defended heliocentrism based on his astronomical observations of 1609 (Sidereus Nuncius 1610).', u"In December 1613 the Grand Duchess Christina of Florence confronted one of Galileo's friends and followers, Benedetto Castelli, with biblical objections to the motion of the earth.", u"By 1615 Galileo's writings on heliocentrism had been submitted to the Roman Inquisition by Father Niccolo Lorini, who claimed that Galileo and his followers were attempting to reinterpret the Bible, which was seen as a violation of the Council of Trent and looked dangerously like Protestantism.", u'At the start of 1616, Monsignor Francesco Ingoli initiated a debate with Galileo, sending him an essay disputing the Copernican system.', u'In February 1616, an Inquisitorial commission declared heliocentrism to be "foolish and absurd in philosophy, and formally heretical since it explicitly contradicts in many places the sense of Holy Scripture."', u'He revived his project of writing a book on the subject, encouraged by the election of Cardinal Maffeo Barberini as Pope Urban VIII in 1623.', u'Barberini was a friend and admirer of Galileo, and had opposed the condemnation of Galileo in 1616.', u"Galileo's resulting book, Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, was published in 1632, with formal authorization from the Inquisition and papal permission.", u'Galileo had alienated one of his biggest and most powerful supporters, the Pope, and was called to Rome to defend his writings in September 1632.', u'He finally arrived in February 1633 and was brought before inquisitor Vincenzo Maculani to be charged.', u'Throughout his trial Galileo steadfastly maintained that since 1616 he had faithfully kept his promise not to hold any of the condemned opinions, and initially he denied even defending them.', u"In view of Galileo's rather implausible denial that he had ever held Copernican ideas after 1616 or ever intended to defend them in the Dialogue, his final interrogation, in July 1633, concluded with his being threatened with torture if he did not tell the truth, but he maintained his denial despite the threat.", u'A 1640s painting by the Spanish painter Bartolom\xe9 Esteban Murillo or an artist of his school, in which the words were hidden until restoration work in 1911, depicts an imprisoned Galileo apparently gazing at the words "E pur si muove" written on the wall of his dungeon.', u'After a period with the friendly Ascanio Piccolomini (the Archbishop of Siena), Galileo was allowed to return to his villa at Arcetri near Florence in 1634, where he spent the remainder of his life under house arrest.', u'He went completely blind in 1638 and was suffering from a painful hernia and insomnia, so he was permitted to travel to Florence for medical advice.', u"Dava Sobel argues that prior to Galileo's 1633 trial and judgement for heresy, Pope Urban VIII had become preoccupied with court intrigue and problems of state, and began to fear persecution or threats to his own life.", u'== Death ==\n\nGalileo continued to receive visitors until 1642, when, after suffering fever and heart palpitations, he died on 8 January 1642, aged 77.', u'He was reburied in the main body of the basilica in 1737 after a monument had been erected there in his honour; during this move, three fingers and a tooth were removed from his remains.', u'== Astronomy ==\n\nBased only on uncertain descriptions of the first practical telescope which Hans Lippershey tried to patent in the Netherlands in 1608, Galileo, in the following year, made a telescope with about 3x magnification.', u'On 25 August 1609, he demonstrated one of his early telescopes, with a magnification of about 8 or 9, to Venetian lawmakers.', u'He published his initial telescopic astronomical observations in March 1610 in a brief treatise entitled Sidereus Nuncius (Starry Messenger).', u"=== Kepler's supernova ===\nTycho and others had observed the supernova of 1572.", u"Ottavio Brenzoni's letter of 15 January 1605 to Galileo brought the 1572 supernova and the less bright nova of 1601 to Galileo's notice.", u"Galileo observed and discussed Kepler's supernova in 1604.", u'=== Jupiter\'s moons ===\nOn 7 January 1610, Galileo observed with his telescope what he described at the time as "three fixed stars, totally invisible by their smallness", all close to Jupiter, and lying on a straight line through it.', u"His observations were confirmed by the observatory of Christopher Clavius and he received a hero's welcome when he visited Rome in 1611.", u'Galileo continued to observe the satellites over the next eighteen months, and by mid-1611, he had obtained remarkably accurate estimates for their periods\u2014a feat which Kepler had believed impossible.', u'=== Venus, Saturn, and Neptune ===\nFrom September 1610, Galileo observed that Venus exhibited a full set of phases similar to that of the Moon.', u'The rings reappeared when he observed the planet in 1616, further confusing him.', u'Galileo also observed the planet Neptune in 1612.', u'He observed the double star Mizar in Ursa Major in 1617.', u'In his Dialogue, he reported that he had found the apparent diameter of a star of first magnitude to be no more than 5 arcseconds, and that of one of sixth magnitude to be about 5/6 arcseconds.', u'Between 1595 and 1598, Galileo devised and improved a Geometric and military compass suitable for use by gunners and surveyors.', u'In about 1593, Galileo constructed a thermometer, using the expansion and contraction of air in a bulb to move water in an attached tube.', u'In 1609, Galileo was, along with Englishman Thomas Harriot and others, among the first to use a refracting telescope as an instrument to observe stars, planets or moons.', u'The name "telescope" was coined for Galileo\'s instrument by a Greek mathematician, Giovanni Demisiani, at a banquet held in 1611 by Prince Federico Cesi to make Galileo a member of his Accademia dei Lincei.', u'In 1610, he used a telescope at close range to magnify the parts of insects.', u'By 1624 Galileo had used a compound microscope.', u"Illustrations of insects made using one of Galileo's microscopes, and published in 1625, appear to have been the first clear documentation of the use of a compound microscope.", u"In 1612, having determined the orbital periods of Jupiter's satellites, Galileo proposed that with sufficiently accurate knowledge of their orbits, one could use their positions as a universal clock, and this would make possible the determination of longitude.", u'The method was first successfully applied by Giovanni Domenico Cassini in 1681 and was later used extensively for large land surveys; this method, for example, was used to survey France, and later by Zebulon Pike of the midwestern United States in 1806.', u"Galileo's son, Vincenzo, sketched a clock based on his father's theories in 1642.", u"In 1638, Galileo described an experimental method to measure the speed of light by arranging that two observers, each having lanterns equipped with shutters, observe each other's lanterns at some distance.", u"Sometime between Galileo's death and 1667, the members of the Florentine Accademia del Cimento repeated the experiment over a distance of about a mile and obtained a similarly inconclusive result.", u'The experiment described was actually performed by Simon Stevin (commonly known as Stevinus) and Jan Cornets de Groot, although the building used was actually the church tower in Delft in 1586.', u"In his 1638 Discorsi, Galileo's character Salviati, widely regarded as Galileo's spokesman, held that all unequal weights would fall with the same finite speed in a vacuum.", u"== Writings ==\n\nGalileo's early works describing scientific instruments include the 1586 tract entitled The Little Balance (La Billancetta) describing an accurate balance to weigh objects in air or water and the 1606 printed manual Le Operazioni del Compasso Geometrico et Militare on the operation of a geometrical and military compass.", u'His early works in dynamics, the science of motion and mechanics were his 1590 Pisan De Motu (On Motion) and his circa 1600 Paduan Le Meccaniche (Mechanics).', u"Galileo's 1610 The Starry Messenger (Sidereus Nuncius) was the first scientific treatise to be published based on observations made through a telescope.", u"It reported his discoveries of:\nthe Galilean moons\nthe roughness of the Moon's surface\nthe existence of a large number of stars invisible to the naked eye, particularly those responsible for the appearance of the Milky Way\ndifferences between the appearances of the planets and those of the fixed stars\u2014the former appearing as small discs, while the latter appeared as unmagnified points of light\nGalileo published a description of sunspots in 1613 entitled Letters on Sunspots suggesting the Sun and heavens are corruptible.", u'The Letters on Sunspots also reported his 1610 telescopic observations of the full set of phases of Venus, and his discovery of the puzzling "appendages" of Saturn and their even more puzzling subsequent disappearance.', u'In 1615 Galileo prepared a manuscript known as the Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina which was not published in printed form until 1636.', u'In 1616, after the order by the inquisition for Galileo not to hold or defend the Copernican position, Galileo wrote the Discourse on the Tides (Discorso sul flusso e il reflusso del mare) based on the Copernican earth, in the form of a private letter to Cardinal Orsini.', u"In 1619, Mario Guiducci, a pupil of Galileo's, published a lecture written largely by Galileo under the title Discourse on the Comets (Discorso Delle Comete), arguing against the Jesuit interpretation of comets.", u"In 1623, Galileo published The Assayer\u2014Il Saggiatore, which attacked theories based on Aristotle's authority and promoted experimentation and the mathematical formulation of scientific ideas.", u'Following the success of The Assayer, Galileo published the Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo) in 1632.', u"Despite taking care to adhere to the Inquisition's 1616 instructions, the claims in the book favouring Copernican theory and a non Geocentric model of the solar system led to Galileo being tried and banned on publication.", u'Despite the publication ban, Galileo published his Discourses and Mathematical Demonstrations Relating to Two New Sciences (Discorsi e Dimostrazioni Matematiche, intorno a due nuove scienze) in 1638 in Holland, outside the jurisdiction of the Inquisition.', u'=== Published written works ===\nGalileo\'s main written works are as follows:\nThe Little Balance (1586; in Italian: La Billancetta)\nOn Motion (c. 1590; in Latin: De Motu Antiquiora)\nMechanics (c. 1600; in Italian: Le mecaniche)\nThe Operations of Geometrical and Military Compass (1606; in Italian: Le operazioni del compasso geometrico et militare)\nThe Starry Messenger (1610; in Latin: Sidereus Nuncius)\nDiscourse on Floating Bodies (1612; in Italian: Discorso intorno alle cose che stanno in su l\'acqua, o che in quella si muovono, "Discourse on Bodies that Stay Atop Water, or Move in It")\nHistory and Demonstration Concerning Sunspots (1613; in Italian: Istoria e dimostrazioni intorno alle macchie solari; work based on the Three Letters on Sunspots, Tre lettere sulle macchie solari, 1612)\nLetter to the Grand Duchess Christina (1615; published in 1636)\nDiscourse on the Tides (1616; in Italian: Discorso del flusso e reflusso del mare)\nDiscourse on the Comets (1619; in Italian: Discorso delle Comete)\nThe Assayer (1623; in Italian: Il Saggiatore)\nDialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (1632; in Italian: Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo)\nDiscourses and Mathematical Demonstrations Relating to Two New Sciences (1638; in Italian: Discorsi e Dimostrazioni Matematiche, intorno a due nuove scienze)\n\n\n== Legacy ==\n\n\n=== Later Church reassessments ===\nThe Galileo affair was largely forgotten after Galileo\'s death, and the controversy subsided.', u"The Inquisition's ban on reprinting Galileo's works was lifted in 1718 when permission was granted to publish an edition of his works (excluding the condemned Dialogue) in Florence.", u"In 1741 Pope Benedict XIV authorised the publication of an edition of Galileo's complete scientific works which included a mildly censored version of the Dialogue.", u"In 1758 the general prohibition against works advocating heliocentrism was removed from the Index of prohibited books, although the specific ban on uncensored versions of the Dialogue and Copernicus's De Revolutionibus remained.", u'All traces of official opposition to heliocentrism by the church disappeared in 1835 when these works were finally dropped from the Index.', u'In 1939 Pope Pius XII, in his first speech to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, within a few months of his election to the papacy, described Galileo as being among the "most audacious heroes of research... not afraid of the stumbling blocks and the risks on the way, nor fearful of the funereal monuments".', u'On 15 February 1990, in a speech delivered at the Sapienza University of Rome, Cardinal Ratzinger (later to become Pope Benedict XVI) cited some current views on the Galileo affair as forming what he called "a symptomatic case that permits us to see how deep the self-doubt of the modern age, of science and technology goes today".', u'On 31 October 1992, Pope John Paul II expressed regret for how the Galileo affair was handled, and issued a declaration acknowledging the errors committed by the Catholic Church tribunal that judged the scientific positions of Galileo Galilei, as the result of a study conducted by the Pontifical Council for Culture.', u'In March 2008 the head of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Nicola Cabibbo, announced a plan to honour Galileo by erecting a statue of him inside the Vatican walls.', u"Partly because 2009 was the fourth centenary of Galileo's first recorded astronomical observations with the telescope, the United Nations scheduled it to be the International Year of Astronomy.", u'The International Year of Astronomy 2009 was intended to be a global celebration of astronomy and its contributions to society and culture, stimulating worldwide interest not only in astronomy but science in general, with a particular slant towards young people.', u'Twentieth-century plays have been written on Galileo\'s life, including Life of Galileo (1943) by the German playwright Bertolt Brecht, with a film adaptation (1975) of it, and Lamp At Midnight (1947) by Barrie Stavis, as well as the 2008 play "Galileo Galilei".', u"Galileo Galilei was recently selected as a main motif for a high value collectors' coin: the \u20ac25 International Year of Astronomy commemorative coin, minted in 2009.", u'In 2009, the Galileoscope was also released.', u"== Timeline ==\n1543 \u2013 Nicolaus Copernicus publishes De revolutionibus orbium coelestium as an alternative world system to the Ptolemy's geocentric model causing subsequent questions to be raised about Aristotelian physics following Copernicus' death\n1563 \u2013 Parents Vincenzo Galilei and Giulia Ammannati marry\n1564 \u2013 Birth in Pisa, Italy\n~1570 \u2013 Thomas Digges publishes Pantometria describing a telescope built between 1540\u20131559 by his father Leonard Digges\n1573 \u2013 Tycho Brahe publishes De nova stella (On the new star) refuting Aristotelian belief in immutable celestial spheres and an eternal, unchanging, more perfect heavenly realm of celestial aether above the moon\n1576 \u2013 Giuseppe Moletti, Galileo's predecessor in the mathematics chair at Padua, reports falling bodies of the same shape fall at the same speed, regardless of material\n1581 \u2013 His father, Vincenzo Galilei publishes Dialogo della musica antica et moderna formulating musical theories\n1581 \u2013 Enrols as medical student at University of Pisa\n1582 \u2013 Attends mathematics lecture by Ostilio Ricci and decides to study math and science\n1585 \u2013 Leaves University of Pisa without degree and works as tutor\n1586 \u2013 Invents hydrostatic balance; wrote La Balancitta (The little balance)\n1586 \u2013 Simon Stevin publishes results for dropping lead weights from 10 meters\n1588 \u2013 Tycho Brahe publishes work on comets containing a description of the Tychonic system of the world\n1589 \u2013 Appointed to Mathematics Chair, University of Pisa\n1590 \u2013 Partially completes De Motu (On Motion), which is never published\n1591 \u2013 Death of his father, Vicenzo Galilei\n1592 \u2013 Appointed professor of mathematics at University of Padua, remains 18 years\n~1593 \u2013 Invents early thermometer that unfortunately depended on both temperature and pressure\n~1595 \u2013 Invents improved ballistics calculation geometric and military compass, which he later improves for surveying and general calculations and earns income from tutoring on its use\n1597 \u2013 Letter to Kepler indicates his belief in the Copernican System\n1600 \u2013 First child, Virginia is born; ~1600 Le Meccaniche (Mechanics)\n1600 \u2013 William Gilbert publishes On the Magnet and Magnetic Bodies, and on That Great Magnet the Earth with arguments supporting the Copernican system\n1600 \u2013 Roman Inquisition finds Giordano Bruno, Copernican system supporter, guilty of heresy for opinions on pantheism and the eternal plurality of worlds, and for denial of the Trinity, divinity of Christ, virginity of Mary, and Transubstantiation; burned at the stake by civil authorities\n1601 \u2013 Daughter Livia is born\n1604 \u2013 Measures supernova position indicating no parallax for the new star\n1605 \u2013 Sued by brothers-in-law for nonpayment of sisters' dowries\n1606 \u2013 Son Vincenzo born\n1606 \u2013 Publishes manual for his calculating compass\n1607 \u2013 Rotilio Orlandini attempts to assassinate Galileo's friend, Friar Paolo Sarpi\n1608 \u2013 Hans Lippershey invents a refracting telescope\n1609 \u2013 Independently invents and improves telescopes based on description of invention by Hans Lippershey\n1609 \u2013 Kepler publishes Astronomia nova containing his first two laws and for the first time demonstrates the Copernican model is more accurate than the Ptolemaic for uses such as navigation and prediction\n1609 \u2013 Thomas Harriot sketches the Moon from telescopic observations made four months before Galileo's\n1610 \u2013 Publishes Sidereus Nuncius (Starry Messenger); views our moon's mountains and craters and brightest 4 of Jupiter's moons\n1610 \u2013 Martin Horky publishes Brevissima Peregrinatio Contra Nuncium Sidereum, opposing Galileo\n1610 \u2013 Kepler requests one of Galileo's telescopes or lenses, but Galileo replies he is too busy to build one and has no extras\n1610 \u2013 Lifetime appointment to mathematics position at University of Padua, and as mathematician and philosopher for Cosimo II, Grand Duke of Tuscany\n1611 \u2013 Discovers phases of Venus; granted audience with Pope; made member of Lincean Academy\n1611 \u2013 Awarded an honorary degree by the Jesuit College in Rome\n1611 \u2013 David Fabricius publishes Narration on Spots Observed on the Sun and their Apparent Rotation with the Sun prior to Christoph Scheiner and Galileo's published works on the subject\n1612 \u2013 Proposed Jupiter's moons could be used as a universal clock for possible determination of longitude\n~1612 or 1613 \u2013 Francesco Sizzi discovers annual variations in sunspots' motions\n1613 \u2013 Letters on Sunspots\n1613 \u2013 Letter to Benedetto Castelli discussing the rotation of the sun and Galileo's support of the Copernican system.", u"1615 \u2013 Letter to Grand Duchess Christina (not published until 1636)\n1616 \u2013 Officially warned by the Church not to hold or defend the Copernican System\n1616 \u2013 The Catholic Church places De revolutionibus orbium coelestium on the List of Prohibited Books, pending correction\n1616 \u2013 Private letter Discourse on the Tides\n1617 \u2013 Moves into Bellosguardo, west of Florence, near his daughters' convent; observes double star Mizar in Ursa Major\n1619 \u2013 Kepler publishes Harmonices Mundi which introduces his third law\n1619 \u2013 Discourse on the Comets\n1623 \u2013 Maffeo Barberini becomes Pope Urban VIII\n1623 \u2013 Publishes The Assayer\n1624 \u2013 Visits Pope who praises and honours him, leaving with assumed permission to publish work on the Copernican vs. Ptolemaic Systems; used a compound microscope\n1625 \u2013 Illustrations of insects made using one of Galileo's microscopes published\n1630 \u2013 Completes Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems and subsequently receives approval of Church censor\n1632 \u2013 Publishes Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems\n1633 \u2013 sentenced by the Inquisition to imprisonment, commuted to house arrest, for vehement suspicion of heresy in violating the 1616 injunction\n1633 \u2013 Catholic Church places Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems on the List of Prohibited Books\n1638 \u2013 Publishes Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences\n1642 \u2013 Death in Arcetri, Italy\n1668 \u2013 Isaac Newton builds his reflecting telescope\n1687 \u2013 Isaac Newton publishes Philosophi\xe6 Naturalis Principia Mathematica deriving Kepler's laws from the Universal Law of Gravitation and the Laws of Motion\n2016 \u2013 The American Juno spacecraft, carring a plaque and a Lego minifigure dedicated at Galileo arrives at Jupiter's orbit\n\n\n== See also ==\n\nAristarchus of Samos\nCatholic Church and science\nDialogo de Cecco di Ronchitti da Bruzene in perpuosito de la stella Nuova\nGalileo affair\nLetter to the Grand Duchess Christina\nPhilolaus\nSeleucus of Seleucia\nTribune of Galileo (Memorial in the Florence Science Museum)\nVilla Il Gioiello (Galileo's main home in Florence)\n\n\n== Notes ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links =="]}
{'title': 'Liberia colonized by Americans', 'year': '1822-01-07', 'sentences': [u'The country declared its independence on July 26, 1847.', u"The U.S. did not recognize Liberia's independence until during the American Civil War on February 5, 1862.", u'Between January 7, 1822, and the American Civil War, more than 15,000 freed and free-born black Americans, who faced legislated limits in the U.S, and 3,198 Afro-Caribbeans, relocated to the settlement.', u"The Liberian constitution and flag were modeled after those of the U.S. On January 3, 1848 Joseph Jenkins Roberts, a wealthy, free-born black American from Virginia who settled in Liberia, was elected as Liberia's first president after the people proclaimed independence.", u'Political tensions from the rule of William R. Tolbert resulted in a military coup in 1980 that overthrew his leadership soon after his death, marking the beginning of years-long political instability.', u'A peace agreement in 2003 led to democratic elections in 2005.', u"Liberia's economic and political stability was threatened in the 2010s by an Ebola virus epidemic; it originated in Guinea in December 2013, entered Liberia in March 2014, and was declared officially ended on May 8, 2015.", u'This influx was compounded by the decline of the Western Sudanic Mali Empire in 1375 and the Songhai Empire in 1591.', u'Between 1461 and the late 17th century, Portuguese, Dutch and British traders had contacts and trading posts in the region.', u'The American Colonization Society was founded in 1816 in Washington, DC for this purpose, by a group of prominent politicians and slaveholders.', u'In 1822, the American Colonization Society began sending African-American volunteers to the Pepper Coast to establish a colony for freed African-Americans.', u'By 1867, the ACS (and state-related chapters) had assisted in the migration of more than 13,000 African Americans to Liberia.', u"It excluded the indigenous tribesmen from birthright citizenship in their own lands until 1904, in a repetition of the United States' treatment of Native Americans.", u'=== Government ===\nOn July 26, 1847, the settlers issued a Declaration of Independence and promulgated a constitution.', u'Their passage of the 1865 Ports of Entry Act prohibited foreign commerce with the inland tribes, ostensibly to "encourage the growth of civilized values" before such trade was allowed.', u'By 1877, the Americo-Liberian True Whig Party was the most powerful political power in the country.', u'It was a founding member of the United Nations in 1945 and became a vocal critic of the South African apartheid regime.', u"On April 12, 1980, a military coup led by Master Sergeant Samuel Doe of the Krahn ethnic group overthrew and killed President William R. Tolbert, Jr.. Doe and the other plotters later executed a majority of Tolbert's cabinet and other Americo-Liberian government officials and True Whig Party members.", u'After Liberia adopted a new constitution in 1985, Doe was elected president in subsequent elections, which were internationally condemned as fraudulent.', u'On November 12, 1985, a failed counter-coup was launched by Thomas Quiwonkpa, whose soldiers briefly occupied the national radio station.', u"The National Patriotic Front of Liberia, a rebel group led by Charles Taylor, launched an insurrection in December 1989 against Doe's government with the backing of neighboring countries such as Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast.", u"By September 1990, Doe's forces controlled only a small area just outside the capital, and Doe was captured and executed in that month by rebel forces.", u"From 1989 to 1996 one of Africa's bloodiest civil wars broke out, claiming the lives of more than 200,000 Liberians and displacing a million others into refugee camps in neighboring countries.", u"A peace deal between warring parties was reached in 1995, leading to Taylor's election as president in 1997.", u'The Second Liberian Civil War began in 1999 when Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy, a rebel group based in the northwest of the country, launched an armed insurrection against Taylor.', u'=== 2000s ===\nIn March 2003, a second rebel group, Movement for Democracy in Liberia, began launching attacks against Taylor from the southeast.', u'By July 2003, the rebels had launched an assault on Monrovia.', u'Under heavy pressure from the international community and the domestic Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace movement, Taylor resigned in August 2003 and went into exile in Nigeria.', u'The United Nations Mission in Liberia began arriving in September 2003 to provide security and monitor the peace accord, and an interim government took power the following October.', u'The subsequent 2005 elections were internationally regarded as the most free and fair in Liberian history.', u'In 2006, the government established a Truth and Reconciliation Commission to address the causes and crimes of the civil war.', u'=== Counties and districts ===\n\nLiberia is divided into fifteen counties, which, in turn, are subdivided into a total of 90 districts and further subdivided into clans.', u'The oldest counties are Grand Bassa and Montserrado, both founded in 1839 prior to Liberian independence.', u'Gbarpolu is the newest county, created in 2001.', u'Montserrado is also the most populous county with 1,144,806 residents as of the 2008 census.', u'The Constitution calls for the election of various chiefs at the county and local level, but these elections have not taken place since 1985 due to war and financial constraints.', u'A 2004 public opinion survey found that bushmeat ranked second behind fish amongst residents of the capital Monrovia as a preferred source of protein.', u'A 2004 UN report estimated that 99 per cent of Liberians burnt charcoal and fuel wood for cooking and heating, resulting in deforestation.', u'Illegal logging has increased in Liberia since the end of the Second Civil War in 2003.', u'In 2012 President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf granted licenses to companies to cut down 58% of all the primary rainforest left in Liberia.', u'Liberia and Norway struck an agreement in September 2014 whereby Liberia ceases all logging in exchange for $150 million in development aid.', u'Since 2006 the international community has paid for all garbage collection and disposal in Monrovia via the World Bank.', u'The House, led by a speaker, has 73 members apportioned among the 15 counties on the basis of the national census, with each county receiving a minimum of two members.', u'Members are nominated to the court by the president and are confirmed by the Senate, serving until the age of 70.', u'Between 1877 and 1980, the government was dominated by the True Whig Party.', u"The 2005 elections marked the first time that the president's party did not gain a majority of seats in the Legislature.", u'When President Sirleaf took office in 2006, she announced that corruption was "the major public enemy."', u'In 2014 the US ambassador to Liberia stated that corruption there was harming people through "unnecessary costs to products and services that are already difficult for many Liberians to afford".', u'Liberia scored a 3.3 on a scale from 10 (highly clean) to 0 (highly corrupt) on the 2010 Corruption Perceptions Index.', u'This gave it a ranking 87th of 178 countries worldwide and 11th of 47 in Sub-Saharan Africa.', u'This score represented a significant improvement since 2007, when the country scored 2.1 and ranked 150th of 180 countries.', u"When dealing with public-facing government functionaries 89% of Liberians say they have had to pay a bribe, the highest national percentage in the world according to the organization's 2010 Global Corruption Barometer.", u'Founded as the Liberian Frontier Force in 1908, the military was retitled in 1956.', u'It has 844 officers in 33 stations in Montserrado County, which contains the capital Monrovia, as of October 2007.', u"GDP per capita peaked in 1980 at US$496, when it was comparable to Egypt's (at the time).", u"In 2011, the country's nominal GDP was US$1.154 billion, while nominal GDP per capita stood at US$297, the third-lowest in the world.", u'Following a peak in growth in 1979, the Liberian economy began a steady decline due to economic mismanagement following the 1980 coup.', u'This decline was accelerated by the outbreak of civil war in 1989; GDP was reduced by an estimated 90% between 1989 and 1995, one of the fastest declines in history.', u'Upon the end of the war in 2003, GDP growth began to accelerate, reaching 9.4% in 2007.', u'The global financial crisis slowed GDP growth to 4.6% in 2009, though a strengthening agricultural sector led by rubber and timber exports increased growth to 5.1% in 2010 and an expected 7.3% in 2011, making the economy one of the 20 fastest growing in the world.', u'Liberia used the United States dollar as its currency from 1943 until 1982 and continues to use the U.S. dollar alongside the Liberian dollar.', u'Following a decrease in inflation beginning in 2003, inflation spiked in 2008 as a result of worldwide food and energy crises, reaching 17.5% before declining to 7.4% in 2009.', u"Liberia's external debt was estimated in 2006 at approximately $4.5 billion, 800% of GDP.", u"As a result of bilateral, multilateral and commercial debt relief from 2007 to 2010, the country's external debt fell to $222.9 million by 2011.", u'The country acted as a major trader in Sierra Leonian blood diamonds, exporting over US$300 million in diamonds in 1999.', u"This led to a United Nations ban on Liberian diamond exports in 2001, which was lifted in 2007 following Liberia's accession to the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme.", u'In 2003, additional UN sanctions were placed on Liberian timber exports, which had risen from US$5 million in 1997 to over US$100 million in 2002 and were believed to be funding rebels in Sierra Leone.', u'These sanctions were lifted in 2006.', u'Due in large part to foreign aid and investment inflow following the end of the war, Liberia maintains a large account deficit, which peaked at nearly 60% in 2008.', u'Liberia gained observer status with the World Trade Organization in 2010 and is in the process of acquiring full member status.', u'Liberia has the highest ratio of foreign direct investment to GDP in the world, with US$16 billion in investment since 2006.', u'Following the inauguration of the Sirleaf administration in 2006, Liberia signed several multibillion-dollar concession agreements in the iron ore and palm oil industries with numerous multinational corporations, including BHP Billiton, ArcelorMittal, and Sime Darby.', u"The Firestone Tire and Rubber Company has operated the world's largest rubber plantation in Liberia since 1926.", u'Total installed capacity in 2013 was 20 MW, a sharp decline from a peak of 191 MW in 1989 before the wars.', u'Completion of the repair and expansion of the Mount Coffee Hydropower Plant, with a maximum capacity of 80 MW, is scheduled to be completed by 2018.', u'In 2013, Liberia began importing power from neighboring Ivory Coast and Guinea through the West African Power Pool.', u'The government divided its offshore waters into 17 blocks and began auctioning off exploration licenses for the blocks in 2004, with further auctions in 2007 and 2009.', u'An additional 13 ultra-deep offshore blocks were demarcated in 2011 and planned for auction.', u'== Demographics ==\n\nAs of the 2008 national census, Liberia was home to 3,476,608 people.', u'As revealed in the 2008 census, Monrovia is more than four times more populous than all the county capitals combined.', u"Prior to the 2008 census, the last census had been held in 1984 and listed the country's population as 2,101,628.", u'The population of Liberia was 1,016,443 in 1962 and increased to 1,503,368 in 1974.', u'As of 2006, Liberia has the highest population growth rate in the world (4.50% per annum).', u'In 2010 some 43.5% of Liberians were below the age of 15.', u'Indigenous peoples comprise about 95 percent of the population.', u'Congo people, descendants of repatriated Congo and Afro-Caribbean slaves who arrived in 1825, make up an estimated 2.5%.', u'=== Largest cities ===\n\n\n=== Religion ===\n\nAccording to the 2008 National Census, 85.5% of the population practices Christianity.', u'== Education ==\n\nIn 2010, the literacy rate of Liberia was estimated at 60.8% (64.8% for males and 56.8% for females).', u'On average, children attain 10 years of education (11 for boys and 8 for girls).', u'Located in Monrovia, the university opened in 1862.', u'Cuttington University was established by the Episcopal Church of the USA in 1889 in Suakoko, Bong County, as part of its missionary education work among indigenous peoples.', u'In 2009, Tubman University in Harper, Maryland County was established as the second public university in Liberia.', u'Since 2006, the government has also opened community colleges in Buchanan, Sanniquellie, and Voinjama.', u'Life expectancy in Liberia is estimated to be 57.4 years in 2012.', u'With a fertility rate of 5.9 births per woman, the maternal mortality rate stood at 990 per 100,000 births in 2010.', u'In 2007, the HIV infection rates stood at 2% of the population aged 15\u201349 whereas the incidence of tuberculosis was 420 per 100,000 people in 2008.', u'In 2007, 20.4% of children under the age of five were malnourished.', u'In 2008, only 17% of the population had access to adequate sanitation facilities.', u"Civil war ended in 2003 after destroying approximately 95% of the country's healthcare facilities.", u'In 2009, government expenditure on health care per capita was US$22, accounting for 10.6% of total GDP.', u'In 2008, Liberia had only one doctor and 27 nurses per 100,000 people.', u'In 2014 an outbreak of Ebola virus in Guinea spread to Liberia.', u'As of November 17, 2014, there were 2,812 confirmed deaths from the ongoing outbreak.', u'In early August 2014 Guinea closed its borders to Liberia to help contain the spread of the virus, as more new cases were being reported in Liberia than in Guinea.', u'On May 9, 2015 Liberia was declared Ebola free after six weeks with no new cases.', u'Liberia hosted National Fairs in 1857 and 1858 in which prizes were awarded for various needle arts.', u'One of the most well-known Liberian quilters was Martha Ann Ricks, who presented a quilt featuring the famed Liberian coffee tree to Queen Victoria in 1892.', u'The Liberia national football team has reached the Africa Cup of Nations twice, in 1996 and 2002.', u'The Liberian national basketball team has reached the AfroBasket twice, in 1983 and 2007.', u'A 2008 report from the University of Tennessee stated that the changeover from imperial to metric measures was confusing to coffee and cocoa farmers.']}
{'title': 'Battle of New Orleans-War of 1812 ended 12/24/1814 but nobody knew', 'year': '1815-01-08', 'sentences': [u'== Etymology ==\nBattle is a loanword from the Old French bataille, first attested in 1297, from Late Latin battualia, meaning "exercise of soldiers and gladiators in fighting and fencing", from Late Latin (taken from Germanic) battuere "beat", from which the English word battery is also derived via Middle English batri.', u"To the infantryman, there may be little to distinguish between combat as part of a minor raid or as a major offensive, nor is it likely that he anticipates the future course of the battle; few of the British infantry who went over the top on the first day on the Somme, July 1, 1916, would have anticipated that they would be fighting the same battle in five months' time.", u'Air battles have been far less common, due to their late conception, the most prominent being the Battle of Britain in 1940.', u"The concept of the decisive battle became popular with the publication in 1851 of Edward Creasy's The Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World.", u'For example, after Henry V of England defeated a French army on October 25, 1415, he met with the senior French herald and they agreed to name the battle after the nearby castle and so it was called the Battle of Agincourt.', u'Sometimes in desert warfare, there is no nearby town name to use; map coordinates gave the name to the Battle of 73 Easting in the First Gulf War.', u'To the soldiers who did the fighting, the distinction was usually academic; a soldier fighting at Beaumont Hamel on November 13, 1916 was probably unaware he was taking part in what the committee would call the "Battle of the Ancre".']}
{'title': 'USSR launches Luna 21 for moon landing', 'year': '1973-01-08', 'sentences': [u'SSSR), was a socialist state on the Eurasian continent that existed from 1922 to 1991.', u'The Soviet Union had its roots in the October Revolution of 1917, when the Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, overthrew the provisional government that had replaced the Tsar.', u'In 1922, the Communists were victorious, forming the Soviet Union with the unification of the Russian, Transcaucasian, Ukrainian, and Byelorussian republics.', u"Following Lenin's death in 1924, a troika and a brief power struggle, Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s.", u'Shortly before World War II, Stalin signed the non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany, after which the two countries invaded Poland in September 1939.', u'In June 1941 the Germans invaded, opening the largest and bloodiest theater of war in history.', u'Soviet forces eventually captured Berlin in 1945.', u'The Cold War emerged by 1947 as the Soviet bloc confronted the Western states that united in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1949.', u'Following Stalin\'s death in 1953, a period of political and economic liberalization, known as "de-Stalinization" and "Khrushchev\'s Thaw", occurred under the leadership of Nikita Khrushchev.', u'In the 1970s, there was a brief d\xe9tente of relations with the United States, but tensions resumed when the Soviet Union deployed troops in Afghanistan in 1979.', u'The Cold War ended during his tenure, and in 1989 Soviet satellite countries in Eastern Europe overthrew their respective communist regimes.', u"In August 1991, a coup d'\xe9tat was attempted by Communist Party hardliners.", u'On 25 December 1991, Gorbachev resigned and the remaining twelve constituent republics emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union as independent post-Soviet states.', u'For example, in the Russian Empire, the State Council, which functioned from 1810 to 1917, was referred to as a Council of Ministers after the revolt of 1905.', u'From the beginning, the Soviet Union was the called the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics from its founding, although all the republics began as Socialist Soviet and did not change to the other order until 1936.', u'The Soviet Union bordered Afghanistan, China, Czechoslovakia, Finland, Hungary, Iran, Mongolia, North Korea, Norway, Poland, Romania, and Turkey from 1945 to 1991.', u'== History ==\n\nThe last Russian Tsar, Nicholas II, ruled the Russian Empire until his abdication in March 1917 in the aftermath of the February Revolution, due in part to the strain of fighting in World War I, which lacked public support.', u'The Soviet Union was officially established in December 1922 with the union of the Russian, Ukrainian, Byelorussian, and Transcaucasian Soviet republics, each ruled by local Bolshevik parties.', u'=== Revolution and foundation ===\n\nModern revolutionary activity in the Russian Empire began with the Decembrist revolt of 1825.', u'Although serfdom was abolished in 1861, it was done on terms unfavorable to the peasants and served to encourage revolutionaries.', u'A parliament\u2014the State Duma\u2014was established in 1906 after the Russian Revolution of 1905, but Tsar Nicholas II resisted attempts to move from absolute to constitutional monarchy.', u"A spontaneous popular uprising in Petrograd, in response to the wartime decay of Russia's economy and morale, culminated in the February Revolution and the toppling of the imperial government in March 1917.", u'On 7 November 1917, the Red Guards stormed the Winter Palace in Petrograd, ending the rule of the Provisional Government and leaving all political power to the Soviets.', u'In December, the Bolsheviks signed an armistice with the Central Powers, though by February 1918, fighting had resumed.', u"A long and bloody Civil War ensued between the Reds and the Whites, starting in 1917 and ending in 1923 with the Reds' victory.", u'It included foreign intervention, the execution of the former tsar and his family, and the famine of 1921, which killed about five million people.', u'In March 1921, during a related conflict with Poland, the Peace of Riga was signed, splitting disputed territories in Belarus and Ukraine between the Republic of Poland and Soviet Russia.', u'=== Unification of republics ===\n\nOn 28 December 1922, a conference of plenipotentiary delegations from the Russian SFSR, the Transcaucasian SFSR, the Ukrainian SSR and the Byelorussian SSR approved the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR and the Declaration of the Creation of the USSR, forming the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.', u'These two documents were confirmed by the 1st Congress of Soviets of the USSR and signed by the heads of the delegations, Mikhail Kalinin, Mikhail Tskhakaya, Mikhail Frunze, Grigory Petrovsky, and Alexander Chervyakov, on 30 December 1922.', u'On 1 February 1924, the USSR was recognized by the British Empire.', u'The same year, a Soviet Constitution was approved, legitimizing the December 1922 union.', u'An intensive restructuring of the economy, industry and politics of the country began in the early days of Soviet power in 1917.', u'The plan was developed in 1920 and covered a 10 to 15-year period.', u'The plan became the prototype for subsequent Five-Year Plans and was fulfilled by 1931.', u"Debate over the future of the economy provided the background for a power struggle in the years after Lenin's death in 1924.", u'On 3 April 1922, Stalin was named the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.', u'In October 1927, Grigory Zinoviev and Leon Trotsky were expelled from the Central Committee and forced into exile.', u'In 1928, Stalin introduced the First Five-Year Plan for building a socialist economy.', u'According to declassified Soviet archives, in 1937 and 1938, the NKVD arrested more than one and a half million people, of whom 681,692 were shot.', u'From 1932 to 1934, the Soviet Union participated in the World Disarmament Conference.', u"In 1933, diplomatic relations between the United States and the USSR were established when in November, the newly elected President of the United States, Franklin D. Roosevelt chose to formally recognize Stalin's Communist government and negotiated a new trade agreement between the two nations.", u'In September 1934, the Soviet Union joined the League of Nations.', u'After the Spanish Civil War broke out in 1936, the USSR actively supported the Republican forces against the Nationalists, who were supported by Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany.', u'In December 1936, Stalin unveiled a new Soviet Constitution.', u'In 1939, almost a year after the United Kingdom and France had concluded the Munich Agreement with Germany, the USSR dealt with the Nazis as well, both militarily and economically during extensive talks.', u'The two countries concluded the Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact and the German\u2013Soviet Commercial Agreement in August 1939.', u'In the east, the Soviet military won several decisive victories during border clashes with the Empire of Japan in 1938 and 1939.', u'However, in April 1941, USSR signed the Soviet\u2013Japanese Neutrality Pact with the Empire of Japan, recognizing the territorial integrity of Manchukuo, a Japanese puppet state.', u'==== World War II ====\n\nAlthough it has been debated whether the Soviet Union intended to invade Germany once it was strong enough, Germany itself broke the treaty and invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, starting what was known in the USSR as the "Great Patriotic War".', u'The Battle of Stalingrad, which lasted from late 1942 to early 1943, dealt a severe blow to the Germans from which they never fully recovered and became a turning point in the war.', u'After Stalingrad, Soviet forces drove through Eastern Europe to Berlin before Germany surrendered in 1945.', u'The same year, the USSR, in fulfillment of its agreement with the Allies at the Yalta Conference, denounced the Soviet\u2013Japanese Neutrality Pact in April 1945 and invaded Manchukuo and other Japan-controlled territories on 9 August 1945.', u'A member of the United Nations at its foundation in 1945, the Soviet Union became one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, which gave it the right to veto any of its resolutions.', u'It aided post-war reconstruction in the countries of Eastern Europe, while turning them into satellite states, binding them in a military alliance (the Warsaw Pact) in 1955, and an economic organization (The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance or Comecon) from 1949 to 1991, the latter a counterpart to the European Economic Community.', u'=== Khrushchev era ===\n\nStalin died on 5 March 1953.', u"He shortly aftwerward denounced Stalin's use of repression in 1956 and proceeded to ease Stalin's repressive controls over party and society.", u'Soviet military force was used to suppress anti-Stalinist uprisings in Hungary and Poland in 1956.', u'During this period of the late 1950s and early 1960s, the Soviet Union continued to realize scientific and technological exploits in the Space Race, rivaling the United States: launching the first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1 in 1957; a living dog named Laika in 1957; the first human being, Yuri Gagarin in 1961; the first woman in space, Valentina Tereshkova in 1963; Alexey Leonov, the first person to walk in space in 1965; the first soft landing on the moon by spacecraft Luna 9 in 1966 and the first moon rovers, Lunokhod 1 and Lunokhod 2.', u'In 1962, he precipitated a crisis with the United States over the Soviet deployment of nuclear missiles in Cuba.', u'This event caused Khrushchev much embarrassment and loss of prestige, resulting in his removal from power in 1964.', u'In 1968, the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact allies invaded Czechoslovakia to halt the Prague Spring reforms.', u'In October 1977, the third Soviet Constitution was unanimously adopted.', u"The prevailing mood of the Soviet leadership at the time of Brezhnev's death in 1982 was one of aversion to change.", u'Yuri Andropov was 68 years old and Konstantin Chernenko 72 when they assumed power; both died in less than two years.', u'In an attempt to avoid a third short-lived leader, in 1985, the Soviets turned to the next generation and selected Mikhail Gorbachev.', u'In 1988, the Soviet Union abandoned its nine-year war in Afghanistan and began to withdraw its forces.', u"In the late 1980s, he refused military support to the Soviet Union's former satellite states, which paved the way for Revolutions of 1989.", u'In the late 1980s, the constituent republics of the Soviet Union started legal moves towards potentially declaring sovereignty over their territories, citing Article 72 of the USSR constitution, which stated that any constituent republic was free to secede.', u'On 7 April 1990, a law was passed allowing a republic to secede if more than two-thirds of its residents voted for it in a referendum.', u'Many held their first free elections in the Soviet era for their own national legislatures in 1990.', u"In 1989, the Russian SFSR, which was then the largest constituent republic (with about half of the population) convened a newly elected Congress of People's Deputies.", u"On 12 June 1990, the Congress declared Russia's sovereignty over its territory and proceeded to pass laws that attempted to supersede some of the USSR's laws.", u'After a landslide victory of S\u0105j\u016bdis in Lithuania, that country declared its independence restored on 11 March 1990.', u'A referendum for the preservation of the USSR was held on 17 March 1991 in nine republics (the remainder having boycotted the vote), with the majority of the population in those nine republics voting for preservation of the Union.', u'In the summer of 1991, the New Union Treaty, which would have turned the Soviet Union into a much looser Union, was agreed upon by eight republics.', u"In August 1991, Latvia and Estonia immediately declared the restoration of their full independence (following Lithuania's 1990 example).", u'By the fall, Gorbachev could no longer influence events outside of Moscow, and he was being challenged even there by Yeltsin, who had been elected President of Russia in July 1991.', u'On 8 December 1991, the presidents of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus (formerly Byelorussia), signed the Belavezha Accords, which declared the Soviet Union dissolved and established the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) in its place.', u'While doubts remained over the authority of the accords to do this, on 21 December 1991, the representatives of all Soviet republics except Georgia signed the Alma-Ata Protocol, which confirmed the accords.', u'On 25 December 1991, Gorbachev resigned as the President of the USSR, declaring the office extinct.', u'The few remaining Soviet institutions that had not been taken over by Russia ceased to function by the end of 1991.', u'Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union on 26 December 1991, Russia was internationally recognized as its legal successor on the international stage.', u'Under the 1992 Lisbon Protocol, Russia also agreed to receive all nuclear weapons remaining in the territory of other former Soviet republics.', u'Ukraine has refused to recognize exclusive Russian claims to succession of the USSR and claimed such status for Ukraine as well, which was codified in Articles 7 and 8 of its 1991 law On Legal Succession of Ukraine.', u'Since its independence in 1991 Ukraine has continued to pursue claims against Russia in foreign courts, seeking to recover its share of the foreign property that was owned by the Soviet Union.', u'Data shows Russia, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia saw a tripling of unemployment and a 42% increase in male death rates between 1991 and 1994.', u'The Baltic states are not successor states to the Soviet Union; they are instead considered to have de jure continuity with their pre-World War II governments through the non-recognition of the original Soviet incorporation in 1940.', u'The Central Committee in turn voted for a Politburo (called the Presidium between 1952\u20131966), Secretariat and the General Secretary (First Secretary from 1953 to 1966), the de facto highest office in the USSR.', u"The Supreme Soviet elected a Presidium to wield its power between plenary sessions, ordinarily held twice a year, and appointed the Supreme Court, the Procurator General and the Council of Ministers (known before 1946 as the Council of People's Commissars), headed by the Chairman (Premier) and managing an enormous bureaucracy responsible for the administration of the economy and society.", u'State and party structures of the constituent republics largely emulated the structure of the central institutions, although the Russian SFSR, unlike the other constituent republics, for most of its history had no republican branch of the CPSU, being ruled directly by the union-wide party until 1990.', u'Under Yuri Andropov, KGB chairman in 1967\u20131982 and General Secretary from 1982 to 1983, the KGB engaged in the suppression of political dissent and maintained an extensive network of informers, reasserting itself as a political actor to some extent independent of the party-state structure, culminating in the anti-corruption campaign targeting high party officials in the late 1970s and early 1980s.', u'=== Separation of power and reform ===\n\nThe Union constitutions, which were promulgated in 1918, 1924, 1936 and 1977, did not limit state power.', u'Between 1988 and 1990, facing considerable opposition, Mikhail Gorbachev enacted reforms shifting power away from the highest bodies of the party and making the Supreme Soviet less dependent on them.', u"The Congress of People's Deputies was established, the majority of whose members were directly elected in competitive elections held in March 1989.", u'In 1990, Gorbachev introduced and assumed the position of the President of the Soviet Union, concentrated power in his executive office, independent of the party, and subordinated the government, now renamed the Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR, to himself.', u'On 19\u201321 August 1991, a group of hardliners staged an abortive coup attempt.', u'== Administrative divisions ==\n\nConstitutionally, the USSR was a federation of constituent Union Republics, which were either unitary states, such as Ukraine or Byelorussia (SSRs), or federal states, such as Russia or Transcaucasia (SFSRs), all four being the founding republics who signed the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR in December 1922.', u"In 1924, during the national delimitation in Central Asia, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan were formed from parts of the Russia's Turkestan ASSR and two Soviet dependencies, the Khorezm and Bukharan SSRs.", u'In 1929, Tajikistan was split off from the Uzbekistan.', u'With the constitution of 1936, the Transcaucasian SFSR was dissolved, resulting in its constituent republics of Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan being elevated to Union Republics, while Kazakhstan and Kirghizia were split off from Russian SFSR, resulting in the same status.', u'In August 1940, Moldavia was formed from parts of the Ukraine and Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina.', u'Karelia was split off from Russia as a Union Republic in March 1940 and was reabsorbed in 1956.', u'Between July 1956 and September 1991, there were 15 union republics (see map below).', u'After the severe economic collapse caused by the war, Lenin replaced War Communism with the New Economic Policy (NEP) in 1921, legalising free trade and private ownership of smaller businesses.', u'From the 1930s until its dissolution in late 1991, the way the Soviet economy operated remained essentially unchanged.', u'Legalization of some elements of the decentralized economy was attempted with the reform of 1965.', u'However, after 1970, the growth, while still positive, steadily declined much more quickly and consistently than in other countries despite a rapid increase in the capital stock (the rate of increase in capital was only surpassed by Japan).', u'Overall, between 1960 and 1989, the growth rate of per capita income in the Soviet Union was slightly above the world average (based on 102 countries).', u'By their calculation, per capita income of Soviet Union in 1989 should have been twice as high as it was considering the amount of investment, education and population.', u'In 1987, Mikhail Gorbachev tried to reform and revitalize the economy with his program of perestroika.', u'For most of the period after World War II up to its collapse, the Soviet economy was the second largest in the world by GDP (PPP), and was 3rd in the world during the middle of the 1980s to 1989, though in per capita terms the Soviet GDP was behind that of the First World countries.', u'When compared to countries who had a similar GDP per capita to the Soviet Union in 1928, the Soviets experienced significant growth.', u'In 1990, the Soviet Union had a Human Development Index of 0.920, placing them in the "high" category of human development.', u'At the start, this decline grew very rapidly but gradually slowed down between 1970 and 1975.', u'From 1975 and 1980, it grew even slower, only 2.6 percent.', u'In 1991, the Soviet Union had a pipeline network of 82,000 kilometres (51,000 mi) for crude oil and another 206,500 kilometres (128,300 mi) for natural gas.', u'At its peak in 1988, it was the largest producer and second largest exporter of crude oil, surpassed only by Saudi Arabia.', u"By 1989, Soviet scientists were among the world's best-trained specialists in several areas, such as energy physics, selected areas of medicine, mathematics, welding and military technologies.", u'The birth rate of the USSR decreased from 44.0 per thousand in 1926 to 18.0 in 1974, largely due to increasing urbanization and the rising average age of marriages.', u'The mortality rate demonstrated a gradual decrease as well \u2013 from 23.7 per thousand in 1926 to 8.7 in 1974.', u'The infant mortality rate increased from 24.7 in 1970 to 27.9 in 1974.', u'=== Education ===\n\nBefore 1917, education was not free in the Russian Empire and was therefore either inaccessible or barely accessible for many children from lower-class working and peasant families.', u'Estimates from 1917 recorded that 75\u201385 percent of the Russian population was illiterate.', u'By 1940, Joseph Stalin could announce that illiteracy had been eliminated.', u'According to statistics from 1986, the number of higher education students per the population of 10,000 was 181 for the USSR, compared to 517 for the U.S.\n\n\n=== Ethnic groups ===\nThe Soviet Union was a very ethnically diverse country, with more than 100 distinct ethnic groups.', u'The total population was estimated at 293 million in 1991.', u'According to a 1990 estimate, the majority were Russians (50.78%), followed by Ukrainians (15.45%) and Uzbeks (5.84%).', u'=== Health ===\n\nIn 1917, before the revolution, health conditions were significantly behind those of developed countries.', u"The Soviet principle of health care was conceived by the People's Commissariat for Health in 1918.", u'Article 42 of the 1977 Soviet Constitution gave all citizens the right to health protection and free access to any health institutions in the USSR.', u'After 1974, the government stopped publishing statistics on this.', u'The USSR had several centers of excellence, such as the Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Complex, founded in 1988 by Russian eye surgeon Svyatoslav Fyodorov.', u'As the most widely spoken of the Soviet Union\'s many languages, Russian de facto functioned as an official language, as the "language of interethnic communication" (Russian: \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u043c\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f), but only assumed the de jure status as the official national language in 1990.', u'In 1990, the religious makeup was 20% Russian Orthodox, 10% Muslim, 7% Protestant, Armenian Apostolic, Georgian Orthodox, and Roman Catholic, less than 1% Jewish and 60% atheist.', u"About 90 percent of the Soviet Union's Muslims were Sunnis, with Shias concentrated in Azerbaijan.", u'The 1918 Council of People\'s Commissars decree establishing the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) as a secular state also decreed that "the teaching of religion in all [places] where subjects of general instruction are taught, is forbidden.', u"Among further restrictions, those adopted in 1929, a half-decade into Stalin's rule, included express prohibitions on a range of church activities, including meetings for organized Bible study.", u'By 1940, as many as 90 percent of the churches, synagogues, and mosques that had been operating in 1917 were closed.', u'Amid other accommodations to religious faith after Hitler attacked the Soviet Union, churches were reopened, Radio Moscow began broadcasting a religious hour, and a historic meeting between Stalin and Orthodox Church leader Patriarch Sergius of Moscow was held in 1943.', u'During this period, the number of churches fell from 20,000 to 10,000 from 1959 to 1965, and the number of synagogues dropped from 500 to 97.', u'A poll conducted by Soviet authorities in 1982 recorded 20 percent of the Soviet population as "active religious believers."', u'Retrieved 26 May 2012.', u'RT, 21 December 2013.']}
{'title': 'Daguerrotype process announced at French Academy of Science', 'year': '1839-01-09', 'sentences': [u'Invented by Louis-Jaques-Mand\xe9 Daguerre and introduced worldwide in 1839, daguerreotypy was almost completely superseded by 1860 with new, less expensive processes yielding more readily viewable images.', u'The discovery and commercial availability of the halides: iodine, bromine and chlorine a few years earlier (iodine was discovered in 1811, bromine in 1825, and chlorine by Scheele in 1774) meant that silver photographic processes that rely on the reduction of silver chloride, silver iodide and silver chloride to metallic silver became feasible.', u"Previous discoveries of photosensitive methods and substances\u2014including silver nitrate by Albertus Magnus in the 13th century, a silver and chalk mixture by Johann Heinrich Schulze in 1724, and Joseph Ni\xe9pce's bitumen-based heliography in 1822 contributed to development of the daguerreotype.", u'The first reliably documented attempt to capture the image formed in a camera obscura was made by Thomas Wedgwood as early as the 1790s, but according to an 1802 account of his work by Sir Humphry Davy:\n\n"The images formed by means of a camera obscura have been found too faint to produce, in any moderate time, an effect upon the nitrate of silver.', u'=== Development in France ===\nIn 1829 French artist and chemist Louis Jacques-Mand\xe9 Daguerre, when obtaining a camera obscura for his work on theatrical scene painting from the optician Chevalier, was put into contact with Nic\xe9phore Ni\xe9pce, who had already managed to make a record of an image from a camera obscura using the process Ni\xe9pce invented, heliography.', u'15, for example, signified the tanning action of the sun on human skin; 34 - a camera obscura; 74 - sulphuric acid.', u"After Ni\xe9pce's death in 1833, his son, Isidore, inherited rights in the contract and a new version was drawn up between Daguerre and Isidore.", u'Daguerre wrote to Isidore Niepce on 2 January 1839 about his discussion with Arago:\n\nHe sees difficulty with this proceeding by subscription; it is almost certain \u2014 just as I myself have been convinced ever since looking on my first specimens \u2014 that subscription would not serve.', u"Miles Berry, a patent agent acting on Daguerre's and Isidore Ni\xe9pce's behalf in England, wrote a six-page memorial to the Board of the Treasury in an attempt to repeat the French arrangement in Great Britain, \u2018for the purpose of throwing it open in England for the benefit of the public.\u2019\nInform party that Parliament has placed no funds\nat the disposal of the Treasury\nfrom which a purchase of this description could be made\n(indecipherable signature)\nThe Treasury wrote to Miles Berry on 3 April to inform him of their decision:\n(To) Miles Berry Esq 66 Chancery Lane Sir, Having laid before the Lords &c your application on behalf of Messrs Daguerre & Niepce, that Government would purchase their Patent Right to the Invention known as the \u201cDaguerreotype\u201d I have it in command to acquaint you that Parliament has placed no Funds at the disposal of their Lordships from which a purchase of this description could be made 3rd April 1840 (signed) A. Gordon\n(entry in margin) Application Refused\n\nWithout bills being passed by Parliament, as had been arranged in France, Arago having presented a bill in the House of Deputies and Gay-Lussac in the Chamber of Peers, there was no possibility of repeating the French arrangement in England which is why the daguerreotype was given free to the world by the French government with the exception of England and Wales for which Richard Beard controlled the patent rights.", u'Noticing this, Daguerre supposedly wrote to Ni\xe9pce on 21 May 1831 suggesting the use of iodized silver plates as a means of obtaining light images in the camera.', u"Letters from Ni\xe9pce to Daguerre dated 24 June and 8 November 1831, show that Ni\xe9pce was unsuccessful in obtaining satisfactory results following Daguerre's suggestion, although he had produced a negative on an iodized silver plate in the camera.", u"Ni\xe9pce's letters to Daguerre dated 29 January and 3 March 1832 show that the use of iodized silver plates was due to Daguerre and not Ni\xe9pce.", u'According to Austrian chemist Josef Maria Eder, Daguerre was not versed in chemistry and it was Dumas who suggested Daguerre use sodium hyposulfite, discovered by Herschel in 1819, as a fixer to dissolve the unexposed silver salts.', u'== First mention in print (1835) and public announcement (1839) ==\nA paragraph tacked onto the end of a review of one of Daguerre\'s Diorama spectacles in the Journal des artistes on 27 September 1835, a Diorama painting of a landslide that occurred in "La Vall\xe9e de Goldau", made passing mention of rumour that was going around the Paris studios of Daguerre\'s attempts to make a visual record on metal plates of the fleeting image produced by the camera obscura:\n\n"It is said that Daguerre has found the means to collect, on a plate prepared by him, the image produced by the camera obscura, in such a way that a portrait, a landscape, or any view, projected upon this plate by the ordinary camera obscura, leaves an imprint in light and shade there, and thus presents the most perfect of all drawings ... a preparation put over this image preserves it for an indefinite time ... the physical sciences have perhaps never presented a marvel comparable to this one."', u'A further clue to fixing the date of invention of the process is that when the Paris correspondent of the London periodical The Athenaeum reported the public announcement of the daguerreotype in 1839, he mentioned that the daguerreotypes now being produced were considerably better than the ones he had seen "four years earlier".', u'Fran\xe7ois Arago briefly mentioned the heliograph, the physautotype and the daguerreotype process at a joint meeting of the French Academy of Sciences and the Acad\xe9mie des Beaux-Arts held at the Institut de Fran\xe7e on Monday, 19 August 1839.', u'Together, these announcements cause commentators to choose the 1839 as the year photography was born, or made public.', u"The phrase the birth of photography has been used by different authors to mean different things: - either the publicizing of the process (in 1839) as a metaphor to indicate that previous to that the daguerreotype process had been kept secret; or, the date the first photograph was taken by or with a camera (using the asphalt process or heliography thought to have been 1822, but Eder's research indicates that the date was more probably 1826 or later.", u'The government would then present the daguerreotype process "free to the world" as a gift, which it did on 19 August 1839.', u'This was the usual wording of English patent specifications before 1852.', u'It was only after the 1852 Act, which unified the patent systems of England, Ireland and Scotland, that a single patent protection was automatically extended to the whole of the British Isles, including the Channel Isles and the Isle of Man.', u"Much of Daguerre's early work was destroyed when his home and studio caught fire on 8 March 1839, while the painter Samuel Morse was visiting from the US.", u'In the Becquerel variation of the process, published in 1840 but very seldom used in the 19th century, the plate, sensitized by fuming with iodine alone, was developed by overall exposure to sunlight passing through yellow or red glass.', u"Gilding, also called gold toning, was an addition to Daguerre's process introduced by Hippolyte Fizeau in 1840.", u'The word "Union" referred to the sawdust and varnish mixture\u2014the manufacture of Union cases began in 1856.', u'A much "faster" lens could have been provided\u2014simply omitting the integral fixed diaphragm from the Chevalier lens would have increased its working aperture to about f/4.7 and reduced the exposure time by nearly 90 percent\u2014but because of the existing state of lens design the much shorter exposure would have been at the cost of a peripherally distorted and very much less clear image.', u'With uncommon exceptions, daguerreotypes made before 1841 were of immobile subjects such as landscapes, public or historic buildings, monuments, statuary, and still life arrangements.', u'In 1841, the Petzval Portrait Lens was introduced.', u'The directions for the use of the Voigtl\xe4nder camera read as follows:\n\nDirections for the use of the new daguerreotype apparatus for the making of portraits, executed according to the calculations of Professor Petzval by Voigtl\xe4nder and Son, Vienna, printed by J.P.Sollinger, August 1, 1841.', u'In 1845 Friedrich von Martens invented the first panoramic camera for curved daguerreotype plates with a lens that turned to cover an angle of 150 degrees.', u'Netto constructed, in 1841, a studio in which the front part of the camera with the lens was built into the wall between the studio and the adjoining darkroom, the rear part of the camera being inside the darkroom.', u'The daguerreotypes of the 1852 Omaha Indian (Native American) delegation in the Smithsonian include a daguerrotype copied in the camera, recognizable by the contrast being high and a black line down the side of the plate.', u'In Britain, however, Richard Beard bought the British daguerreotype patent from Miles Berry in 1841 and closely controlled his investment, selling licenses throughout the country and prosecuting infringers.', u'Daguerreotype photography spread rapidly across the United States after the discovery first appeared in US newspapers in February 1839.', u'By 1853, an estimated three million daguerreotypes per year were being produced in the United States alone.', u'This method spread to other parts of the world as well:\nThe first daguerreotype in Australia was taken in 1841, but no longer survives.', u'The oldest surviving Australian daguerreotype is a portrait of Dr. William Bland taken in 1845.', u'In Jamaica Adolphe Duperly, a Frenchman, produced a booklet of Daguerreotypes, Daguerian Excursions in Jamaica, being a collection of views ... taken on the spot with the Daguerreotype which probably appeared in 1844.', u'In 1857, Ichiki Shir\u014d created the first known Japanese photograph, a portrait of his daimyo Shimazu Nariakira.', u'== Astronomical application in the 1870s ==\nIn 1839, Fran\xe7ois Arago had in his address to the French Chamber of Deputies outlined a wealth of possible applications including astronomy, and indeed the daguerreotype was still occasionally used for astronomical photography in the 1870s.', u"International group exhibitions of contemporary daguerreotypists' works have been held, notably the 2009 exhibition in Bry Sur Marne, France, with 182 daguerreotypes by forty-four artists, and the 2013 ImageObject exhibition in New York City, showcasing seventy-five works by thirty-three artists.", u'Facing the Light: Historic American Portrait Daguerreotypes: An Exhibition at the National Portrait Gallery, September 22, 1978-January 15, 1979.', u"Paris 1839 (French) Daguerre's Daguerreotype Manual."]}
{'title': 'Mississippi becomes 2nd state to secede from US', 'year': '1861-01-09', 'sentences': [u'In 2010, 37% of Mississippians were African Americans, the highest percentage of African Americans in any U.S. state.', u'Since 2011 Mississippi has been ranked as the most religious state in the country.', u'The mean elevation in the state is 300 feet (91 m) above sea level.', u'The recorded temperature in Mississippi has ranged from \u221219 \xb0F (\u221228.3 \xb0C), in 1966, at Corinth in the northeast, to 115 \xb0F (46.1 \xb0C), in 1930, at Holly Springs in the north.', u"Heavy snowfall is possible across the state, such as during the New Year's Eve 1963 snowstorm.", u'Hurricane Camille in 1969 and Hurricane Katrina in 2005, which killed 238 people in the state, were the most devastating hurricanes to hit the state.', u'From 1858 to 1861, the state took over levee building, accomplishing it through contractors and hired labor.', u'After the Civil War, major floods swept down the valley in 1865, 1867, 1874 and 1882.', u'In 1877, the state created the Mississippi Levee District for southern counties.', u'In 1879, the United States Congress created the Mississippi River Commission, whose responsibilities included aiding state levee boards in the construction of levees.', u'By 1882, levees averaged seven feet in height, but many in the southern Delta were severely tested by the flood that year.', u'After the 1882 flood, the levee system was expanded.', u'In 1884, the Yazoo-Mississippi Delta Levee District was established to oversee levee construction and maintenance in the northern Delta counties; also included were some counties in Arkansas which were part of the Delta.', u"Regional losses and the Mississippi River Levee Association's lobbying for a flood control bill helped gain passage of national bills in 1917 and 1923 to provide federal matching funds for local levee districts, on a scale of 2:1.", u'The region was severely damaged due to the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927, which broke through the levees.', u'The first major European expedition into the territory that became Mississippi was that of the Spanish explorer, Hernando de Soto, who passed through the northeast part of the state in 1540, in his second expedition to the New World.', u'=== Colonial era ===\nIn April 1699, French colonists established the first European settlement at Fort Maurepas (also known as Old Biloxi), built in the vicinity of present-day Ocean Springs on the Gulf Coast.', u'In 1716, the French founded Natchez on the Mississippi River (as Fort Rosalie); it became the dominant town and trading post of the area.', u'The Mississippi Territory was organized on April 7, 1798, from territory ceded by Georgia and South Carolina to the United States.', u"From 1800 to about 1830, the United States purchased some lands (Treaty of Doak's Stand) from Native American tribes for new settlements of European Americans; they were mostly migrants from other Southern states, particularly Virginia and North Carolina, where soils were exhausted.", u'On September 27, 1830, the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek was signed between the U.S. Government and the Choctaw.', u'Beginning in 1822, slaves in Mississippi were protected by law from cruel and unusual punishment by their owners.', u'For example, the 1860 Mississippi case of Oliver v. State charged the defendant with murdering his own slave.', u'=== Statehood, 1817\u20131861 ===\nOn December 10, 1817, Mississippi was the 20th state admitted to the Union.', u"By 1860, the enslaved African-American population numbered 436,631 or 55% of the state's total of 791,305.", u'=== Civil War to 20th century ===\n\nOn January 9, 1861, Mississippi became the second state to declare its secession from the Union, and it was one of the founding members of the Confederate States.', u"Union General Ulysses S. Grant's long siege of Vicksburg finally gained the Union control of the river in 1863.", u'By 1895 they had established numerous black Baptist state associations and the National Baptist Convention of black churches.', u'During Reconstruction, the first Mississippi constitutional convention in 1868, with delegates both black and white, framed a constitution whose major elements would be maintained for 22 years.', u'Under the terms of Reconstruction, Mississippi was restored to the Union on February 23, 1870.', u'Because the Mississippi Delta contained so much fertile bottomland that had not been developed before the Civil War, 90 percent of the land was still frontier.', u'Democrats regained control of the state legislature in 1875, after a year of expanded violence against blacks and intimidation of whites in what was called the "white line" campaign, based on asserting white supremacy.', u'From 1874 to the elections of 1875, they pressured whites to join the Democrats, and conducted violence against blacks in at least 15 known "riots" in cities around the state to intimidate blacks and suppress their voting.', u'In 1877 the last of federal troops were withdrawn from the region.', u'However, black residents were deprived of all political power after white legislators passed a new state constitution in 1890 specifically to "eliminate the nigger from politics", according to the state\'s Democratic governor, James K. Vardaman.', u'Together with imposition of Jim Crow and racial segregation laws, whites committed an increased rate of lynchings of blacks, mostly men, beginning in the 1890s and extending to 1930.', u'Cotton crops failed due to boll weevil infestation and successive severe flooding in 1912 and 1913, creating crisis conditions for many African Americans.', u"=== 20th century to present ===\nIn 1900, blacks made up more than half of the state's population.", u'By 1910, a majority of black farmers in the Delta had lost their land and become sharecroppers.', u'By 1920, the third generation after freedom, most African Americans in Mississippi were landless laborers again facing poverty.', u'Starting about 1913, tens of thousands of black Americans left Mississippi for the North in the Great Migration to industrial cities such as St. Louis, Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, Philadelphia and New York.', u'In 1923, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People stated "the Negro feels that life is not safe in Mississippi and his life may be taken with impunity at any time upon the slightest pretext or provocation by a white man".', u'By 1900, many white ministers, especially in the towns, subscribed to the Social Gospel movement, which attempted to apply Christian ethics to social and economic needs of the day.', u'The Second Great Migration from the South started in the 1940s, lasting until 1970.', u"In 1960 they made up 42% of the state's population.", u'The whites maintained their discriminatory voter registration processes established in 1890, preventing most blacks from voting, even if they were well educated.', u"In 1954 the state had created the Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission, a tax-supported agency, chaired by the Governor, that claimed to work for the state's image but effectively spied on activists and passed information to the local White Citizens' Councils to suppress black activism.", u'White Citizens Councils had been formed in many cities and towns to resist integration of schools following the unanimous 1954 United States Supreme Court ruling (Brown v. Board of Education) that segregation of public schools was unconstitutional.', u'In the summer of 1964 students and community organizers from across the country came to help register black voters in Mississippi and establish Freedom Schools.', u'Chapters of the Ku Klux Klan and its sympathizers used violence against activists, most notably the murder of three civil rights activists in 1964 during the Freedom Summer campaign.', u'This was a catalyst for Congressional passage the following year of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.', u'After decades of disenfranchisement, African Americans in the state gradually began to exercise their right to vote again for the first time since the 19th century, following the passage of federal civil rights legislation in 1964 and 1965, which ended de jure segregation and enforced constitutional voting rights.', u'Registration of African-American voters increased and black candidates ran in the 1967 elections for state and local offices.', u'He continued as the only African American in the state legislature until 1976 and was repeatedly elected into the 21st century, including three terms as Speaker of the House.', u'In 1966, the state was the last to repeal officially statewide prohibition of alcohol.', u'On August 17, 1969, Category 5 Hurricane Camille hit the Mississippi coast, killing 248 people and causing US$1.5 billion in damage (1969 dollars).', u"In 1987, 20 years after the U.S. Supreme Court had ruled in 1967's Loving v. Virginia that a similar Virginian law was unconstitutional, Mississippi repealed its ban on interracial marriage (also known as miscegenation), which had been enacted in 1890.", u'It also repealed the segregationist-era poll tax in 1989.', u'In 1995, the state symbolically ratified the Thirteenth Amendment, which had abolished slavery in 1865.', u'Though ratified in 1995, the state never officially notified the U.S. archivist, which kept the ratification unofficial until 2013, when Ken Sullivan contacted the office of Secretary of State of Mississippi, Delbert Hosemann, who agreed to file the paperwork and make it official.', u'In 2009, the legislature passed a bill to repeal other discriminatory civil rights laws, which had been enacted in 1964, the same year as the federal Civil Rights Act, but ruled unconstitutional in 1967 by federal courts.', u'On August 29, 2005, Hurricane Katrina, though a Category 3 storm upon final landfall, caused even greater destruction across the entire 90 miles (145 km) of the Mississippi Gulf Coast from Louisiana to Alabama.', u'The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Mississippi was 2,992,333 on July 1, 2015, a 0.84% increase since the 2010 United States Census.', u'From 2000 to 2010, the United States Census Bureau reported that Mississippi had the highest rate of increase in people identifying as mixed-race, up 70 percent in the decade; it amounts to a total of 1.1 percent of the population.', u"The state's sodomy law criminalized consensual sex between adults of the same gender until 2003 (but was seldom enforced), when such laws were voided by the Supreme Court case Lawrence v. Texas.", u"In 2004, voters in Mississippi approved Amendment 1, amending the state's constitution to prohibit same-sex marriage; the measure passed with 86% of the vote, the highest margin of victory in the nation.", u'According to the 2010 census, approximately 33% of households led by same-sex couples in Mississippi included at least one child, the highest such percentage in the nation.', u'=== Ethnic makeup and ancestry ===\nAt the 2010 U.S. census, the racial makeup of the population was:\n59.1% White American (58.0% non-Hispanic white, 1.1% White Hispanic)\n37.0% African American or Black\n0.5% American Indian and Alaska Native\n0.9% Asian American\n1.1% Multiracial American\n1.4% Other\nEthnically, 2.7% of the total population, among all racial groups, was of Hispanic or Latino origin (they may be of any race).', u"As of 2011, 53.8% of Mississippi's population younger than age 1 were minorities, meaning that they had at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic white.", u'In the 1980 census 656,371 Mississippians of a total of 1,946,775 identified as being of English ancestry, making them 38% of the state at the time.', u'The state in 2010 had the highest proportion of African Americans in the nation.', u'=== Language ===\nIn 2000, 96.4% of Mississippi residents five years old and older spoke only English in the home, a decrease from 97.2% in 1990.', u'The growth of the cotton culture after 1815 brought in tens of thousands of Anglo-American settlers each year, most of whom were Protestants from Southeastern states.', u'Independent black Baptist churches were established before 1800 in Virginia, Kentucky, South Carolina and Georgia, and later developed in Mississippi as well.', u'In 1973 the Presbyterian Church in America attracted numerous conservative congregations.', u'As of 2010 Mississippi remained a stronghold of the denomination, which originally was brought by Scots immigrants.', u'The state has the highest adherence rate of the PCA in 2010, with 121 congregations and 18,500 members.', u'According to the Association of Religion Data Archives (ARDA), in 2010 the Southern Baptist Convention had 907,384 adherents and was the largest religious denomination in the state, followed by the United Methodist Church with 204,165, and the Roman Catholic Church with 112,488.', u"Other religions have a small presence in Mississippi; as of 2010, there were 5,012 Muslims; 4,389 Hindus; and 816 Bah\xe1'\xed.", u'In a 2009 Gallup poll, 63% of Mississippians said that they attended church weekly or almost weekly - the highest percentage of all states (U.S. average was 42%, and the lowest percentage was in Vermont at 23%).', u'Another 2008 Gallup poll found that 85% of Mississippians considered religion an important part of their daily lives, the highest figure among all states (U.S. average 65%).', u'=== LGBT ===\nThe 2010 United States census counted 6,286 same-sex unmarried-partner households in Mississippi, an increase of 1,512 since the 2000 United States census.', u"With the passing of HB 1523 in April 2016, from July it will be legal in Mississippi to refuse service to same-sex couples, based on one's religious beliefs.", u'In 2011, Mississippi (and Arkansas) had the least number of dentists in the United States.', u"In a 2006 study, 22.8 percent of the state's children were classified as such.", u'Mississippi had the highest rate of obesity of any U.S. state from 2005 to 2008, and also ranks first in the nation for high blood pressure, diabetes, and adult inactivity.', u'In a 2008 study of African-American women, contributing risk factors were shown to be: lack of knowledge about body mass index (BMI), dietary behavior, physical inactivity and lack of social support, defined as motivation and encouragement by friends.', u'A 2002 report on African-American adolescents noted a 1999 survey which suggests that a third of children were obese, with higher ratios for those in the Delta.', u'A 2006 survey found nearly 95 percent of Mississippi adults considered childhood obesity to be a serious problem.', u"== Economy ==\n\nThe Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates that Mississippi's total state product in 2010 was $98 billion.", u"Per capita personal income in 2006 was $26,908, the lowest per capita personal income of any state, but the state also has the nation's lowest living costs.", u"In addition, when Democrats regained control of the state legislature, they passed the 1890 constitution that discouraged corporate industrial development in favor of rural agriculture, a legacy that would slow the state's progress for years.", u'By 1860, a majority \u2013 55 percent \u2013 of the population of Mississippi was enslaved.', u'In 1860 assessed valuation of property in Mississippi had been more than $500 million, of which $218 million (43 percent) was estimated as the value of slaves.', u'By 1870, total assets had decreased in value to roughly $177 million.', u'The constitutional convention of early 1868 appointed a committee to recommend what was needed for relief of the state and its citizens.', u'By 1868 an increased cotton crop began to show possibilities for free labor in the state, but the crop of 565,000 bales produced in 1870 was still less than half of prewar figures.', u'In 1900, two-thirds of farm owners in Mississippi were blacks, a major achievement for them and their families.', u'In addition, the reliance on agriculture grew increasingly costly as the state suffered loss of cotton crops due to the devastation of the boll weevil in the early 20th century, devastating floods in 1912\u20131913 and 1927, collapse of cotton prices after 1920, and drought in 1930.', u'It was not until 1884, after the flood of 1882, that the state created the Mississippi-Yazoo Delta District Levee Board and started successfully achieving longer term plans for levees in the upper Delta.', u"Despite the state's building and reinforcing levees for years, the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 broke through and caused massive flooding of 27,000 square miles (70,000 km2) throughout the Delta, homelessness for hundreds of thousands, and millions of dollars in property damages.", u"=== Entertainment and tourism ===\n\nThe legislature's 1990 decision to legalize casino gambling along the Mississippi River and the Gulf Coast has led to increased revenues and economic gains for the state.", u"An estimated $500,000 per day in tax revenue was lost following Hurricane Katrina's severe damage to several coastal casinos in Biloxi in August 2005.", u'Because of the destruction from this hurricane, on October 17, 2005, Governor Haley Barbour signed a bill into law that allows casinos in Hancock and Harrison counties to rebuild on land (but within 800 feet (240 m) of the water).', u'The only exception is in Harrison County, where the new law states that casinos can be built to the southern boundary of U.S. Route 90.', u'In 2012, Mississippi had the sixth largest gambling revenue of any state, with $2.25 billion.', u'Momentum Mississippi, a statewide, public\u2013private partnership dedicated to the development of economic and employment opportunities in Mississippi, was adopted in 2005.', u'On August 30, 2007, a report by the United States Census Bureau indicated that Mississippi was the poorest state in the country.', u'In 2005, Mississippi citizens received approximately $2.02 per dollar of taxes in the way of federal spending.', u'This ranks the state 2nd highest nationally, and represents an increase from 1995, when Mississippi received $1.54 per dollar of taxes in federal spending and was 3rd highest nationally.', u'=== Laws ===\nIn 2004, Mississippi voters approved a state constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage and prohibiting Mississippi from recognizing same-sex marriages performed elsewhere.', u'Same-sex marriage became legal in Mississippi on June 26, 2015, when the United States Supreme Court invalidated all state-level bans on same-sex marriage as unconstitutional in the landmark case Obergefell v. Hodges.', u'== Political alignment ==\nMississippi led the South in developing a disfranchising constitution, passing it in 1890.', u'Mississippi was the last state to have presidential elections in which one candidate gained a popular vote exceeding 90% and 85%, in 1944 and 1964, respectively.', u"In both years, the voting reflected essentially only white voters in the state, as most African Americans were overwhelmingly still disenfranchised under the state's 1890 constitution and discriminatory practices.", u"In 1944, Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt won nearly 94% of Mississippi's popular vote.", u'In 1964, Republican Barry M. Goldwater carried the state with 87% of votes, reflecting the shift among conservative white voters to supporting Republican candidates.', u'Most blacks were still disenfranchised, as they were until after passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and concerted grassroots efforts to achieve registration and encourage voting.', u'=== Water ===\n\n\n==== Major rivers ====\nMississippi River\nBig Black River\nPascagoula River\nPearl River\nTennessee-Tombigbee Waterway\nYazoo River\n\n\n==== Major bodies of water ====\n\nArkabutla Lake \u2013 19,550 acres (79.1 km2) of water; constructed and managed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Vicksburg District\nBay Springs Lake \u2013 6,700 acres (27 km2) of water and 133 miles (214 km) of shoreline; constructed and managed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers\nGrenada Lake \u2013 35,000 acres (140 km2) of water; became operational in 1954; constructed and managed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Vicksburg District\nRoss Barnett Reservoir \u2013 Named for Ross Barnett, the 52nd Governor of Mississippi; 33,000 acres (130 km2) of water; became operational in 1966; constructed and managed by The Pearl River Valley Water Supply District, a state agency; Provides water supply for the City of Jackson.', u'Sardis Lake \u2013 98,520 acres (398.7 km2) of water; became operational in October 1940; constructed and managed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Vicksburg District\n\n\n== Education ==\n\nUntil the Civil War era, Mississippi had a small number of schools and no educational institutions for African Americans.', u'The first school for black students was not established until 1862.', u'During Reconstruction in 1871, black and white Republicans drafted a constitution that was the first to provide for a system of free public education in the state.', u'Blacks and whites attended segregated and separate public schools in Mississippi until the late 1960s, although such segregation had been declared unconstitutional by the United States Supreme Court in its 1954 ruling in Brown v. Board of Education.', u"In 2008, Mississippi was ranked last among the fifty states in academic achievement by the American Legislative Exchange Council's Report Card on Education, with the lowest average ACT scores and sixth-lowest spending per pupil in the nation.", u'In 2007, Mississippi students scored the lowest of any state on the National Assessments of Educational Progress in both math and science.', u'The Mississippi School for the Deaf was established by the state legislature in 1854 before the civil war.', u'MSMS was founded in 1987 by appropriations from the Mississippi Legislature and it is the fourth public, residential high school for academically gifted students in the United States.', u'On March 12, 1894, the Biedenharn Candy Company bottled the first Coca-Cola in Vicksburg, Mississippi.', u"Root beer was invented in Biloxi in 1898 by Edward Adolf Barq, the namesake of Barq's Root Beer.", u'On a 1902 hunting trip to Sharkey County, Mississippi, he ordered the mercy killing of a wounded bear.', u"In 1935, the world's first night rodeo held outdoors under electric lights was produced by Earl Bascom and Weldon Bascom in Columbia, Marion County, Mississippi\nIn 1936, Dr. Leslie Rush, of Rush Hospital in Meridian, Mississippi, performed the first bone pinning in the United States.", u'She was appointed by Harry S. Truman on October 21, 1949.', u"Marilyn Monroe won the Mrs. Mississippi finals in the 1952 film We're Not Married!.", u'In 1963, Dr. James D. Hardy of the University of Mississippi Medical Center performed the first human lung transplant in Jackson, Mississippi.', u'In 1964, Dr. Hardy performed the first heart transplant, transplanting the heart of a chimpanzee into a human, where it beat for 90 minutes.', u'"At 10:00 a.m. on October 22, 1964, the United States government detonated an underground nuclear device in Lamar County, in south Mississippi.', u'(...) The Project Salmon blast was about one-third as powerful as the bomb that destroyed Hiroshima in 1945.', u'(...) The Project Sterling blast, on December 3, 1966, was considerably weaker than the blast two years earlier, as it was intended to be."', u'On January 8, 1935, Elvis Presley was born in Tupelo.', u'In 2013, researchers at the University of Mississippi Medical Center discovered a functional cure for HIV/AIDS in infants.', u'Johnny Carson attended Millsaps College under an elite Navy program to train officers, known as the V-12 Program from November 1943 to February 1945.', u'The film Mississippi Burning is based around the FBI investigation of events that occurred there in 1964 where three civil rights workers were murdered.', u'Jackson, MS: University of Mississippi Press, 2014.', u'== External links ==\n\nOfficial website\nMississippi Travel and Tourism\nMississippi Development Authority\nThe "Mississippi Believe It" Campaign\nUSDA Mississippi State Facts\nUniversity Press of Mississippi\nMississippi at DMOZ\nMississippi as Metaphor State, Region, and Nation in Historical Imagination", Southern Spaces, October 23, 2006.']}
{'title': '5.9 earthquake in New England & Canada; 1st since 1855', 'year': '1982-01-09', 'sentences': [u'On October 23, 1907, a magnitude 5.9 earthquake struck Calabria, at a depth of 33.0 km.', u'Ferruzano had been hit as well in the 1905 Calabria earthquake.', u'Almost a month later, on November 17, 1907, the area of Ferruzzano, Brancaleone and Bianco was hit again.', u'On January 23, 1908, the area was hit again by an earthquake.', u'In Ferruzzano new houses built after the earthquakes of 1905 and 1907 resisted the shocks of the 1908 Messina earthquake.', u'== See also ==\nList of earthquakes in 1907\nList of earthquakes in Italy\n\n\n== References ==']}
{'title': 'Dutch in Capetown surrender to British', 'year': '1806-01-10', 'sentences': [u"As of 2014, it is the 10th most populous city in Africa and home to 64% of the Western Cape's population.", u'The city was named the World Design Capital for 2014 by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design.', u'In 2014, Cape Town was named the best place in the world to visit by both the American New York Times and the British Daily Telegraph.', u"Jan van Riebeeck's arrival on 6 April 1652 established the first permanent European settlement in South Africa.", u"Little is known of the history of the region's first residents, since there is no written history from the area before it was first mentioned by Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias in 1486.", u'Vasco da Gama recorded a sighting of the Cape of Good Hope in 1497.', u'In 1652, Jan van Riebeeck and other employees of the Dutch East India Company (Dutch: Verenigde Oost-indische Compagnie, VOC) were sent to the Cape to establish a way-station for ships travelling to the Dutch East Indies, and the Fort de Goede Hoop (later replaced by the Castle of Good Hope).', u'Britain captured Cape Town in 1795, but the Cape was returned to the Dutch by treaty in 1803.', u'British forces occupied the Cape again in 1806 following the Battle of Blaauwberg.', u'In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814, Cape Town was permanently ceded to Britain.', u'The discovery of diamonds in Griqualand West in 1867, and the Witwatersrand Gold Rush in 1886, prompted a flood of immigrants to South Africa.', u'In 1910, Britain established the Union of South Africa, which unified the Cape Colony with the two defeated Boer Republics and the British colony of Natal.', u'In the 1948 national elections, the National Party won on a platform of apartheid (racial segregation) under the slogan of "swart gevaar".', u'After it was declared a whites-only region in 1965, all housing there was demolished and over 60,000 residents were forcibly removed.', u'Africans\nSchool students from Langa, Gugulethu and Nyanga in Cape Town reacted to the news of protests against Bantu Education in Soweto in June 1976 and organised gatherings and marches which were met with resistance from the police.', u'In one of the most famous moments marking the end of apartheid, Nelson Mandela made his first public speech since his imprisonment, from the balcony of Cape Town City Hall hours after being released on 11 February 1990.', u'His speech heralded the beginning of a new era for the country, and the first democratic election, was held four years later, on 27 April 1994.', u'Since 1994, the city has struggled with problems such as drugs, a surge in violent drug-related crime and more recently gang violence.', u"There are over 70 peaks above 300 m (980 ft) within Cape Town's official city limits.", u'Summer, which lasts from early December to March, is warm and dry with an average maximum of 26.0 \xb0C (79 \xb0F) and minimum of 16.0 \xb0C (61 \xb0F).', u'Water temperatures range greatly, between 10 \xb0C (50 \xb0F) on the Atlantic Seaboard, to over 22 \xb0C (72 \xb0F) in False Bay.', u'These protected areas are a World Heritage Site, and an estimated 2,200 species of plants are confined to Table Mountain \u2013 more than exist in the whole of the United Kingdom which has 1200 plant species and 67 endemic plant species.', u'In the local government elections of 18 May 2011, the Democratic Alliance (DA) won an outright majority, taking 135 of the 221 council seats.', u'The African National Congress, the national ruling party, received 73 seats.', u'== Demographics ==\n\nAccording to the South African National Census of 2011, the population of the City of Cape Town metropolitan municipality \u2013 an area that includes suburbs and exurbs not always considered as part of Cape Town \u2013 is 3,740,026 people.', u'This represents an annual growth rate of 2.6% compared to the results of the previous census in 2001 which found a population of 2,892,243 people.', u'The sex ratio is 96, meaning that there are slightly more women than men.', u"In 1944, 47% of the city's population was White, 46% was Coloured, less than 6% was Black African and 1% was Asian.", u"In 2011 the city's GDP was US$56.8 billion with a GDP per capita of US$15,721.", u'In the five years preceding 2014 Cape Town GDP grew at an average of 3.7% a year.', u"Between 2001 and 2010 the city's Gini coefficient, a measure of inequality, improved by dropping from 0.59 in 2007 to 0.57 in 2010 only to increase to 0.67 by 2011/12.", u'Cape Town has recently enjoyed a booming real estate and construction market, because of the 2010 World Cup as well as many people buying summer homes in the city or relocating there permanently.', u'In 2010, over 1.5 million international tourists visited the area.', u"Growing at an annual rate of 8.5% and an estimated worth of R77 billion in 2010 nationwide the IT industry in Cape Town is becoming increasingly important to the city's economy.", u'In summer, False Bay water averages slightly over 20 \xb0C (68 \xb0F), with 22 \xb0C (72 \xb0F) a common high.', u'In 2004 this Region, including Kirstenbosch, was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.', u'It was built in 1796 and restored in 1935 and again in 1995.', u"In November 2013, Cape Town was voted the best global city in The Daily Telegraph's annual Travel Awards.", u'94.5 Kfm (94.5 MHz FM) and Good Hope FM (94\u201397 MHz FM) mostly play pop music.', u'Bush Radio is a community radio station (89.5 MHz FM).', u'The Voice of the Cape (95.8 MHz FM) and Cape Talk (567 kHz MW) are the major talk radio stations in the city.', u'Bokradio (98.9 MHz FM) is an Afrikaans music station.', u'Cape Town also regularly hosts the national team, the Springboks, and hosted matches during the 1995 Rugby World Cup, including the opening ceremony and game, as well as the semi-final between New Zealand and England that saw Jonah Lomu run in four tries.', u'These teams are Ajax Cape Town, which formed as a result of the 1999 amalgamation of the Seven Stars and the Cape Town Spurs and newly promoted Chippa United.', u'Cape Town was also the location of several of the matches of the FIFA 2010 World Cup including a semi-final, held in South Africa.', u'Cape Town has Olympic aspirations: in 1996, Cape Town was one of the five candidate cities shortlisted by the IOC to launch official candidatures to host the 2004 Summer Olympics.', u'It sees over 35,000 cyclists tackling a 109 km (68 mi) route around Cape Town.', u'Some notable events hosted by Cape Town have included the 1995 Rugby World Cup, 2003 ICC Cricket World Cup, and World Championships in various sports such as athletics, fencing, weightlifting, hockey, cycling, canoeing, gymnastics and others.', u'Cape Town was also a host city to the 2010 FIFA World Cup from 11 June to 11 July 2010, further enhancing its profile as a major events city.', u'It was also one of the host cities of the 2009 Indian Premier League cricket tournament.', u'It has over 21,000 students and has an MBA programme that is ranked 51st by the Financial Times in 2006.', u'The public Cape Peninsula University of Technology was formed on 1 January 2005, when two separate institutions \u2013 Cape Technikon and Peninsula Technikon \u2013 were merged.', u'Cape Town International Airport recently opened a brand new central terminal building that was developed to handle an expected increase in air traffic as tourism numbers increased in the lead-up to the 2010 FIFA World Cup.', u'In 2004, it handled 3,161 ships and 9.2 million tonnes of cargo.', u'The Metrorail network consists of 96 stations throughout the suburbs and outskirts of Cape Town.', u'The R27 originates from the N1 near the Foreshore and runs north parallel to the N7, but nearer to the coast.', u'The M5 splits from the N1 further east than the M3, and links the Cape Flats to the CBD.', u'It is a highway as far as the interchange with the M68 at Ottery, before continuing as an at-grade road.']}
{'title': '20th hat trick in Islander history - Bobby Nystrom', 'year': '1977-01-10', 'sentences': [u"== Origin ==\nThe term first appeared in 1858 in cricket, to describe HH Stephenson's taking three wickets with three consecutive deliveries.", u'The term was used in print for the first time in 1868.', u'The fastest recorded time to score a hat-trick is 70 seconds, a record set by Alex Torr in a Sunday league game in 2013.', u'The previous Guinness world record of 90 seconds was held by Tommy Ross playing for Ross County against Nairn County on 28 November 1964.', u'The first hat-trick in an international game was by Scottish player John McDougall, against England on 2 March 1878.', u"Two hat-tricks have been scored in a final, by Geoff Hurst for England in the 1966 final during extra time against West Germany, and Carli Lloyd against Japan in the 2015 Women's World Cup final.", u"For example, on 29 August 2015, Toronto Blue Jays fans celebrated Edwin Encarnacion's third home run of the game by throwing hats onto the field, similar to the tradition in ice hockey.", u'In Test cricket history there have been just 42 hat-tricks, the first achieved by Fred Spofforth for Australia against England in 1879.', u'In 1912, Australian Jimmy Matthews achieved the feat twice in one game against South Africa.', u"The only other players to achieve two hat-tricks are Australia's Hugh Trumble, against England in 1902 and 1904, Pakistan's Wasim Akram, in separate games against Sri Lanka in 1999, and England's Stuart Broad.", u'In One Day International cricket there have been 36 hat-tricks, the first by Jalal-ud-Din for Pakistan against Australia in 1982, and the most recent by James Faulkner (cricketer) of Australia, playing in the World Cup quarter final against Sri Lanka on 18 March 2015 at the Sydney Cricket Ground.', u'Lasith Malinga achieved a hat-trick while playing for Sri Lanka against Australia on 22 August 2011 in the last match of the five-ODI series in Colombo.', u'In Twenty20 International Cricket, Brett Lee of Australia had a hat-trick against Bangladesh in the Super Eight of the Twenty20 World Cup on 16 September 2007 in South Africa.', u'Jacob Oram of New Zealand made a hat-trick against Sri Lanka on 2 September 2009 in Colombo, And Tim Southee, also from New Zealand, made a hat-trick against Pakistan, and ended up with a 5-For at the end of the match.', u"The feat of taking four wickets in four balls has occurred only once in international one-day cricket, in the 2007 World Cup, when Sri Lanka's Lasith Malinga managed the feat against South Africa by dismissing Shaun Pollock, Andrew Hall, Jacques Kallis and Makhaya Ntini, though it has occurred on other occasions in first-class cricket.", u'Kevan James of Hampshire took four wickets in four balls and scored a century in the same county game against India in 1996.', u'In 2006 Irfan Pathan of India achieved a hat-trick in the first over of the test match, off the last three balls, when dismissing Salman Butt, Younis Khan and Mohammad Yousuf of Pakistan.', u'Chaminda Vaas is the only one to achieve a hat-trick of the very first deliveries in one day internationals, against Bangladesh in the tenth match of 2003 ICC World Cup at City Oval, Pietermaritzburg.', u"One of Trott's two hat-tricks, for Middlesex against Somerset at Lords in 1907, was a four in four.", u'On 2 December 1988, Merv Hughes, playing for Australia, dismissed Curtly Ambrose with the last ball of his penultimate over and Patrick Patterson with the first ball of his next over, wrapping up the West Indies first innings.', u'In 1844, underarm bowler William Clark, playing for "England" against Kent, achieved a hat-trick spread over two innings, dismissing Kent batsman John Fagge twice within the hat-trick.', u'A triple hat-trick was achieved by Scott Babot of Wainuiomata Cricket Club playing in the Senior 3 competition in New Zealand in 2008.', u'Montreal hatter Henri Henri makes a similar claim, that between 1950 and 1970 they would reward any NHL player who scored three or more goals in a game at the Montreal Forum with a free hat.', u'That night, on 26 January 1946, Kaleta scored four goals against the Maple Leafs and Taft made good on his offer.', u'The NHL record for the fastest natural hat trick is 21 seconds, set by Bill Mosienko in 1952 for the Chicago Blackhawks.', u'In December 1995, Florida Panthers captain Scott Mellanby scored a rat trick, the term coined by teammate John Vanbiesbrouck.', u"When Mellanby scored a hat trick in a later game, some Florida fans threw plastic rats on the ice, a tradition that continued for all Panthers' goals throughout the 1996 playoffs.", u'Ken Irvine and Frank Burge both scored 16 hat-tricks in Australian first grade rugby league\nShaun Johnson scored a hat-trick in under 6 minutes against the Canberra Raiders in 2013.']}
{'title': 'Royal Astronomical Society founded in England', 'year': '1820-01-12', 'sentences': [u"The Royal Astronomical Society (RAS) is a learned society that began as the Astronomical Society of London in 1820 to support astronomical research (mainly carried on at the time by 'gentleman astronomers' rather than professionals).", u'It became the Royal Astronomical Society in 1831 on receiving its Royal Charter from William IV.', u'A Supplemental Charter in 1915 opened up the fellowship to women.', u'The full list of journals published (both currently and historically) by the RAS, with abbreviations as used for the NASA ADS bibliographic codes is:\nMemoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society (MmRAS): 1822\u20131977\nMonthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (MNRAS): Since 1827\nGeophysical Supplement to Monthly Notices (MNRAS): 1922\u20131957\nGeophysical Journal (GeoJ): 1958\u20131988\nGeophysical Journal International (GeoJI): Since 1989 (volume numbering continues from GeoJ)\nQuarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society (QJRAS): 1960\u20131996\nAstronomy & Geophysics (A&G): Since 1997 (volume numbering continues from QJRAS)\n\n\n== Fellowship ==\nMembers of the RAS are styled fellows, and may use the postnominals FRAS.', u'The fellowship passed 3,000 in 2003.', u'== Friends of the Royal Astronomical Society ==\nIn 2009 an initiative was launched for those with an interest in astronomy and geophysics but without professional qualifications or specialist knowledge in the subject.', u'Since 1876 no-one has served for more than two years in total.', u'Among the recipients best known to the general public are Albert Einstein in 1926, and Stephen Hawking in 1985.']}
{'title': 'Anthony Foss obtains patent for accordion', 'year': '1854-01-13', 'sentences': [u'Anthony Eisley (January 19, 1925 \u2013 January 29, 2003) was an American actor best known as one of the detective leads, Tracy Steele, in the ABC/Warner Brothers television series Hawaiian Eye, with co stars Robert Conrad, Connie Stevens, and Poncie Ponce.', u'=== Early career ===\nHis first on-screen role was as a military policeman in the 1952 movie Fearless Fagan.', u'In 1953, he began appearing on television.', u'In 1958, he was cast in the episode "The Trial" of the American Civil War drama Gray Ghost with Tod Andrews.', u'Eisley was in the 1959 Roger Corman film The Wasp Woman, which he described as "a hell of a lot of fun".', u'In 1957, Eisley played Joe Foss in the episode "Jose Foss, Devilbird" of the military television series Navy Log.', u'=== Hawaiian Eye ===\nEisley was best known for his starring role in the series Hawaiian Eye, which aired from 1959 to 1963.', u'=== Support of school prayer ===\nIn 1964, Eisley emceed a "Project Prayer" rally attended by 2,500 at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles, California.', u'The gathering sought to flood the United States Congress with letters in support of school prayer, following two decisions in 1962 and 1963 of the United States Supreme Court which struck down the practice as in conflict with the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.', u'Eisley declared that the nation was facing in 1964 "an ideological crisis.', u'In his second guest appearance in 1964 he played murder victim Vince Rome in "The Case of the Missing Button."', u'In 1970, he guest-starred in an episode of The Silent Force.', u'Eisley appeared as a Soviet agent in the Armed Forces Training Film Espionage Target:You made in 1964.', u'In 1965, Eisley was cast as an attorney in an anti-pornography institutional film entitled "Printed Poison"; produced by the "Citizens For Decency" movement.', u'Eisley co-starred as character Clint Braden, suitor to the Nancy Kovack character of Nellie Bly, in the 1966 Elvis Presley vehicle, Frankie and Johnny, and also played Ben Mitchell in the 1968 film Star!, starring Julie Andrews.', u'== Death ==\nAnthony Eisley died of heart failure 10 days after his 78th birthday, on January 29, 2003 in Woodland Hills, California, and is interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills).']}
{'title': 'Beatles release \\"Yellow Submarine\\" album', 'year': '1969-01-13', 'sentences': [u'The Beatles were an English rock band, formed in Liverpool in 1960.', u'The Beatles built their reputation playing clubs in Liverpool and Hamburg over a three-year period from 1960, with Stuart Sutcliffe initially serving as bass player.', u'Manager Brian Epstein moulded them into a professional act, and producer George Martin guided and developed their recordings, greatly expanding their popularity in the United Kingdom after their first hit, "Love Me Do", in late 1962.', u'They acquired the nickname "the Fab Four" as Beatlemania grew in Britain the next year, and by early 1964 became international stars, leading the "British Invasion" of the United States pop market.', u'From 1965 onwards, the Beatles produced increasingly innovative recordings, including the albums Rubber Soul (1965), Revolver (1966), Sgt.', u'After their break-up in 1970, they each enjoyed successful musical careers of varying lengths.', u'Lennon was shot and killed in December 1980, and Harrison died of lung cancer in November 2001.', u'In 2008, the group topped Billboard magazine\'s list of the all-time most successful "Hot 100" artists; as of 2016, they hold the record for most number-one hits on the Hot 100 chart with twenty.', u'The group was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988, and all four were inducted individually from 1994 to 2015.', u'== History ==\n\n\n=== 1957\u20131962: Formation, Hamburg, and UK popularity ===\nIn March 1957, John Lennon, then aged sixteen, formed a skiffle group with several friends from Quarry Bank school.', u'In February 1958, McCartney invited his friend George Harrison to watch the band.', u"By January 1959, Lennon's Quarry Bank friends had left the group, and he began studies at the Liverpool College of Art.", u"Lennon's art school friend Stuart Sutcliffe, who had recently sold one of his paintings and was persuaded to purchase a bass guitar, joined in January 1960, and it was he who suggested changing the band's name to Beatals, as a tribute to Buddy Holly and the Crickets.", u"Allan Williams, the Beatles' unofficial manager, arranged a residency for them in Hamburg, but lacking a full-time drummer they auditioned and hired Pete Best in mid-August 1960.", u'In 1961, during their second Hamburg engagement, Kirchherr cut Sutcliffe\'s hair in the "exi" (existentialist) style, later adopted by the other Beatles.', u"Producer Bert Kaempfert contracted what was now a four-piece group through June 1962, and he used them as Tony Sheridan's backing band on a series of recordings for Polydor Records.", u'Credited to "Tony Sheridan & the Beat Brothers", the single "My Bonnie", recorded in June 1961 and released four months later, reached number 32 on the Musikmarkt chart.', u"In November 1961, during one of the group's frequent performances at the Cavern Club, they encountered Brian Epstein, a local record store owner and music columnist.", u'Epstein courted the band over the next couple of months, and they appointed him as their manager in January 1962.', u'Throughout early and mid-1962, Epstein sought to free the Beatles from their contractual obligations to Bert Kaempfert Productions.', u"Martin's first recording session with the Beatles took place at EMI's Abbey Road Studios in London on 6 June 1962.", u'In December 1962, the Beatles concluded their fifth and final Hamburg residency.', u'By 1963, they had agreed that all four band members would contribute vocals to their albums \u2013 including Starr, despite his restricted vocal range, to validate his standing in the group.', u'=== 1963\u20131966: Beatlemania and touring years ===\n\n\n==== Please Please Me and With the Beatles ====\n\nOn 11 February 1963, the Beatles recorded ten songs during a single studio session for their debut LP, Please Please Me.', u'Released in January 1963, two months ahead of the album of the same name, the song reached number one on every chart in London except Record Retailer, where it stalled at number two.', u'Released in March 1963, the album initiated a run during which eleven of their twelve studio albums released in the United Kingdom through 1970 reached number one.', u'It became their first single to sell a million copies, and remained the biggest-selling record in the UK until 1978, when "Mull of Kintyre", by McCartney\'s post-Beatles band Wings, surpassed it in sales.', u'In late October, the Beatles began a five-day tour of Sweden, their first time abroad since the final Hamburg engagement of December 1962.', u'With the Beatles became the second album in UK chart history to sell a million copies, a figure previously reached only by the 1958 South Pacific soundtrack.', u'Concurrent negotiations with the independent US label Vee-Jay led to the release of some of the songs in 1963, but not all.', u"American chart success began after Epstein arranged for a $40,000 US marketing campaign and secured the support of disc jockey Carrol James, who first played the band's records in mid-December 1963.", u"It was not until the end of first week of January 1964 that their records were played in New York City (also accompanied by a major marketing campaign and with similar play frequency), and then the rest of the country, initiating their music's spread across US radio.", u'Issued on 26 December 1963, with the band\'s previously scheduled debut there just weeks away, "I Want to Hold Your Hand" sold a million copies, becoming a number-one hit in the US by mid-January.', u'On 7 February 1964, the Beatles left the United Kingdom with an estimated 4,000 fans gathered at Heathrow, waving and screaming as the aircraft took off.', u'They gave their first live US television performance two days later on The Ed Sullivan Show, watched by approximately 73 million viewers in over 23 million households, or 34 per cent of the American population.', u'The band then flew to Florida and appeared on the weekly Ed Sullivan Show a second time, before another 70 million viewers, before returning to the UK on 22 February.', u"==== A Hard Day's Night ====\nCapitol Records' lack of interest throughout 1963 had not gone unnoticed, and a competitor, United Artists Records, encouraged their film division to offer the group a three-motion-picture deal, primarily for the commercial potential of the soundtracks.", u"Directed by Richard Lester, A Hard Day's Night involved the band for six weeks in March\u2013April 1964 as they played themselves in a mock-documentary.", u'During the week of 4 April 1964, the Beatles held twelve positions on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart, including the top five.', u"They had intended the album, recorded between August and October 1964, to continue the format established by A Hard Day's Night which, unlike the group's first two LPs, contained only original songs.", u"In early 1965, while they were his guests for dinner, Lennon and Harrison's dentist secretly added LSD to their coffee.", u'McCartney was initially reluctant to try it, but eventually did so in late 1966.', u'Controversy erupted in June 1965 when Queen Elizabeth II appointed all four Beatles Members of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) after Prime Minister Harold Wilson nominated them for the award.', u'The group\'s third US tour opened with a performance before a world-record crowd of 55,600 at New York\'s Shea Stadium on 15 August 1965 \u2013 "perhaps the most famous of all Beatles\' concerts", in Lewisohn\'s description.', u'In mid-October 1965, the Beatles entered the recording studio; for the first time when making an album, they had an extended period without other major commitments.', u'In 2003, Rolling Stone ranked Rubber Soul fifth among "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time", and AllMusic\'s Richie Unterberger describes it as "one of the classic folk-rock records".', u"=== 1966\u20131970: Controversy, studio years and break-up ===\n\n\n==== Events leading up to final tour ====\nCapitol Records, from December 1963 when it began issuing Beatles recordings for the US market, exercised complete control over format, compiling distinct US albums from the band's recordings and issuing songs of their choosing as singles.", u"Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band in 1967 that a Beatles album was released with identical track listings in both the UK and the US.", u"In June 1966, Yesterday and Today, one of Capitol's compilation albums, caused an uproar with its cover, which portrayed the grinning Beatles dressed in butcher's overalls, accompanied by raw meat and mutilated plastic baby dolls.", u'Having originally used Vox AC30 amplifiers, they later acquired more powerful 100-watt amplifiers, specially designed by Vox for them as they moved into larger venues in 1964, but these were still inadequate.', u"Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band ====\nRubber Soul had marked a major step forward; Revolver, released in August 1966 a week before the Beatles' final tour, marked another.", u'Short promotional films were made for both songs; described by cultural historian Saul Austerlitz as "among the first true music videos", they aired on The Ed Sullivan Show and Top of the Pops in June 1966.', u'In 2003, Rolling Stone ranked Revolver as the third greatest album of all time.', u"Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, beginning in late November 1966.", u'The sessions initially yielded the non-album double A-side single "Strawberry Fields Forever"/"Penny Lane" in February 1967; the Sgt.', u'Pepper became the catalyst for an explosion of mass enthusiasm for album-formatted rock that would revolutionise both the aesthetics and the economics of the record business in ways that far outstripped the earlier pop explosions triggered by the Elvis phenomenon of 1956 and the Beatlemania phenomenon of 1963.', u'Those lyrics were the subject of critical analysis; for instance, in late 1967 the album was the subject of a scholarly inquiry by American literary critic and professor of English Richard Poirier, who observed that his students were "listening to the group\'s music with a degree of engagement that he, as a teacher of literature, could only envy".', u'In 2003, Rolling Stone ranked it number one on its list of the "500 Greatest Albums of All Time".', u'On 25 June 1967, the Beatles performed their forthcoming single, "All You Need Is Love", to an estimated 350 million viewers on Our World, the first live global television link.', u'==== Magical Mystery Tour, the White Album and Yellow Submarine ====\nMagical Mystery Tour, the soundtrack to a forthcoming Beatles television film, was released in the UK as a six-track double extended play disc (EP) in early December 1967.', u'Pepper, and even spacier in parts (especially the sound collages of \'I Am the Walrus\')" and he calls its five songs culled from the band\'s 1967 singles "huge, glorious, and innovative".', u'In January 1968, the Beatles filmed a cameo for the animated movie Yellow Submarine, which featured cartoon versions of the band members and a soundtrack with eleven of their songs, including four unreleased studio recordings that made their debut in the film.', u'Released in June 1968, the film was praised by critics for its music, humour and innovative visual style.', u'During recording sessions for the White Album, which stretched from late May to mid-October 1968, relations between the Beatles grew openly divisive.', u'General critical opinion eventually turned in favour of the White Album, and in 2003, Rolling Stone ranked it as the tenth greatest album of all time.', u'The Yellow Submarine LP, issued in January 1969, contained only the four previously unreleased songs that had debuted in the film, along with the title track (already issued on Revolver), "All You Need Is Love" (already issued as a single and on the US Magical Mystery Tour LP) and seven instrumental pieces composed by Martin.', u"Originally intended for a one-hour television programme to be called Beatles at Work, much of the album's content came from extensive rehearsals filmed by director Michael Lindsay-Hogg at Twickenham Film Studios, beginning in January 1969.", u'Ultimately, what would be their final live performance was filmed on the rooftop of the Apple Corps building at 3 Savile Row, London, on 30 January 1969.', u'The primary recording sessions for Abbey Road began on 2 July 1969.', u'The completion and mixing of "I Want You (She\'s So Heavy)" on 20 August 1969 was the last occasion on which all four Beatles were together in the same studio.', u'For the still unfinished Get Back album, one last song, Harrison\'s "I Me Mine", was recorded on 3 January 1970.', u"McCartney's demands that the alterations to the song be reverted were ignored, and he publicly announced his departure from the band on 10 April 1970, a week before the release of his first, self-titled solo album.", u'The Let It Be documentary film followed later that month, and would win the 1970 Academy Award for Best Original Song Score.', u"McCartney filed suit for the dissolution of the Beatles' contractual partnership on 31 December 1970.", u'Legal disputes continued long after their break-up, and the dissolution was not formalised until 29 December 1974.', u'=== 1970\u2013present: After the break-up ===\n\n\n==== 1970s ====\nLennon, McCartney, Harrison and Starr all released solo albums in 1970.', u"With Starr's participation, Harrison staged the Concert for Bangladesh in New York City in August 1971.", u"Other than an unreleased jam session in 1974, later bootlegged as A Toot and a Snore in '74, Lennon and McCartney never recorded together again.", u"Two double-LP sets of the Beatles' greatest hits, compiled by Klein, 1962\u20131966 and 1967\u20131970, were released in 1973, at first under the Apple Records imprint.", u"Between 1976 and 1982, EMI/Capitol released a wave of compilation albums without input from the ex-Beatles, starting with the double-disc compilation Rock 'n' Roll Music.", u'The only one to feature previously unreleased material was The Beatles at the Hollywood Bowl (1977); the first officially issued concert recordings by the group, it contained selections from two shows they played during their 1964 and 1965 US tours.', u'In April 1974, the musical John, Paul, George, Ringo \u2026 and Bert, written by Willy Russell and featuring singer Barbara Dickson, opened in London.', u'The Broadway musical Beatlemania, an unauthorised nostalgia revue, opened in early 1977 and proved popular, spinning off five separate touring productions.', u'In 1979, the band sued the producers, settling for several million dollars in damages.', u'==== 1980s ====\nAfter the murder of Lennon in December 1980, Harrison rewrote the lyrics to his song "All Those Years Ago" in Lennon\'s honour.', u'With Starr on drums and McCartney and his wife, Linda, contributing backing vocals, the song was released as a single in May 1981.', u'McCartney\'s own tribute, "Here Today", appeared on his Tug of War album in April 1982.', u'In 1987, Harrison\'s Cloud Nine album included "When We Was Fab", a song about the Beatlemania era.', u"When the Beatles' studio albums were released on CD by EMI and Apple Corps in 1987, their catalogue was standardised throughout the world, establishing a canon of the twelve original studio LPs as issued in the UK plus the US LP version of Magical Mystery Tour (1967).", u'In 1988, the Beatles were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, their first year of eligibility.', u'==== 1990s ====\nLive at the BBC, the first official release of unissued Beatles performances in seventeen years, appeared in 1994.', u'Anthology was the culmination of work begun in 1970, when Apple Corps director Neil Aspinall, their former road manager and personal assistant, had started to gather material for a documentary with the working title The Long and Winding Road.', u'In 1999, to coincide with the re-release of the 1968 film Yellow Submarine, a new soundtrack compilation CD/LP, Yellow Submarine Songtrack, was issued.', u"==== 2000s ====\nThe Beatles' 1, a compilation album of the band's British and American number-one hits, was released on 13 November 2000.", u'As of April 2009, the compilation had sold 31 million copies globally, and was the best-selling album of the decade in the United States.', u'Harrison died from metastatic lung cancer in November 2001.', u'In 2003, Let It Be... Naked, a reconceived version of the Let It Be album, with McCartney supervising production, was released.', u"The US album configurations from 1964\u201365 were released as box sets in 2004 and 2006 \u2013 The Capitol Albums, Volume 1 and Volume 2 included both stereo and mono versions based on the mixes that were prepared for vinyl at the time of the music's original American release.", u'The show premiered in June 2006, and the Love album was released that November when McCartney discussed his hope that "Carnival of Light", a fourteen-minute experimental recording made at Abbey Road in 1967, would receive an official release.', u"A rare live performance involving two ex-Beatles took place in April 2009 at a benefit concert organised by McCartney at New York's Radio City Music Hall, where he was joined by Starr for three songs.", u"On 9 September 2009, the Beatles' entire back catalogue was reissued following an extensive digital remastering process that lasted four years.", u'Comparing the new releases with the 1987 CDs, which had been widely criticised for their lack of clarity and dynamism, Mojo\'s Danny Eccleston wrote, "the remastered vocals are purer, more natural-sounding and give the illusion of sitting slightly higher in the mix."', u'A second collection, The Beatles in Mono, included remastered versions of every Beatles album released in true mono along with the original 1965 stereo mixes of Help!', u'and Rubber Soul (which Martin had remixed for the 1987 editions).', u"In December 2009, the band's catalogue was officially released in FLAC and MP3 format in a limited edition of 30,000 USB flash drives.", u'Residual disagreement emanating from Apple Corps\' dispute with Apple, Inc., iTunes\' owners, over the use of the name "Apple" was also partly responsible for the delay, although in 2008, McCartney stated that the main obstacle to making the Beatles\' catalogue available online was that EMI "want[s] something we\'re not prepared to give them".', u'In 2010, the official canon of thirteen Beatles studio albums, Past Masters, and the Red and Blue greatest-hits albums were made available on iTunes.', u"In 2012, EMI's recorded music operations were sold to Universal Music Group.", u'Also in 2012, the entire original Beatles album catalogue was reissued on vinyl, available either individually or as a box set.', u'In 2013, a second volume of BBC recordings entitled On Air \u2013 Live at the BBC Volume 2 was released.', u'The set, titled The Beatles Bootleg Recordings 1963, had the opportunity to gain a 70-year copyright extension conditional on the songs being published at least once before the end of 2013.', u'On 26 January 2014, Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr performed McCartney\'s "Queenie Eye" in Los Angeles at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards, held at the Staples Center in Los Angeles.', u'In December 2015 the Beatles released their catalogue for streaming on various streaming music services.', u"During the Beatles' co-residency with Little Richard at the Star-Club in Hamburg, from April to May 1962, he advised them on the proper technique for performing his songs.", u"The Beatles continued to absorb influences long after their initial success, often finding new musical and lyrical avenues by listening to their contemporaries, including Bob Dylan, the Who, Frank Zappa, the Lovin' Spoonful, the Byrds and the Beach Boys, whose 1966 album Pet Sounds amazed and inspired McCartney.", u"Ravi Shankar, with whom Harrison studied for six weeks in India in late 1966, had a significant effect on his musical development during the band's later years.", u'Although the 1965 song "Yesterday" was not the first pop record to employ orchestral strings, it marked the group\'s first recorded use of classical music elements.', u'The band\'s stylistic range expanded in another direction with their 1966 B-side "Rain", described by Martin Strong as "the first overtly psychedelic Beatles record".', u'On radio, their arrival marked the beginning of a new era; in 1968 the programme director of New York\'s WABC radio station forbade his DJs from playing any "pre-Beatles" music, marking the defining line of what would be considered oldies on American radio.', u'The Shea Stadium show with which they opened their 1965 North American tour attracted an estimated 55,600 people, then the largest audience in concert history; Spitz describes the event as a "major breakthrough ... a giant step toward reshaping the concert business".', u'According to Peter Lavezzoli, after the "more popular than Jesus" controversy in 1966, the Beatles felt considerable pressure to say the right things and "began a concerted effort to spread a message of wisdom and higher consciousness".', u'== Awards and achievements ==\n\nIn 1965, Queen Elizabeth II appointed Lennon, McCartney, Harrison and Starr Members of the Order of the British Empire (MBE).', u'The film Let It Be (1970) won the 1971 Academy Award for Best Original Song Score.', u'They were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988.', u'In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked the Beatles as the best artist of all time.', u"They ranked number one on Billboard magazine's list of the all-time most successful Hot 100 artists, released in 2008 to celebrate the US singles chart's 50th anniversary.", u'In 2014, they received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.', u'Pepper\'s Lonely Hearts Club Band (1967)\nThe Beatles ("The White Album", 1968)\nYellow Submarine (1969)\nAbbey Road (1969)\nLet It Be (1970)\nWhen the above albums were reissued on CDs in 1988, the American Magical Mystery Tour album (1967) and the double-CD compilation set Past Masters were included so the full set would contain every track commercially released in the band\'s lifetime.', u"See also\nJohn Lennon discography\nPaul McCartney discography\nGeorge Harrison discography\nRingo Starr discography\nCollaborations between ex-Beatles\n\n\n== Song catalogue ==\nThrough 1969, the Beatles' catalogue was published almost exclusively by Northern Songs Ltd., a company formed in February 1963 by music publisher Dick James specifically for Lennon and McCartney, though it later acquired songs by other artists.", u'In 1965, the company went public.', u'At the time of the stock offering, Lennon and McCartney renewed their three-year publishing contracts, binding them to Northern Songs until 1973.', u'Harrison created Harrisongs to represent his Beatles compositions, but signed a three-year contract with Northern Songs that gave it the copyright to his work through March 1968, which included "Taxman" and "Within You Without You".', u'The songs on which Starr received co-writing credit before 1968, such as "What Goes On" and "Flying", were also Northern Songs copyrights.', u"In March 1969, James arranged to sell his and his partner's shares of Northern Songs to the British broadcasting company Associated Television (ATV), founded by impresario Lew Grade, without first informing the Beatles.", u'By the end of May, ATV had acquired a majority stake in Northern Songs, controlling nearly the entire Lennon\u2013McCartney catalogue, as well as any future material until 1973.', u'In frustration, Lennon and McCartney sold their shares to ATV in late October 1969.', u"In 1981, financial losses by ATV's parent company, ACC, led it to attempt to sell its music division.", u'According to an account McCartney gave in 1995, he met with Grade and explained he was interested solely in the Northern Songs catalogue, if Grade were ever willing to "separate off" that portion of ATV Music.', u'In 1982, ACC as a whole was sold to Australian business magnate Robert Holmes \xe0 Court for \xa360 million.', u'In 1995, in a deal that earned him a reported $110 million, Jackson merged his music publishing business with Sony, creating a new company, Sony/ATV Music Publishing, in which he held a 50% stake.']}
{'title': 'Carol Wayne dies at 42', 'year': '1985-01-13', 'sentences': [u'Carol Wayne (September 6, 1942 \u2013 January 13, 1985) was an American television and film actress.', u'Her final onscreen appearance came in the 1984 drama Heartbreakers.', u'In 1984, Wayne appeared in a nude pictorial for Playboy magazine.', u'She appeared on "The Tonight Show" exactly one year to the day prior to her death (1/13/84) and shortly after her "Playboy" pictorial.', u'Wayne told Johnny Carson in an April 30, 1974 interview that she enjoyed gardening and growing bonsai trees.', u'== Death ==\nIn January 1985, Wayne and a companion, Edward Durston were vacationing at the Las Hadas Resort in Manzanillo, Colima, Mexico.']}
{'title': 'Nootka Sound discovered by Capt. Cook', 'year': '1778-01-15', 'sentences': [u'=== European exploration and trade ===\nOn August 8, 1774, the Spanish Navy ship Santiago, under Juan P\xe9rez, entered and anchored in the inlet.', u'When Esteban Jos\xe9 Martinez arrived in 1789 he gave Nootka Sound the name Puerto de San Lorenzo de Nuca.', u'In March 1778, Captain James Cook of the Royal Navy landed on Bligh Island and named the inlet "King George\'s Sound".', u'The next European to visit Nootka Sound after James Cook was the British trader James Hanna in August 1785.', u'=== Nootka Crisis ===\n\nStarting in 1774 Spain sent several expeditions to Alaska to assert its long-held claim over the Pacific Northwest which dated back to the 16th century.', u'In 1789 Spain sent Sub-Lieutenant Esteban Jos\xe9 Martinez, commanding the Princesa and the San Carlos, to enforce Spanish sovereignty and defend its claims.', u'He arrived in February 1789 and established a settlement and built Fort San Miguel.', u'=== Thomas Muir ===\n\nThe Scottish political reformer Thomas Muir had been banished to Port Jackson in Botany Bay in Australia for 14 years for the crime of Sedition in 1793.', u'After a highly adventurous voyage across the as yet largely uncharted Pacific Ocean to Vancouver Island, the Otter finally dropped anchor in Nootka Sound on 22 June 1796.', u'Surrey: Heritage House Publishing Company Limited, 1996.', u'Campbell River: Ptarmigan Press, 1991.', u'Part XVI of the Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the Year 1904, Washington: Government Printing Office, 1905, pp.', u'Reprint: Ann Arbor: University Microfilms Inc., 1966.', u'"\'A regular and reciprocal System of Commerce\' \u2014 Botany Bay, Nootka Sound, and the isles of Japan", The Great Circle (Journal of the Australian Association for Maritime History) vol.19, no.1, 1997, pp.', u'"William Bolts and the Austrian Origins of the Lap\xe9rouse Expedition", Terrae Incognitae, vol.40, 2008, pp.', u'1\u201328; presented at the Canadian Nautical Research Society Conference, Churchill, Manitoba, 2\u20137 August 2007.']}
{'title': 'Municipal Railway & Market St RR begin service to Transbay Terminal', 'year': '1939-01-15', 'sentences': [u'George Herndon Pegram (1855 - 1937), most commonly known as George H. Pegram, was an engineer who patented the Pegram truss.', u'He was born in Council Bluffs, Iowa in 1855.', u'He completed a civil engineering degree at Washington University, St. Louis in 1877.', u'He died in Brooklyn, New York, in 1937.', u'Examples include:\nCold Springs Pegram Truss Railroad Bridge, built 1894, over the Big Wood River, 0.5 mi.', u'of US 93 and ID 367, Ketchum, ID, NRHP-listed\nConant Creek Pegram Truss Railroad Bridge, over the Conant Creek.', u'of US 93 and E. Fork Wood River Rd., Ketchum, ID, NRHP-listed\nGrace Pegram Truss Railroad Bridge, over the Bear R. 0.5 mi.', u'and West Belt Branch RR tracks St. Anthony, ID, NRHP-listed\nSt. Louis Union Station train shed, 1820 Market Street, St. Louis, Missouri\n\n\n== References ==\n\nGeorge H. Pegram at Find a Grave']}
{'title': 'Virginia readmitted to US after Civil War', 'year': '1870-01-16', 'sentences': [u"The Commonwealth's estimated population as of 2014 is over 8.3 million.", u'In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent New World English colony.', u'The state government was ranked most effective by the Pew Center on the States in both 2005 and 2008.', u"Virginia's economy changed from primarily agricultural to industrial during the 1960s and 1970s, and in 2002 computer chips became the state's leading export.", u'The border with Tennessee was not settled until 1893, when their dispute was brought to the U.S. Supreme Court.', u'The largest earthquake, at an estimated 5.9 magnitude, was in 1897 near Blacksburg.', u'Over 62 million tons of other non-fuel resources, such as slate, kyanite, sand, or gravel, were also mined in Virginia in 2012.', u'Seasonal extremes vary from average lows of 26 \xb0F (\u22123 \xb0C) in January to average highs of 86 \xb0F (30 \xb0C) in July.', u'Cold air masses arriving over the mountains in winter can lead to significant snowfalls, such as the Blizzard of 1996 and winter storms of 2009\u20132010.', u"In the American Lung Association's 2011 report, 11 counties received failing grades for air quality, with Fairfax County having the worst in the state, due to automobile pollution.", u'Shenandoah was established in 1935 and encompasses the scenic Skyline Drive.', u'By 1500, the Algonquian peoples had founded towns such as Werowocomoco in the Tidewater region, which they referred to as Tsenacommacah.', u'After 1570, the Algonquians consolidated under Chief Powhatan in response to threats from these other groups on their trade network.', u'In 1607, the native Tidewater population was between 13,000 and 14,000.', u'In 1583, Queen Elizabeth I of England granted Walter Raleigh a charter to plant a colony north of Spanish Florida.', u'In 1584, Raleigh sent an expedition to the Atlantic coast of North America.', u'The London Company was incorporated as a joint stock company by the proprietary Charter of 1606, which granted land rights to this area.', u'Named for King James I, it was founded in May 1607 by Christopher Newport.', u'In 1619, colonists took greater control with an elected legislature called the House of Burgesses.', u'With the bankruptcy of the London Company in 1624, the settlement was taken into royal authority as an English crown colony.', u"Life in the colony was perilous, and many died during the Starving Time in 1609 and the Anglo-Powhatan Wars, including the Indian massacre of 1622, which fostered the colonists' negative view of all tribes.", u'By 1624, only 3,400 of the 6,000 early settlers had survived.', u'African workers were first imported to Jamestown in 1619 initially under the rules of indentured servitude.', u'The shift to a system of African slavery in Virginia was propelled by the legal cases of John Punch, who was sentenced to lifetime slavery in 1640 for attempting to run away, and of John Casor, who was claimed by Anthony Johnson as his servant for life in 1655.', u"Slavery first appears in Virginia statutes in 1661 and 1662, when a law made it hereditary based on the mother's status.", u"Tensions and the geographic differences between the working and ruling classes led to Bacon's Rebellion in 1676, by which time current and former indentured servants made up as much as 80% of the population.", u"Rebels, largely from the colony's frontier, were also opposed to the conciliatory policy towards native tribes, and one result of the rebellion was the signing at Middle Plantation of the Treaty of 1677, which made the signatory tribes tributary states and was part of a pattern of appropriating tribal land by force and treaty.", u'Middle Plantation saw the founding of The College of William & Mary in 1693 and was renamed Williamsburg as it became the colonial capital in 1699.', u'In 1747, a group of Virginian speculators formed the Ohio Company, with the backing of the British crown, to start English settlement and trade in the Ohio Country west of the Appalachian Mountains.', u'Virginians began to coordinate their actions with other colonies in 1773, and sent delegates to the Continental Congress the following year.', u"After the House of Burgesses was dissolved by the royal governor in 1774, Virginia's revolutionary leaders continued to govern via the Virginia Conventions.", u"On May 15, 1776, the Convention declared Virginia's independence from the British Empire and adopted George Mason's Virginia Declaration of Rights, which was then included in a new constitution.", u'In 1781, the combined action of Continental and French land and naval forces trapped the British army on the Virginia Peninsula, where troops under George Washington and Comte de Rochambeau defeated British General Cornwallis in the Siege of Yorktown.', u'His surrender on October 19, 1781 led to peace negotiations in Paris and secured the independence of the colonies.', u'James Madison drafted the Virginia Plan in 1787 and the Bill of Rights in 1789.', u'Virginia ratified the Constitution on June 25, 1788.', u'In 1790, both Virginia and Maryland ceded territory to form the new District of Columbia, though the Virginian area was retroceded in 1846.', u'Virginia is called "Mother of States" because of its role in being carved into states like Kentucky, which became the 15th state in 1792, and for the numbers of American pioneers born in Virginia.', u"The execution of Gabriel Prosser in 1800, Nat Turner's slave rebellion in 1831 and John Brown's Raid on Harpers Ferry in 1859 marked the growing social discontent over slavery and its role in the plantation economy.", u'By 1860, almost half a million people, roughly 31% of the total population of Virginia, were enslaved.', u"Virginia voted to secede from the United States on April 17, 1861, after the Battle of Fort Sumter and Abraham Lincoln's call for volunteers.", u'After the 1861 Wheeling Convention, 48 counties in the northwest separated to form a new state of West Virginia, which chose to remain loyal to the Union.', u'Virginian general Robert E. Lee took command of the Army of Northern Virginia in 1862, and led invasions into Union territory, ultimately becoming commander of all Confederate forces.', u'After the capture of Richmond in April 1865, the state capital was briefly moved to Lynchburg, while the Confederate leadership fled to Danville.', u'Virginia was formally restored to the United States in 1870, due to the work of the Committee of Nine.', u'The populist Readjuster Party ran an inclusive coalition until the conservative white Democratic Party gained power after 1883.', u'It passed segregationist Jim Crow laws and in 1902 rewrote the Constitution of Virginia to include a poll tax and other voter registration measures that effectively disfranchised most African Americans and many poor European Americans.', u'Virginian James Albert Bonsack invented the tobacco cigarette rolling machine in 1880 leading to new industrial scale production centered on Richmond.', u'In 1886, railroad magnate Collis Potter Huntington founded Newport News Shipbuilding, which was responsible for building six major World War I-era battleships for the U.S. Navy from 1907\u20131923.', u'In 1926, Dr. W.A.R.', u'Protests started by Barbara Rose Johns in 1951 in Farmville against segregated schools led to the lawsuit Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County.', u'This case, filed by Richmond natives Spottswood Robinson and Oliver Hill, was decided in 1954 with Brown v. Board of Education, which rejected the segregationist doctrine of "separate but equal".', u'But, in 1958, under the policy of "massive resistance" led by the influential segregationist Senator Harry F. Byrd and his Byrd Organization, the Commonwealth prohibited desegregated local schools from receiving state funding.', u'It achieved the moral force and support to gain passage of national legislation with the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.', u'In 1964 the United States Supreme Court ordered Prince Edward County and others to integrate schools.', u"In 1967, the Court also struck down the state's ban on interracial marriage with Loving v. Virginia.", u'From 1969 to 1971, state legislators under Governor Mills Godwin rewrote the constitution, after goals such as the repeal of Jim Crow laws had been achieved.', u'In 1989, Douglas Wilder became the first African American elected as governor in the United States.', u'== Cities and towns ==\n\nVirginia is divided into 95 counties and 38 independent cities, the latter acting in many ways as county-equivalents.', u'As of 2010, Virginia Beach is the most populous city in the Commonwealth, with Norfolk and Chesapeake second and third, respectively.', u'Loudoun County, with the county seat at Leesburg, is both the fastest-growing county in Virginia and has the highest median household income ($114,204) in the country as of 2010.', u'== Demographics ==\n\nThe United States Census Bureau estimates that the state population was 8,382,993 on July 1, 2015, a 4.77% increase since the 2010 United States Census.', u'This includes an increase from net migration of 381,969 people into the Commonwealth since the 2010 census.', u'As of 2000, the center of population is located in Goochland County, near Richmond.', u"As of 2015, both the state's population density and median household income are nearly identical to that of Hawaii, while Virginia's total population is closest in size to New Jersey.", u"=== Ethnicity ===\nThe state's most populous ethnic group, Non-Hispanic White, has declined from 76% in 1990 to 62.7% in 2015.", u'In 2011, non-Hispanic Whites were involved in 50.9% of all the births.', u'There are also sizable numbers of people of German descent in the northwestern mountains and Shenandoah Valley, and German ancestry was the most popular response on the 2010 American Community Survey, with 11.7%.', u'The largest minority group in Virginia is African American, at 19.7% as of 2015.', u'Though the black population was reduced by the Great Migration, since 1965 there has been a reverse migration of blacks returning south.', u'As of 2015, 9.0% of Virginians are Hispanic or Latino (of any race), and 6.5% are Asian.', u"The state's Hispanic population rose by 92% from 2000 to 2010, with two-thirds of Hispanics living in Northern Virginia.", u"As of 2011, 49.1% of Virginia's population younger than age 1 were minorities (meaning that they had at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic white).", u'As of 2010, 85.87% (6,299,127) of Virginia residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language, while 6.41% (470,058) spoke Spanish, 0.77% (56,518) Korean, 0.63% (45,881) Vietnamese, 0.57% (42,418) Chinese (which includes Mandarin), and Tagalog was spoken as a main language by 0.56% (40,724) of the population over the age of five.', u"English was passed as the Commonwealth's official language by statutes in 1981 and again in 1996, though the status is not mandated by the Constitution of Virginia.", u'=== Religion ===\n\nVirginia is predominantly Christian and Protestant; Baptists are the largest single group with 27% of the population as of 2008.', u'Presbyterian, Pentecostal, Congregationalist, and Episcopalian adherents each composed less than 2% of the population as of 2010.', u'In November 2006, 15 conservative Episcopal churches voted to split from the Diocese of Virginia over the ordination of openly gay bishops and clergy in other dioceses of the Episcopal Church; these churches continue to claim affiliation with the larger Anglican Communion through other bodies outside the United States.', u'Among other religions, adherents of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints constitute 1% of the population, with 197 congregations in Virginia as of March 2014.', u"While the state's Jewish population is small, organized Jewish sites date to 1789 with Congregation Beth Ahabah.", u'The unemployment rate in Virginia is among the lowest in the nation, at 4.8%, as of December 2014.', u'The second fastest job growth town in the nation is Leesburg, as of 2011.', u'The Gross Domestic Product of Virginia was $452 billion in 2013.', u'According to the Bureau of Economic Analysis, Virginia had the most counties in the top 100 wealthiest in the United States based upon median income in 2007.', u'Northern Virginia is the highest-income region in Virginia, having six of the twenty highest-income counties in the United States, including the three highest as of 2011.', u'According to CNN Money Magazine the highest-income town in the nation is Great Falls, as of 2011.', u'According to a 2013 study by Phoenix Marketing International, Virginia had the seventh-largest number of millionaires per capita in the United States, with a ratio of 6.64%.', u'In its state government, Virginia employs 106,143 public employees, who combined have a median income of $44,656 as of 2013.', u"Computer chips became the state's highest-grossing export in 2006, surpassing its traditional top exports of coal and tobacco combined, reaching a total export value of $717 million in 2015.", u'Virginia companies received the fourth-highest amount of venture capital funding in the first half of 2011 after California, Massachusetts, and New York.', u'In 2009, Forbes magazine named Virginia the best state in the nation for business for the fourth year in a row, while CNBC named it the top state for business in 2007, 2009, and 2011.', u'Additionally, in 2014 a survey of 12,000 small business owners found Virginia to be one of the most friendly states for small businesses.', u'Tourism in Virginia supported an estimated 210,000 jobs and generated $21.2 billion in 2012.', u'As of 2012, about 357,000 Virginian jobs were in agriculture, with over 47,000 farms, averaging 171 acres (0.27 sq mi; 0.69 km2), in a total farmland area of 8.1 million acres (12,656 sq mi; 32,780 km2).', u'Though agriculture has declined significantly since 1960 when there were twice as many farms, it remains the largest single industry in Virginia.', u'Tomatoes surpassed soy as the most profitable crop in Virginia in 2006, with peanuts and hay as other agricultural products.', u'Eastern oyster harvests have increased from 23,000 bushels in 2001 to over 500,000 in 2013.', u'The Barter Theatre, designated the State Theatre of Virginia, in Abingdon won the first ever Regional Theatre Tony Award in 1948, while the Signature Theatre in Arlington won it in 2009.', u"Each September, Bay Days celebrates the Chesapeake Bay as well as Hampton's 400-year history since 1610, and Isle of Wight County holds a County Fair on the second week of September as well.", u"The Old Time Fiddlers' Convention in Galax, begun in 1935, is one of the oldest and largest such events worldwide.", u'== Media ==\n\nThe Hampton Roads area is the 45th-largest media market in the United States as ranked by Nielsen Media Research, while the Richmond-Petersburg area is 57th and Roanoke-Lynchburg is 66th as of 2013.', u"The most circulated native newspapers in the Commonwealth are Norfolk's The Virginian-Pilot (142,476 daily subscribers), the Richmond Times-Dispatch (108,559), and The Roanoke Times (78,663), as of 2014.", u"The 2011 Quality Counts report ranked Virginia's K\u201312 education fourth best in the country.", u'In 2010, 85% of high school students graduated on-time after four years.', u'Between 2000 and 2008, school enrollment increased 5%, the number of teachers 21%.', u'As of 2011, a total of 1,267,063 students were enrolled in 1,873 local and regional schools in the Commonwealth, including three charter schools, and an additional 109 alternative and special education centers across 132 school divisions.', u'As of 2011, there are 176 colleges and universities in Virginia.', u"Virginia Commonwealth University is ranked the top public graduate school in fine arts, while James Madison University has been recognized as the top regional public master's program in The South since 1993.", u"== Health ==\n\nVirginia has a mixed health record, and is ranked as the 26th overall healthiest state according to the 2013 United Health Foundation's Health Rankings.", u'In 2008, Virginia reached its lowest ever rate of infant mortality, at 6.7 deaths per 1,000.', u'There are however racial and social health disparities, in 2010 African Americans experienced 28% more premature deaths than whites, while 13% of Virginians lack any health insurance.', u"According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's 2009 survey, 26% of Virginians are obese and another 35% are overweight.", u'Virginia banned smoking in bars and restaurants in January 2010.', u"Residents of Virginia's 8th congressional district share the longest average life expectancy rate in the nation, over 83 years.", u'There are 89 hospitals in Virginia listed with the United States Department of Health and Human Services.', u"Virginia was one of five states to receive a perfect score in disaster preparedness according to a 2008 report by the Trust for America's Health, based on criteria such as detecting pathogens and distributing vaccines and medical supplies.", u"== Transportation ==\n\nBecause of the 1932 Byrd Road Act, the state government controls most of Virginia's roads, instead of a local county authority as is usual in other states.", u'As of 2011, the Virginia Department of Transportation owns and operates 57,867 miles (93,128 km) of the total 70,105 miles (112,823 km) of roads in the state, making it the third largest state highway system in the United States.', u'Virginia hit peak car usage before the year 2000, making it one of the first such states.', u'The Washington Metro rapid transit system serves Northern Virginia as far west as communities along I-66 in Fairfax County, with expansion plans to reach Loudoun County by 2017.', u"The Virginia Port Authority's main seaports are those in Hampton Roads, which carried 17,726,251 short tons (16,080,984 t) of bulk cargo in 2007, the sixth most of United States ports.", u'Founded in 1619, the Virginia General Assembly is still in existence as the oldest legislature in the Western Hemisphere.', u'In 2008, the government was ranked by the Pew Center on the States with an A\u2212 in terms of its efficiency, effectiveness, and infrastructure, tied with Utah and Washington.', u'Since 1971, the government has functioned under the seventh Constitution of Virginia, which provides for a strong legislature and a unified judicial system.', u'Since the resumption of capital punishment in Virginia in 1982, 107 people have been executed, the second highest number in the nation.', u'Since Virginia ended prisoner parole in 1995, the rate of recidivism has fallen to 28.3%, among the lowest nationwide.', u'Enfranchisement and immigration of other groups, especially Hispanics, have placed growing importance on minority voting, while voters that identify as "white working-class" declined by three percent between 2008 and 2012.', u'In the 2007 state elections, Democrats regained control of the State Senate, and narrowed the Republican majority in the House of Delegates to eight seats.', u'Yet elections in 2009 resulted in the election of Republican Bob McDonnell as Governor by a seventeen-point margin, the election of a Republican Lieutenant Governor and Attorney General, as well as Republican gains of six seats in the House of Delegates.', u'In 2011, the Republican caucus took over two-thirds (68\u201332) of the seats in the House of Delegates, and a majority of the Senate based on the Lieutenant Governor Bill Bolling as the tie-breaker.', u'Following the 2013 elections, Democrat Terry McAuliffe was elected Governor by two percentage points, and Democrat Ralph Northam was elected Lieutenant Governor by double digits.', u'In federal elections since 2006, both parties have seen successes.', u"Republican Senator George Allen lost close races in 2006, to Democratic newcomer Jim Webb, and again in 2012, to Webb's replacement, former Governor Tim Kaine.", u'In 2008, Democrats won both United States Senate seats; former Governor Mark Warner was elected to replace retiring Republican John Warner.', u'The state went Republican in 11 out of 12 presidential elections from 1948 to 2004, including 10 in a row from 1968 to 2004.', u"However, Democrat Barack Obama carried Virginia's 13 electoral votes in both the 2008 and 2012 presidential elections.", u'In the 2010 elections, Republicans won three United States House of Representatives seats from the Democrats.', u"The San Francisco Giants' AA team, the Richmond Flying Squirrels, began play at The Diamond in 2010, replacing the AAA Richmond Braves, who relocated after 2008.", u'While the seal was designed in 1776, and the flag was first used in the 1830s, both were made official in 1930.', u'In March 2015, after 20 years without a state song, Virginia received two: "Our Great Virginia" (official traditional state song) and "Sweet Virginia Breeze" (official popular state song).', u'In 1940, Virginia made "Carry Me Back to Old Virginny" the state song, but it was retired in 1997 and reclassified as the state song emeritus.']}
{'title': 'Iranian revolution overthrows shah', 'year': '1979-01-16', 'sentences': [u'"Revolution" in the sense of representing abrupt change in a social order is attested by at least 1450.', u'Political usage of the term had been well established by 1688 in the description of the replacement of James II with William III.', u'Charles Tilly, a modern scholar of revolutions, differentiated between a coup, a top-down seizure of power, a civil war, a revolt and a "great revolution" (revolutions that transform economic and social structures as well as political institutions, such as the French Revolution of 1789, Russian Revolution of 1917, or Islamic Revolution of Iran).', u'Many such early studies of revolutions tended to concentrate on four classic cases\u2014famous and uncontroversial examples that fit virtually all definitions of revolutions, such as the Glorious Revolution (1688), the French Revolution (1789\u20131799), the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the Chinese Revolution (also known as the Chinese Civil War) (1927\u20131949).', u'The Iranian and Nicaraguan Revolutions of 1979, the 1986 People Power Revolution in the Philippines and the 1989 Autumn of Nations in Europe saw multi-class coalitions topple seemingly powerful regimes amidst popular demonstrations and mass strikes in nonviolent revolutions.', u"While revolutions encompass events ranging from the relatively peaceful revolutions that overthrew communist regimes to the violent Islamic revolution in Afghanistan, they exclude coups d'\xe9tats, civil wars, revolts and rebellions that make no effort to transform institutions or the justification for authority (such as J\xf3zef Pi\u0142sudski's May Coup of 1926 or the American Civil War), as well as peaceful transitions to democracy through institutional arrangements such as plebiscites and free elections, as in Spain after the death of Francisco Franco.", u'== See also ==\nClassless society\nPolitical warfare\nPsychological warfare\nRebellion\nRevolutionary wave\nRight of revolution\nSubversion\nUser revolt - A phenomenon related to the modern Internet\n\n\n=== Lists of revolutions ===\nList of revolutions and rebellions\nList of fictional revolutions and coups\nList of uprisings led by women\n\n\n== Bibliography ==\nThe International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest: 1500 to the Present, ed.', u']: Wiley & Sons, 2009, ISBN 1-4051-8464-7\nPerreau-Sausine, Emile, Les lib\xe9raux face aux r\xe9volutions : 1688, 1789, 1917, 1933, Commentaire, Spring 2005, pp.', u'The lessons of the first totalitarian revolution, City Journal, Spring 2006.', u'Plinio Correa de Oliveira, TFP.org, Revolution and Counter-Revolution, Foundation for a Christian, Third edition, 1993.', u'ISBN 1-877905-27-5\nMichael Barken, ZMAG.org, Regulating revolutions in Eastern Europe: Polyarchy and the National Endowment for Democracy, 1 November 2006.', u': Revolution is an Indelible Phenomenon Throughout History by Qasim Hussaini\nHannah Arendt, IEP.UTM.edu, On Revolution, 1963, Penguin Classics, New Ed edition: February 8, 1991.', u'ISBN 0-14-018421-X\nErnest Mandel, "The Marxist Case for Revolution Today", 1989']}
{'title': 'Flush toilet is patented by Mr Thomas Crapper [Honest!]', 'year': '1861-01-17', 'sentences': [u'A precursor to the modern flush toilet system was designed by John Harington in 1596 but did not become common until the late 19th century.', u'Correctly located pit toilets were found to prevent spread of various diseases; diseases which would kill many more soldiers than those killed via bullets and artillery used in pre-1940 warfare.', u'But by 1988, these fish pond toilets were falling out of favour, as the farmers found it more useful to ferment human and pig excrement together, and apply it to the Aquaculture ponds as needed.', u'In Vietnam, the traditional fish pond toilet, which was described as "widespread" as recently as 2008, polluted the waterways but was perceived as more hygenic (less smelly) than various modern alternatives that the government was pressing on the villagers.', u"In 1976, squatting toilets were said to be used by the majority of the world's population.", u'One target of this goal is to: "Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking-water and basic sanitation" and publishes figures on access to sanitation worldwide on a regular basis.', u'=== Example of cholera in England ===\nThere have been five main Cholera outbreaks and pandemics since 1825.', u'In London alone, the second killed 14,137 people in 1849, and the third took 10,738 lives in 1853-54.', u'In 1849 the English physician John Snow published a paper On the Mode of Communication of Cholera, in which he suggested that cholera might be waterborne.', u'During the 1854 epidemic, he collected and analyzed data establishing that people who drank water from contaminated sources such as the Broad Street pump died of cholera at much higher rates than those who got water elsewhere.', u"In 2012, archaeologists founded what is believed to be Southeast Asia's earliest latrine during the excavation of a neolithic village in the R\u1ea1ch N\xfai archaeological site, southern Vietnam.", u'The toilet, dating back 1500 BC, yielded important clues about early Southeast Asian society.', u'One person developing these was the English clergyman Henry Moule, who dedicated his life to improving public sanitation after witnessing the horrors of the cholera epidemics of 1849 and 1854.', u'In partnership with James Bannehr, in 1860 he took out a patent for the process (No.', u'==== Development of flush toilets ====\n\nAlthough a precursor to the flush toilet system which is widely used nowadays was designed in 1596 by John Harington, such systems did not come into widespread use until the late nineteenth century.', u'A crucial advance in plumbing, was the S-trap, invented by the Scottish mechanic Alexander Cummings in 1775, and still in use today.', u'William Elvis Sloan invented the Flushometer in 1906, which used pressurized water directly from the supply line for faster recycle time between flushes.', u'The Oxford English Dictionary notes the 1922 appearance of "How much cost?', u"in James Joyce's novel Ulysses and defers to Alan S. C. Ross's arguments that it derived in some fashion from the site of Napoleon's 1815 defeat.", u'"Loo" may have derived from a corruption of French l\'eau ("water"), gare \xe0 l\'eau ("mind the water", used in reference to emptying chamber pots into the street from an upper-story window), lieu ("place"), lieu d\'aisance ("place of ease", used euphemistically for a toilet), or lieu \xe0 l\'anglaise ("English place", used from around 1770 to refer to English-style toilets installed for travelers).', u'Alfred A. Knopf Canada, Toronto 2007.']}
{'title': '9-county commission recommends creation of BART', 'year': '1957-01-17', 'sentences': [u'In 1925, after an amendment was made to the Georgia State Constitution, the Crisp County Power Commission (CCPC) was established.', u'The Amendment of 1925 in the Georgia State Constitution stated that CCPC\'s primary purpose was to support "the agricultural, industrial and civic interests" of the inhabitants of Crisp County.', u'The construction of the project was completed, and the power was first generated in August 1930.', u'In 1957, CCPC constructed one of the very first combined-cycle facilities containing a 12.5 megawatt coal plant and a 5 megawatt natural gas combustion turbine.', u'Yet more power was needed in 1975, and CCPC became one of the launching members of the Municipal Electric Authority of Georgia (MEAG).']}
{'title': '1st US Congressional Standing Committee headed by Negro -W Dawson', 'year': '1949-01-18', 'sentences': [u'The Joint Committee on Atomic Energy (JCAE) was a United States congressional committee that was tasked with exclusive jurisdiction over "all bills, resolutions, and other matters" related to civilian and military aspects of nuclear power from 1946 through 1977.', u'It was established by the United States Atomic Energy Act of 1946, and was the overseer of the United States Atomic Energy Commission.', u'The legislative veto power was later found to be unconstitutional by the United States Supreme Court in 1983.', u'The joint committee was finally abolished on August 5, 1977.', u'== Notable members ==\nBrien McMahon (D-CT), 1946-1952\nUS Senator who was legislative author of the Atomic Energy Act of 1946, chairman of the JCAE whenever Democrats controlled Congress (1946, and 1949-1952), until his death.', u'In 1949, he famous led a campaign accusing AEC chairman David E. Lilienthal of "incredible mismanagement" of the US nuclear complex.', u'[1]\n\nRichard B. Russell (R-GA), 1946\u201370\nSenator from Georgia and namesake for the Russell Senate Office Building\n\nClare Boothe Luce (R-CT), 1946\nU.S. Representative, American playwright, United States Ambassador to Italy\n\nLyndon Baines Johnson (D-TX), 1947\u201348; 1951-1952\nU.S. Representative and U.S.', u'Senator from Tennessee, father of Vice President Al Gore\n\nEverett Dirksen (R-IL), 1962\nSenate Minority Leader and namesake for the Dirksen Senate Office Building\n\nHoward Baker (R-TN), 1971\u201376\nSenate Majority Leader, White House Chief of Staff, United States Ambassador to Japan\n\n\n== Committee members, 1946-1977 ==\nThe joint committee had equal representation between both the House and Senate, with 5 majority and 4 minority members from each house.', u'The committee was chaired by a senator from the majority party until the 83rd Congress, when the chairmanship began to alternate between a majority representative and majority senator.', u'=== 79th Congress, 1946 ===\n\n\n=== 80th Congress, 1947-1948 ===\n\n\n=== 81st Congress, 1949-1950 ===\n\n\n=== 82nd Congress, 1951-1952 ===\n\n\n=== 83rd Congress, 1953-1954 ===\n\n\n== See also ==\nImmigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha\n\n\n== References ==\n This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Government document "9/11 Commission Recommendations: Joint Committee on Atomic Energy \u2014 A Model for Congressional Oversight?, Congressional Research Service, August 20, 2004".']}
{'title': 'Johann Bode founder of \\"Bode\\\'s Law \\" dies', 'year': '1747-01-19', 'sentences': [u'In Unicode, it is encoded at U+005C \\ REVERSE SOLIDUS (HTML \).', u'== History ==\nBob Bemer introduced the "\\" character into ASCII on September 18, 1961, as the result of character frequency studies.', u'MS-DOS 2.0, released 1983, copied the hierarchical file system from Unix and thus used the (forward) slash, but (possibly on the insistence of IBM) added the backslash to allow paths to be typed at the command line interpreter\'s prompt while retaining compatibility with MS-DOS 1.0 and CP/M where the slash was the command-line option indicator (typing "DIR/W" gave the "wide" option to the "DIR" command, so some other method was needed if you actually wanted to run a program called W inside a directory called DIR).', u'RFC 1345 recommends to transcribe the character as digraph //, if not available.', u'Archived from the original on 2013-07-19.']}
{'title': 'Georgia becomes 5th state to secede from US', 'year': '1861-01-19', 'sentences': [u'The current iteration resulted from the 2011 redistricting by the California Citizens Redistricting Commission.', u'== Election results ==\n\n\n=== 2016 ===\n\n\n=== 2012 ===\n\n\n== See also ==\nCalifornia State Senate\nCalifornia State Senate districts\nDistricts in California\n\n\n== External links ==\nDistrict map from the California Citizens Redistricting Commission']}
{'title': 'Pearl Harbor obtained by US from Hawaii for use as a naval base', 'year': '1887-01-20', 'sentences': [u'The U.S. government first obtained exclusive use of the inlet and the right to maintain a repair and coaling station for ships here in 1887.', u"The attack on Pearl Harbor by the Empire of Japan on December 7, 1941 was the immediate cause of the United States' entry into World War II.", u'As early as 1820, an "Agent of the United States for Commerce and Seamen" was appointed to look after American business in the Port of Honolulu.', u'In 1841, the newspaper Polynesian, printed in Honolulu, advocated that the U.S. establish a naval base in Hawaii for protection of American citizens engaged in the whaling industry.', u'The British Hawaiian Minister of Foreign Affairs Robert Crichton Wyllie, remarked in 1840 that "... my opinion is that the tide of events rushes on to annexation to the United States."', u'In 1865, the North Pacific Squadron was formed to embrace the western coast and Hawaii.', u'The Secretary of the Navy was able to write in his annual report of 1868, that in November 1867, 42 American flags flew over whaleships and merchant vessels in Honolulu to only six of other nations.', u'In the following year, Congress approved an appropriation of $50,000 on March 1, 1869, to deepen the approaches to this harbor.', u'After 1868, when the Commander of the Pacific Fleet visited the islands to look after American interests, naval officers played an important role in internal affairs.', u'When King Lunalilo died in 1873, negotiations were underway for the cessation of Pearl Harbor as a port for the duty-free export of sugar to the U.S. With the election of King Kal\u0101kaua in March 1874, riots prompted landing of sailors from USS Tuscarora and Portsmouth.', u'Although this treaty continued in force until August 1898, the U.S. did not fortify Pearl Harbor as a naval base.', u'The United States and the Hawaiian Kingdom signed the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 as supplemented by Convention on December 6, 1884, the Reciprocity Treaty was made by James Carter and ratified it in 1887.', u'On January 20, 1887, the United States Senate allowed the Navy to exclusive right to maintain a coaling and repair station at Pearl Harbor.', u'The Spanish\u2013American War of 1898 and the desire for the United States to have a permanent presence in the Pacific both contributed to the decision.', u'=== Naval presence (1899\u2013present) ===\n\nFollowing the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom, the United States Navy established a base on the island in 1899.', u'On December 7, 1941, the base was attacked by the Imperial Japanese Navy airplanes and midget submarines, causing the American entry into World War II.', u'In 2010, the Navy and the Air Force merged their two nearby bases; Pearl Harbor joined with Hickam Air Force Base to create Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam.']}
{'title': 'Snow falls in SF', 'year': '1962-01-21', 'sentences': [u'=== Cloud physics ===\n\nA snowflake consists of roughly 1019 water molecules, which are added to its core at different rates and in different patterns, depending on the changing temperature and humidity within the atmosphere that the snowflake falls through on its way to the ground.', u'=== Classification of snowflakes ===\n\nMicrography of thousands of snowflakes from 1885 onward, starting with Wilson Alwyn Bentley, revealed the wide diversity of snowflakes within a classifiable set of patterns.', u'Magono and Lee devised a classification of freshly formed snow crystals that includes 80 distinct shapes.', u"=== Distribution ===\nGlaciers with their permanent snowpacks cover about 10% of the earth's surface, while seasonal snow covers about nine percent, mostly in the Northern Hemisphere, where seasonal snow covers about 40 million km2, according to a 1987 estimate.", u'A 2007 estimate of snow cover over the Northern Hemisphere suggested that, on average, snow cover ranges from a minimum extent of 2 million km2 each August to a maximum extent of 45 million km2 each January or nearly half of the land surface in that hemisphere.', u'Mount Baker received 2,896 cm (95.01 ft) of snow, thus surpassing the previous record holder, Mount Rainier, Washington, which during the 1971\u20131972 season received 2,850 cm (93.5 ft) of snow.', u"Largest snowflakes \u2013 Guinness World Records list the world's largest snowflakes as those of January 1887 at Fort Keogh, Montana; allegedly one measured 38 cm (15 in) wide.", u'==== Highway ====\nIn the late 20th Century, an estimated $2 billion was spent annually in North America on roadway winter maintenance, owing to snow and other winter weather events, according to a 1994 report by Kuemmel.', u'1865, it required multiple locomotives to drive a wedge plow through deep snow.', u'As of 1994, of the estimated 65\u201375 million skiers worldwide, there were approximately 55 million who engaged in Alpine skiing, the rest engaged in cross-country skiing.', u'As of 1996, there were reportedly 4,500 ski areas, operating 26,000 ski lifts and enjoying 390 million skier visits per year.']}
{'title': 'New Zealand settled by British', 'year': '1840-01-22', 'sentences': [u'Sometime between 1250 and 1300 CE, Polynesians settled in the islands that later became New Zealand, and developed a distinctive M\u0101ori culture.', u'In 1642, Abel Tasman, a Dutch explorer, became the first European to sight New Zealand.', u'In 1840, representatives of Britain and M\u0101ori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi, making New Zealand a British colony.', u'In addition, New Zealand is organised into 11 regional councils and 67 territorial authorities for local government purposes.', u'== Etymology ==\n\nDutch explorer Abel Tasman sighted New Zealand in 1642 and called it Staten Landt, supposing it was connected to a landmass of the same name at the southern tip of South America.', u'In 1645, Dutch cartographers renamed the land Nova Zeelandia after the Dutch province of Zeeland.', u'In 1830, maps began to use North and South to distinguish the two largest islands and by 1907, this was the accepted norm.', u'The New Zealand Geographic Board discovered in 2009 that the names of the North Island and South Island had never been formalised, and names and alternative names were formalised in 2013.', u'Radiocarbon dating, evidence of deforestation and mitochondrial DNA variability within M\u0101ori populations suggest New Zealand was first settled by Eastern Polynesians between 1250 and 1300, concluding a long series of voyages through the southern Pacific islands.', u'The Moriori population was all but wiped out between 1835 and 1862, largely because of Taranaki M\u0101ori invasion and enslavement in the 1830s, although European diseases also contributed.', u'In 1862, only 101 survived and the last known full-blooded Moriori died in 1933.', u'The first Europeans known to have reached New Zealand were Dutch explorer Abel Tasman and his crew in 1642.', u'Europeans did not revisit New Zealand until 1769 when British explorer James Cook mapped almost the entire coastline.', u'The resulting intertribal Musket Wars encompassed over 600 battles between 1801 and 1840, killing 30,000\u201340,000 M\u0101ori.', u'In 1788 Captain Arthur Phillip assumed the position of Governor of the new British colony of New South Wales which according to his commission included New Zealand.', u'The British Government appointed James Busby as British Resident to New Zealand in 1832 following a petition from northern M\u0101ori.', u'In 1835, following an announcement of impending French settlement by Charles de Thierry, the nebulous United Tribes of New Zealand sent a Declaration of the Independence to King William IV of the United Kingdom asking for protection.', u'The Treaty of Waitangi was first signed in the Bay of Islands on 6 February 1840.', u"In response to the New Zealand Company's attempts to establish an independent settlement in Wellington and French settlers purchasing land in Akaroa, Hobson declared British sovereignty over all of New Zealand on 21 May 1840, even though copies of the Treaty were still circulating throughout the country for M\u0101ori to sign.", u'New Zealand, still part of the colony of New South Wales, became a separate Colony of New Zealand on 1 July 1841.', u'The colony gained a representative government in 1852 and the first Parliament met in 1854.', u'In 1856 the colony effectively became self-governing, gaining responsibility over all domestic matters other than native policy.', u'Wellington was chosen for its harbour and central location, with parliament officially sitting there for the first time in 1865.', u'In 1891 the Liberal Party led by John Ballance came to power as the first organised political party.', u'In 1893 New Zealand was the first nation in the world to grant all women the right to vote and in 1894 pioneered the adoption of compulsory arbitration between employers and unions.', u"In 1898 Seddon's government passed the Old-age Pensions Act of 1898, the first general pensions scheme in the British Empire.", u'In 1907, at the request of the New Zealand Parliament, King Edward VII proclaimed New Zealand a dominion within the British Empire, reflecting its self-governing status.', u'Accordingly, the title "Dominion of New Zealand" dates from 1907.', u'In 1947 the country adopted the Statute of Westminster, confirming that the British Parliament could no longer legislate for New Zealand without the consent of New Zealand.', u'In 1975, a Waitangi Tribunal was set up to investigate alleged breaches of the Treaty, and it was enabled to investigate historic grievances in 1985.', u'It also included an upper house, the Legislative Council, until this was abolished in 1950.', u'The supremacy of Parliament, over the Crown and other government institutions, was established in England by the Bill of Rights 1689 and has been ratified as law in New Zealand.', u'Almost all parliamentary general elections between 1853 and 1993 were held under the first-past-the-post voting system.', u'Since the 1996 election, a form of proportional representation called Mixed Member Proportional (MMP) has been used.', u'Since the 2014 election, there have been 71 electorates (which includes 7 M\u0101ori electorates), and the remaining 49 seats are assigned so that representation in parliament reflects the party vote, although a party has to win one electorate or 5% of the total party vote before it is eligible for these seats.', u'Elections since 1930 have been dominated by two political parties, National and Labour.', u'Between March 2005 and August 2006 New Zealand became the only country in the world in which all the highest offices in the land\u2014Head of State, Governor-General, Prime Minister, Speaker and Chief Justice\u2014were occupied simultaneously by women.', u'The current Prime Minister is John Key, since the 2008 election.', u'He secured a third term in office for his National Government in the 2014 election.', u'The 1923 and 1926 Imperial Conferences decided that New Zealand should be allowed to negotiate their own political treaties and the first commercial treaty was ratified in 1928 with Japan.', u'On 3 September 1939 New Zealand allied itself with Britain and declared war on Germany with Prime Minister Michael Savage proclaiming, "Where she goes, we go; where she stands, we stand."', u'In 1951 the United Kingdom became increasingly focused on its European interests, while New Zealand joined Australia and the United States in the ANZUS security treaty.', u'In 2013 there were about 650,000 New Zealand citizens living in Australia, which is equivalent to 15% of the population of New Zealand.', u'Permanent migration is regulated under the 1970 Samoan Quota Scheme and the 2002 Pacific Access Category, which allow up to 1,100 Samoan nationals and up to 750 other Pacific Islanders respectively to become permanent New Zealand residents each year.', u'A seasonal workers scheme for temporary migration was introduced in 2007 and in 2009 about 8,000 Pacific Islanders were employed under it.', u"New Zealand ranks eighth in the Center for Global Development's 2015 Commitment to Development Index, which ranks the world's most developed countries on their dedication to policies that benefit poorer nations.", u'Because of financial pressures and the desire to consolidate railways, education, land sales and other policies, government was centralised and the provinces were abolished in 1876.', u'Since 1876, various councils have administered local areas under legislation determined by the central government.', u'In 1989, the government reorganised local government into the current two-tier structure of regional councils and territorial authorities.', u'The 249 municipalities that existed in 1975 have now been consolidated into 67 territorial authorities and 11 regional councils.', u'New Zealand citizenship law treats all parts of the realm equally, so most people born in New Zealand, the Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau and the Ross Dependency before 2006 are New Zealand citizens.', u'Further conditions apply for those born from 2006 onwards.', u"=== Biodiversity ===\n\nNew Zealand's geographic isolation for 80 million years and island biogeography has influenced evolution of the country's species of animals, fungi and plants.", u'Three species of bats (one since extinct) were the only sign of native land mammals in New Zealand until the 2006 discovery of bones from a unique, mouse-sized land mammal at least 16 million years old.', u'New Zealand was ranked ninth in the 2015 Human Development Index and third in the 2016 Index of Economic Freedom.', u"In 1973, New Zealand's export market was reduced when the United Kingdom joined the European Community and other compounding factors, such as the 1973 oil and 1979 energy crisis, led to a severe economic depression.", u'Living standards in New Zealand fell behind those of Australia and Western Europe, and by 1982 New Zealand had the lowest per-capita income of all the developed nations surveyed by the World Bank.', u'Since 1984, successive governments engaged in major macroeconomic restructuring (known first as Rogernomics and then Ruthanasia), rapidly transforming New Zealand from a highly protectionist economy to a liberalised free trade economy.', u'Unemployment peaked above 10% in 1991 and 1992, following the 1987 share market crash, but eventually fell to a record low of 3.4% in 2007 (ranking fifth from twenty-seven comparable OECD nations).', u'However, the global financial crisis that followed had a major impact on New Zealand, with the GDP shrinking for five consecutive quarters, the longest recession in over thirty years, and unemployment rising back to 7% in late 2009.', u'At May 2012, the general unemployment rate was around 6.7%, while the unemployment rate for youth aged 15 to 21 was 13.6%.', u'In the September 2014 quarter, unemployment was 5.4%.', u"Food products made up 55% of the value of all the country's exports in 2014; wood was the second largest earner (7%).", u'On 7 April 2008, New Zealand and China signed the New Zealand\u2013China Free Trade Agreement, the first such agreement China has signed with a developed country.', u"Tourism plays a significant role in New Zealand's economy, contributing $15.0 billion to New Zealand\u2019s total GDP and supporting 9.6% of the total workforce in 2010. International visitors to New Zealand increased by 3.1% in the year to October 2010 and are expected to increase at a rate of 2.5% annually up to 2015.", u"In contrast dairy farming increased, with the number of dairy cows doubling between 1990 and 2007, to become New Zealand's largest export earner.", u"In the year to June 2009, dairy products accounted for 21% ($9.1 billion) of total merchandise exports, and the country's largest company, Fonterra, controls almost one-third of the international dairy trade.", u'Other agricultural exports in 2009 were meat 13.2%, wool 6.3%, fruit 3.5% and fishing 3.3%.', u"New Zealand's wine industry has followed a similar trend to dairy, the number of vineyards doubling over the same period, overtaking wool exports for the first time in 2007.", u"=== Infrastructure ===\nIn 2014, renewable energy generated 39.5% of New Zealand's gross energy supply, primarily hydroelectric power and geothermal power.", u'The railways were privatised in 1993, but were re-nationalised by the government in stages between 2004 and 2008.', u'The New Zealand Post Office had a monopoly over telecommunications until 1987 when Telecom New Zealand was formed, initially as a state-owned enterprise and then privatised in 1990.', u'Chorus, which was split from Telecom in 2011, still owns the majority of the telecommunications infrastructure, but competition from other providers has increased.', u'As of 2012, the United Nations International Telecommunication Union ranks New Zealand 12th in the development of information and communications infrastructure, having moved up four places between 2008 and 2010.', u"For instance, in 2010 Auckland was ranked the world's fourth most liveable city and Wellington the twelfth by the Mercer Quality of Life Survey.", u'Life expectancy for New Zealanders in 2012 was 84 years for females, and 80.2 years for males.', u'Life expectancy at birth is forecast to increase from 80 years to 85 years in 2050 and infant mortality is expected to decline.', u'In 2008, the leading cause of premature death was cancer, at 29.8%, followed by ischaemic heart disease, 19.7%, and then cerebrovascular disease, 9.2%.', u'=== Ethnicity and immigration ===\n\nIn the 2013 census, 74.0% of New Zealand residents identified ethnically as European, and 14.9% as M\u0101ori.', u'The population has become more diverse in recent decades: in 1961, the census reported that the population of New Zealand was 92% European and 7% M\u0101ori, with Asian and Pacific minorities sharing the remaining 1%.', u'The number of fee-paying international students increased sharply in the late 1990s, with more than 20,000 studying in public tertiary institutions in 2002.', u"It has recently undergone a process of revitalisation, being declared one of New Zealand's official languages in 1987, and is spoken by 3.7% of the population.", u'As recorded in the 2013 census, Samoan is the most widely spoken non-official language (2.2%), followed by Hindi (1.7%), "Northern Chinese" (including Mandarin, 1.3%) and French (1.2%).', u"It was declared one of New Zealand's official languages in 2006.", u'In the 2013 census, 55.0% of the population identified with one or more religions, including 49.0% identifying as Christians.', u'=== Education ===\n\nPrimary and secondary schooling is compulsory for children aged 6 to 16, with the majority attending from the age of 5.', u'New Zealand art and craft has gradually achieved an international audience, with exhibitions in the Venice Biennale in 2001 and the "Paradise Now" exhibition in New York in 2004.', u'However, the local fashion industry has grown significantly since 2000, doubling exports and increasing from a handful to about 50 established labels, with some labels gaining international recognition.', u'The New Zealand recording industry began to develop from 1940 onwards and many New Zealand musicians have obtained success in Britain and the United States.', u'The New Zealand Music Awards are held annually by Recorded Music NZ; the awards were first held in 1965 by Reckitt & Colman as the Loxene Golden Disc awards.', u'Radio first arrived in New Zealand in 1922 and television in 1960.', u'In 1978 the New Zealand Film Commission started assisting local film-makers and many films attained a world audience, some receiving international acknowledgement.', u"Since 1994, Freedom House has consistently ranked New Zealand's press freedom in the top twenty, with the 19th freest media in 2015.", u'New Zealand participated at the Summer Olympics in 1908 and 1912 as a joint team with Australia, before first participating on its own in 1920.', u'Around the World in 80 Years.']}
{'title': 'Supreme Court approves abortions', 'year': '1973-01-22', 'sentences': [u'== Common law jurisdictions ==\n\n\n=== Bangladesh ===\nThe Supreme Court of Bangladesh is created by the provisions of the Constitution of Bangladesh, 1972.', u'=== Canada ===\n\nIn Canada, the Supreme Court of Canada was established in 1875 but only became the highest court in the country in 1949 when the right of appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council was abolished.', u'=== Hong Kong ===\nIn Hong Kong, the Supreme Court of Hong Kong (now known as the High Court of Hong Kong) was the final court of appeal during its colonial times which ended with transfer of sovereignty in 1997.', u'Now the power of final adjudication is vested in the Court of Final Appeal created in 1997.', u'Consequently, judges from other common law jurisdictions (including England and Wales) can be recruited and continue to serve in the judiciary according to Article 92 of the Basic Law.', u'This arrangement became controversial in light of the right of abode issue in 1999, raising concerns for judicial independence.', u'=== India ===\n\nIn India, the Supreme Court of India was created on January 28, 1950 after adoption of the Constitution.', u'However, the Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order 1954 makes Article 141 applicable to the state of J&K and hence law declared by the Supreme Court of India is equally applicable to all courts of J&K including the High Court.', u'In addition, an agreement between Nauru and Australia in 1976 provides for appeals from the Supreme Court of Nauru to the High Court of Australia in both criminal and civil cases, with the notable exception of constitutional cases.', u'A right of appeal to the Privy Council remains for criminal cases which were decided before the Supreme Court was created, but it is likely that the successful appeal by Mark Lundy to the Privy Council in 2013 will be the last appeal to the Board from New Zealand.', u'The new Supreme Court of New Zealand was officially established at the beginning of 2004, although it did not come into operation until July.', u'The High Court of New Zealand was until 1980 known as the Supreme Court.', u'=== Pakistan ===\nThe Supreme Court has been the apex court for Pakistan since the declaration of the republic in 1956 (previously the Privy Council had that function).', u'The Supreme Court was established by the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 with effect from 1 October 2009, replacing and assuming the judicial functions of the House of Lords.', u'Devolution issues under the Scotland Act 1998, Government of Wales Act and Northern Ireland Act were also transferred to the new Supreme Court by the Constitutional Reform Act, from the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council.', u"=== United States ===\n\nThe Supreme Court of the United States, established in 1789, is the highest Federal court in the United States, with powers of judicial review first asserted in Calder v. Bull (1798) in Justice Iredell's dissenting opinion.", u'=== Austria ===\nIn Austria, the Austrian Constitution of 1920 (based on a draft by Hans Kelsen) introduced judicial review of legislative acts for their constitutionality.', u'As a result, there exists no special constitutional court, and therefore final jurisdiction is vested with the Danish Supreme Court (H\xf8jesteret) which was established 14 February 1661 by king Frederik III.', u'Since a constitutional amendment of 2007, the French Constitution states that the High Court is composed of all members of both Houses of Parliament.', u'As of 2012, it has never been convened.', u'22/1919 and held its first session on 16 February 1920.', u'The 1987 Philippine Constitution also explicitly grants to the Supreme Court the power of judicial review over laws and executive actions.', u'Until 2003, a fifth supreme court also existed for the military jurisdiction, this being the Supreme Military Court (Supremo Tribunal Militar).', u'=== Scotland ===\n\nFounded by papal bull in 1532, the Court of Session is the supreme civil court of Scotland, and the High Court of Justiciary is the supreme criminal court.', u'=== Sri Lanka ===\nIn Sri Lanka, the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka was created in 1972 after the adoption of a new Constitution.', u'=== South Africa ===\nIn South Africa, a "two apex" system existed from 1994 to 2013.', u'The Supreme Court of Appeal (SCA) was created in 1994 and replaced the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of South Africa as the highest court of appeal in non-constitutional matters.', u"But in August 2013 the Constitution was amended to make the Constitutional Court the country's single apex court, superior to the SCA in all matters, both constitutional and non-constitutional.", u'During the reign of King Chulalongkorn, an official department for appeals was set up, and, after Thailand adopted a democratic regime of government, Thai Supreme Court was established in 1891.', u'=== United Arab Emirates ===\nIn the United Arab Emirates, the Federal Supreme Court of the United Arab Emirates was created in 1973 after the adoption of the Constitution.']}
{'title': 'Connecticut colony organized under Fundamental Orders', 'year': '1639-01-24', 'sentences': [u'It was organized on March 3, 1636 as a settlement for a Puritan congregation.', u'After early struggles with the Dutch, the English permanently gained control of the region in 1637.', u'Two other English settlements in the present-day state of Connecticut were merged into the Colony of Connecticut: Saybrook Colony in 1644 and New Haven Colony in 1662.', u'== LeadersEdit ==\nGovernor John Haynes of the Massachusetts Bay Colony led 100 people to present-day Hartford in 1636.', u'Hooker delivered a sermon to his congregation on May 31, 1638, on the principles of government, and it influenced those who wrote the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut later that year.', u'John Winthrop the Younger of New London, the son of the founder of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, played an important role in consolidating separate settlements into a single colony on the Connecticut River, and he served as Governor of Connecticut from 1659 to 1675.', u"Winthrop was also instrumental in obtaining the colony's 1662 charter, which incorporated New Haven into Connecticut.", u'His son Fitz-John Winthrop also governed the colony for ten years, starting in 1698.', u"William Leete of Guilford served as governor of New Haven Colony before the colony's merger into Connecticut, and as governor of Connecticut following John Winthrop, Jr's death in 1675.", u'to 1664\nBurpee, Charles W. The story of Connecticut (4 vol 1939); detailed narrative in vol 1-2\nClark, George Larkin.', u'Land of Steady Habits: A Brief History of Connecticut (1988), 80 pp, from state historical society\nHollister, Gideon Hiram (1855).', u'very old history; to 1764\nVan Dusen, Albert E. Connecticut A Fully Illustrated History of the State from the Seventeenth Century to the Present (1961) 470pp the standard survey to 1960, by a leading scholar\nVan Dusen, Albert E. Puritans against the wilderness: Connecticut history to 1763 (Series in Connecticut history) 150pp (1975)\nZeichner, Oscar.']}
{'title': 'Anti-slavery society formed in NY', 'year': '1875-01-25', 'sentences': [u"The size of a village's population depends on the amount of land available for farming; thus villages can range from as few as 30 people to as many as 2000.", u"The International Telecommunications Union's World Summit on the Information Society in Geneva and Tunis (2003 and 2005) has led to a number of policy and application areas where action is envisaged.", u'As much as 70 to 80 percent of economic growth is now said to be due to new and better knowledge."', u'The Second World Summit on the Knowledge Society, held in Chania, Crete, in September 2009, gave special attention to the following topics:\nbusiness and enterprise computing;\ntechnology-enhanced learning;\nsocial and humanistic computing;\nculture, tourism and technology;\ne-government and e-democracy;\ninnovation, sustainable development, and strategic management;\nservice science, management, and engineering;\nintellectual and human capital development;\nICTs for ecology and the green economy;\nfuture prospects for the knowledge society; and\ntechnologies and business models for the creative industries.']}
{'title': "Isaac Newton receives Jean Bernoulli\\'s 6 month time limit - solves problem before going to bed that same night", 'year': '1697-01-26', 'sentences': [u'Sir Isaac Newton FRS (/\u02c8nju\u02d0t\u0259n/; 25 December 1642 \u2013 20 March 1726/27) was an English physicist and mathematician (described in his own day as a "natural philosopher") who is widely recognised as one of the most influential scientists of all time and a key figure in the scientific revolution.', u'His book Philosophi\xe6 Naturalis Principia Mathematica ("Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy"), first published in 1687, laid the foundations for classical mechanics.', u'== Life ==\n\n\n=== Early life ===\n\nIsaac Newton was born according to the Julian calendar (in use in England at the time) on Christmas Day, 25 December 1642 (NS 4 January 1643), at Woolsthorpe Manor in Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth, a hamlet in the county of Lincolnshire.', u'He was removed from school, and by October 1659, he was to be found at Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth, where his mother, widowed for a second time, attempted to make a farmer of him.', u'In June 1661, he was admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge, on the recommendation of his uncle Rev William Ayscough who had studied there.', u"He started as a subsizar\u2014paying his way by performing valet's duties\u2014until he was awarded a scholarship in 1664, which guaranteed him four more years until he would get his M.A.", u'In 1665, he discovered the generalised binomial theorem and began to develop a mathematical theory that later became calculus.', u'degree in August 1665, the university temporarily closed as a precaution against the Great Plague.', u'In April 1667, he returned to Cambridge and in October was elected as a fellow of Trinity.', u'However, by 1675 the issue could not be avoided and by then his unconventional views stood in the way.', u'His studies had impressed the Lucasian professor, Isaac Barrow, who was more anxious to develop his own religious and administrative potential (he became master of Trinity two years later), and in 1669, Newton succeeded him, only one year after he received his M.A.', u'He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1672.', u"His work on the subject usually referred to as fluxions or calculus, seen in a manuscript of October 1666, is now published among Newton's mathematical papers.", u'The author of the manuscript De analysi per aequationes numero terminorum infinitas, sent by Isaac Barrow to John Collins in June 1669, was identified by Barrow in a letter sent to Collins in August of that year as:\n\nMr Newton, a fellow of our College, and very young ... but of an extraordinary genius and proficiency in these things.', u'Occasionally it has been suggested that Newton published almost nothing about it until 1693, and did not give a full account until 1704, while Leibniz began publishing a full account of his methods in 1684.', u'(Leibniz\'s notation and "differential Method", nowadays recognised as much more convenient notations, were adopted by continental European mathematicians, and after 1820 or so, also by British mathematicians.)', u'Such a suggestion, however, fails to notice the content of calculus which critics of Newton\'s time and modern times have pointed out in Book 1 of Newton\'s Principia itself (published 1687) and in its forerunner manuscripts, such as De motu corporum in gyrum ("On the motion of bodies in orbit"), of 1684.', u'His use of methods involving "one or more orders of the infinitesimally small" is present in his De motu corporum in gyrum of 1684 and in his papers on motion "during the two decades preceding 1684".', u"In 1691, Duillier started to write a new version of Newton's Principia, and corresponded with Leibniz.", u'In 1693, the relationship between Duillier and Newton deteriorated and the book was never completed.', u'Starting in 1699, other members of the Royal Society (of which Newton was a member) accused Leibniz of plagiarism.', u'The dispute then broke out in full force in 1711 when the Royal Society proclaimed in a study that it was Newton who was the true discoverer and labelled Leibniz a fraud.', u"Thus began the bitter controversy which marred the lives of both Newton and Leibniz until the latter's death in 1716.", u'This was published in 2013 as a chapter in a book edited by Bechler.', u'When Newton received his MA and became a Fellow of the "College of the Holy and Undivided Trinity" in 1667, he made the commitment that "I will either set Theology as the object of my studies and will take holy orders when the time prescribed by these statutes [7 years] arrives, or I will resign from the college."', u"He was appointed Lucasian Professor of Mathematics in 1669 on Barrow's recommendation.", u'==== Optics ====\nIn 1666, Newton observed that the spectrum of colours exiting a prism in the position of minimum deviation is oblong, even when the light ray entering the prism is circular, which is to say, the prism refracts different colours by different angles.', u'From 1670 to 1672, Newton lectured on optics.', u'In late 1668 he was able to produce this first reflecting telescope.', u'In 1671, the Royal Society asked for a demonstration of his reflecting telescope.', u'In his Hypothesis of Light of 1675, Newton posited the existence of the ether to transmit forces between particles.', u'In 1704, Newton published Opticks, in which he expounded his corpuscular theory of light.', u"==== Mechanics and gravitation ====\n\nIn 1679, Newton returned to his work on (celestial) mechanics by considering gravitation and its effect on the orbits of planets with reference to Kepler's laws of planetary motion.", u"Newton communicated his results to Edmond Halley and to the Royal Society in De motu corporum in gyrum, a tract written on about nine sheets which was copied into the Royal Society's Register Book in December 1684.", u'The Principia was published on 5 July 1687 with encouragement and financial help from Edmond Halley.', u'He found 72 of the 78 species of cubics.', u"He also divided them into four types, satisfying different equations, and in 1717 Stirling, probably with Newton's help, proved that every cubic was one of these four types.", u'Newton also claimed that the four types could be obtained by plane projection from one of them, and this was proved in 1731.', u'A manuscript Newton sent to John Locke in which he disputed the fidelity of 1 John 5:7 and its fidelity to the original manuscripts of the New Testament, remained unpublished until 1785.', u'Newton moved to London to take up the post of warden of the Royal Mint in 1696, a position that he had obtained through the patronage of Charles Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax, then Chancellor of the Exchequer.', u'Newton became perhaps the best-known Master of the Mint upon the death of Thomas Neale in 1699, a position Newton held for the last 30 years of his life.', u'These appointments were intended as sinecures, but Newton took them seriously, retiring from his Cambridge duties in 1701, and exercising his power to reform the currency and punish clippers and counterfeiters.', u'As Warden, and afterwards Master, of the Royal Mint, Newton estimated that 20 percent of the coins taken in during the Great Recoinage of 1696 were counterfeit.', u'Then he conducted more than 100 cross-examinations of witnesses, informers, and suspects between June 1698 and Christmas 1699.', u"As a result of a report written by Newton on 21 September 1717 to the Lords Commissioners of His Majesty's Treasury the bimetallic relationship between gold coins and silver coins was changed by Royal proclamation on 22 December 1717, forbidding the exchange of gold guineas for more than 21 silver shillings.", u'Newton was made President of the Royal Society in 1703 and an associate of the French Acad\xe9mie des Sciences.', u'In April 1705, Queen Anne knighted Newton during a royal visit to Trinity College, Cambridge.', u"The knighthood is likely to have been motivated by political considerations connected with the Parliamentary election in May 1705, rather than any recognition of Newton's scientific work or services as Master of the Mint.", u'Towards the end of his life, Newton took up residence at Cranbury Park, near Winchester with his niece and her husband, until his death in 1727.', u'Newton died in his sleep in London on 20 March 1727 (OS 20 March 1726; NS 31 March 1727) and was buried in Westminster Abbey.', u'Newton did have a close friendship with the Swiss mathematician Nicolas Fatio de Duillier, whom he met in London around 1690.', u'Their intense relationship came to an abrupt and unexplained end in 1693, and at the same time Newton suffered a nervous breakdown.', u'In 1816, a tooth said to have belonged to Newton was sold for \xa3730 (us$3,633) in London to an aristocrat who had it set in a ring.', u'The Guinness World Records 2002 classified it as the most valuable tooth, which would value approximately \xa325,000 (us$35,700) in late 2001. Who bought it and who currently has it has not been disclosed.', u"Newton remains influential to today's scientists, as demonstrated by a 2005 survey of members of Britain's Royal Society (formerly headed by Newton) asking who had the greater effect on the history of science, Newton or Einstein.", u'In 1999, an opinion poll of 100 of today\'s leading physicists voted Einstein the "greatest physicist ever;" with Newton the runner-up, while a parallel survey of rank-and-file physicists by the site PhysicsWeb gave the top spot to Newton.', u'Above him is a pyramid and a celestial globe showing the signs of the Zodiac and the path of the comet of 1680.', u'He was born on 25 December 1642, and died on 20 March 1726/7.\u2014Translation from G.L.', u'From 1978 until 1988, an image of Newton designed by Harry Ecclestone appeared on Series D \xa31 banknotes issued by the Bank of England (the last \xa31 notes to be issued by the Bank of England).', u"A large bronze statue, Newton, after William Blake, by Eduardo Paolozzi, dated 1995 and inspired by Blake's etching, dominates the piazza of the British Library in London.", u'By 1672 he had started to record his theological researches in notebooks which he showed to no one and which have only recently been examined.', u'At the last moment in 1675 he received a dispensation from the government that excused him and all future holders of the Lucasian chair.', u'=== Occult ===\n\nIn a manuscript he wrote in 1704 in which he describes his attempts to extract scientific information from the Bible, he estimated that the world would end no earlier than 2060.', u"In 1888, after spending sixteen years cataloging Newton's papers, Cambridge University kept a small number and returned the rest to the Earl of Portsmouth.", u'In 1936, a descendant offered the papers for sale at Sotheby\u2019s.', u"Keynes went on to reassemble an estimated half of Newton's collection of papers on alchemy before donating his collection to Cambridge University in 1946.", u"Although it has been said that the apple story is a myth and that he did not arrive at his theory of gravity in any single moment, acquaintances of Newton (such as William Stukeley, whose manuscript account of 1752 has been made available by the Royal Society) do in fact confirm the incident, though not the cartoon version that the apple actually hit Newton's head.", u"John Conduitt, Newton's assistant at the Royal Mint and husband of Newton's niece, also described the event when he wrote about Newton's life:\n\nIn the year 1666 he retired again from Cambridge to his mother in Lincolnshire.", u'== Works ==\n\n\n=== Published in his lifetime ===\nDe analysi per aequationes numero terminorum infinitas (1669, published 1711)\nMethod of Fluxions (1671)\nOf Natures Obvious Laws & Processes in Vegetation (unpublished, c. 1671\u201375)\nDe motu corporum in gyrum (1684)\nPhilosophi\xe6 Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687)\nOpticks (1704)\nReports as Master of the Mint (1701\u201325)\nArithmetica Universalis (1707)\n\n\n=== Published posthumously ===\nThe System of the World (1728)\nOptical Lectures (1728)\nThe Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended (1728)\nDe mundi systemate (1728)\nObservations on Daniel and The Apocalypse of St. John (1733)\nAn Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions of Scripture (1754)\n\n\n=== Primary sources ===\n\n\n== See also ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== Bibliography ==\n\n\n== Further reading ==\n\nReligion\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nWorks by Isaac Newton at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) \nIsaac Newton\'s publications indexed by Google Scholar\nScienceWorld biography by Eric Weisstein\nDictionary of Scientific Biography\n"The Newton Project"\n"The Newton Project \u2013 Canada"\n"Newton\'s Dark Secrets" \u2013 NOVA TV programme\nfrom The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy:\n"Isaac Newton", by George Smith\n"Newton\'s Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica", by George Smith\n"Newton\'s Philosophy", by Andrew Janiak\n"Newton\'s views on space, time, and motion", by Robert Rynasiewicz\n\n"Newton\'s Castle" \u2013 educational material\n"The Chymistry of Isaac Newton", research on his alchemical writings\nThe "General Scholium" to Newton\'s Principia\nKandaswamy, Anand M. "The Newton/Leibniz Conflict in Context"\nNewton\'s First ODE \u2013 A study by on how Newton approximated the solutions of a first-order ODE using infinite series\nIsaac Newton at the Mathematics Genealogy Project\n"The Mind of Isaac Newton" \u2013 images, audio, animations and interactive segments\nEnlightening Science Videos on Newton\'s biography, optics, physics, reception, and on his views on science and religion\nNewton biography (University of St Andrews)\n Chisholm, Hugh, ed.']}
{'title': "1st woman 'personal physician to President\\' - JG Travell", 'year': '1961-01-26', 'sentences': [u'Early examples are from the universities of Oxford and Cambridge (from 1464) and the founding President of the Royal Society William Brouncker in 1660.', u"The modern usage of the term 'president' to designate a single person who is the head of state of a republic can be traced directly to the United States Constitution of 1787, which created the office of President of the United States.", u'The presiding official of Yale College, originally a "Rector" (after the usage of continental European universities), became "President" in 1745.', u'In Pierre Choderlos de Laclos\'s novel Les Liaisons Dangereuses of 1782, the character identified as Madame la Pr\xe9sidente de Tourvel ("Madam President of Tourvel") is the wife of a magistrate in a parlement.', u'Haiti became the first presidential republic in Latin America when Henri Christophe assumed the title in 1807.', u'The first European president was the President of the Italian Republic of 1802, a client state of revolutionary France, in the person of Napoleon Bonaparte.', u'Thus, in four close United States elections (1824, 1876, 1888, and 2000), the candidate with the most popular votes still lost the election.', u'The 2006 Mexican elections had a fierce competition, the electoral results showed a minimal difference between the two most voted candidates and such difference was just about the 0.58% of the total vote.', u'Lucius Cornelius Sulla appointed himself in 82 BC to an entirely new office, dictator rei publicae constituendae causa, which was functionally identical to the dictatorate rei gerendae causa except that it lacked any set time limit, although Sulla held this office for over two years before he voluntarily abdicated and retired from public life.', u'His actions would later be mimicked by the French leader Napoleon Bonaparte who was appointed "First Consul for life" in 1802.', u'The Prime minister of the Irish Free State from 1922 to 1937 was titled President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State.', u'Between 1918 and 1934, Estonia had no separate head of state.', u'The Lady/Lord President of the Court of Session is head of the judiciary in Scotland, and presiding judge (and Senator) of the College of Justice and Court of Session, as well as being Lady/Lord Justice General of Scotland and head of the High Court of Justiciary, the offices having been combined in 1784.']}
{'title': "Nordiques\\' Michel Goulet scored on 9th penalty shot against Islanders", 'year': '1984-01-26', 'sentences': [u'He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1998.', u'Following the NHL-WHA merger, Goulet was declared eligible for the 1979 entry draft and was selected by the Quebec Nordiques.', u'During the 1989\u201390 season, a season in which the Nordiques ended up with a record of 12 wins, 61 losses and 7 ties and followed two years where the club failed to make the playoffs, Goulet was traded to the Chicago Blackhawks, along with goalie Greg Millen and a sixth round pick at 1991 NHL entry draft, for Everett Sanipass, Daniel Vincelette and Mario Doyon\nWhile playing against the Canadiens at the Montreal Forum on March 16, 1994, Goulet crashed into the end boards striking his head and suffered a severe concussion forcing him into retirement and having to cope with post-trauma symptoms.', u'He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1998 alongside former teammate Peter \u0160\u0165astn\xfd.', u'In 1089 NHL games he recorded 548 goals and 604 assists for 1152 points.', u'While Goulet never won a Stanley Cup as a player, he did win the cup with the Colorado Avalanche in 1996 and 2001 as director of player personnel.', u'== Honours ==\nIn 2012, he was inducted into the World Hockey Association Hall of Fame in the \u201cLegends of the Game\u201d category.']}
{'title': 'Thomas Edison granted patent for an electric incandescent lamp', 'year': '1880-01-27', 'sentences': [u'Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 \u2013 October 18, 1931) was an American inventor and businessman.', u'Edison was a prolific inventor, holding 1,093 US patents in his name, as well as many patents in the United Kingdom, France, and Germany.', u'His father, the son of a Loyalist refugee, had moved as a boy with the family from Nova Scotia, settling in southwestern Ontario (then called Upper Canada), in a village known as Shewsbury, later Vienna, by 1811.', u'Samuel Jr. eventually fled Ontario because he took part in the unsuccessful Mackenzie Rebellion of 1837.', u'His father, Samuel Sr., had earlier fought in the War of 1812 as captain of the First Middlesex Regiment.', u"Edison's family moved to Port Huron, Michigan, after the railroad bypassed Milan in 1854 and business declined.", u'In 1866, at the age of 19, Edison moved to Louisville, Kentucky, where, as an employee of Western Union, he worked the Associated Press bureau news wire.', u'One night in 1867, he was working with a lead\u2013acid battery when he spilled sulfuric acid onto the floor.', u'His first patent was for the electric vote recorder, (U.S. Patent 90,646), which was granted on June 1, 1869.', u'== Marriages and children ==\nOn December 25, 1871, Edison married 16-year-old Mary Stilwell (1855\u20131884), whom he had met two months earlier; she was an employee at one of his shops.', u'They had three children:\nMarion Estelle Edison (1873\u20131965), nicknamed "Dot"\nThomas Alva Edison, Jr. (1876\u20131935), nicknamed "Dash"\nWilliam Leslie Edison (1878\u20131937) Inventor, graduate of the Sheffield Scientific School at Yale, 1900.', u'Mary Edison died at age 29 on August 9, 1884, of unknown causes: possibly from a brain tumor or a morphine overdose.', u'On February 24, 1886, at the age of thirty-nine, Edison married the 20-year-old Mina Miller (1865\u20131947) in Akron, Ohio.', u"Charles Edison (1890\u20131969), Governor of New Jersey (1941 \u2013 1944), who took over his father's company and experimental laboratories upon his father's death.", u'Theodore Miller Edison (1898\u20131992), (MIT Physics 1923), credited with more than 80 patents.', u'Mina outlived Thomas Edison, dying on August 24, 1947.', u'== Beginning his career ==\n\nEdison began his career as an inventor in Newark, New Jersey, with the automatic repeater and his other improved telegraphic devices, but the invention that first gained him notice was the phonograph in 1877.', u'In April 1878, Edison travelled to Washington to demonstrate the phonograph before the National Academy of Sciences, Congressmen, Senators and US President Hayes.', u'Although Edison obtained a patent for the phonograph in 1878, he did little to develop it until Alexander Graham Bell, Chichester Bell, and Charles Tainter produced a phonograph-like device in the 1880s that used wax-coated cardboard cylinders.', u'William Joseph Hammer, a consulting electrical engineer, began his duties as a laboratory assistant to Edison in December 1879.', u'In 1880, he was appointed chief engineer of the Edison Lamp Works.', u'Frank J. Sprague, a competent mathematician and former naval officer, was recruited by Edward H. Johnson and joined the Edison organization in 1883.', u'A newspaper article printed in 1887 reveals the seriousness of his claim, stating the lab contained "eight thousand kinds of chemicals, every kind of screw made, every size of needle, every kind of cord or wire, hair of humans, horses, hogs, cows, rabbits, goats, minx, camels ... silk in every texture, cocoons, various kinds of hoofs, shark\'s teeth, deer horns, tortoise shell ... cork, resin, varnish and oil, ostrich feathers, a peacock\'s tail, jet, amber, rubber, all ores ..." and the list goes on.', u"Edison's name is registered on 1,093 patents.", u'After protracted patent litigation, in 1892 a federal court ruled that Edison and not Emile Berliner was the inventor of the carbon microphone.', u'=== Electric light ===\n\nIn 1878 Edison began working on a system of electrical illumination, something he hoped could compete with gas and oil based lighting.', u"Many earlier inventors had previously devised incandescent lamps, including Alessandro Volta's demonstration of a glowing wire in 1800 and inventions by Henry Woodward and Mathew Evans.", u'The first successful test was on October 22, 1879; it lasted 13.5 hours.', u'Edison continued to improve this design and by November 4, 1879, filed for U.S. patent 223,898 (granted on January 27, 1880) for an electric lamp using "a carbon filament or strip coiled and connected to platina contact wires".', u"The idea of using this particular raw material originated from Edison's recalling his examination of a few threads from a bamboo fishing pole while relaxing on the shore of Battle Lake in the present-day state of Wyoming, where he and other members of a scientific team had traveled so that they could clearly observe a total eclipse of the sun on July 29, 1878, from the Continental Divide.", u'In 1878, Edison formed the Edison Electric Light Company in New York City with several financiers, including J. P. Morgan, Spencer Trask, and the members of the Vanderbilt family.', u'Edison made the first public demonstration of his incandescent light bulb on December 31, 1879, in Menlo Park.', u"Henry Villard, president of the Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company, had attended Edison's 1879 demonstration.", u"Following most of its completion in May 1880, the Columbia was sent to New York City, where Edison and his personnel installed Columbia's new lighting system.", u'The Edison equipment was eventually removed from Columbia in 1895.', u'Lewis Latimer joined the Edison Electric Light Company in 1884.', u'Latimer had received a patent in January 1881 for the "Process of Manufacturing Carbons", an improved method for the production of carbon filaments for lightbulbs.', u"On October 8, 1883, the US patent office ruled that Edison's patent was based on the work of William E. Sawyer and was therefore invalid.", u'Litigation continued for nearly six years, until October 6, 1889, when a judge ruled that Edison\'s electric-light improvement claim for "a filament of carbon of high resistance" was valid.', u"Mahen Theatre in Brno (in what is now the Czech Republic), which opened in 1882, was the first public building in the world to use Edison's electric lamps, with the installation supervised by Edison's assistant in the invention of the lamp, Francis Jehl.", u'In September 2010, a sculpture of three giant light bulbs was erected in Brno, in front of the theatre.', u'== Electric power distribution ==\nAfter devising a commercially viable electric light bulb on October 21, 1879, Edison went on to develop an electric "utility" designed to compete with the then existent gas lighting utilities.', u'On December 17, 1880, he founded the Edison Illuminating Company and during the 1880s he patented a system for electricity distribution.', u'The company established the first investor-owned electric utility in 1882 on Pearl Street Station, New York City.', u"It was on September 4, 1882, that Edison switched on his Pearl Street generating station's electrical power distribution system, which provided 110 volts direct current (DC) to 59 customers in lower Manhattan.", u'Earlier in the year, in January 1882, he had switched on the first steam-generating power station at Holborn Viaduct in London.', u'On January 19, 1883, the first standardized incandescent electric lighting system employing overhead wires began service in Roselle, New Jersey.', u'As George Westinghouse was installing his first AC systems in 1886, Thomas Edison began a pattern of striking out personally against his chief rival stating, "Just as certain as death, Westinghouse will kill a customer within six months after he puts in a system of any size.', u"By the end of 1887 Edison Electric was beginning to lose market share with Westinghouse, who had built 68 AC-based power stations to Edison's 121 DC-based stations.", u'Parallel to the expanding competition between Edison and the AC companies was a rising public furor over a series of deaths in the spring of 1888 caused by pole mounted high voltage alternating current lines that turned into a media frenzy against the current and the seemingly greedy and callous lighting companies that used it.', u"By the early 1890s Edison's company was generating much smaller profits than its AC rivals, and the War of Currents would come to an end in 1892 with Edison being forced out of controlling his own company.", u'In 1903, a shaken Edison said "Don\'t talk to me about X-rays, I am afraid of them."', u'On August 9, 1892, Edison received a patent for a two-way telegraph.', u'In 1891, Thomas Edison built a Kinetoscope, or peep-hole viewer.', u'The kinetograph and kinetoscope were both first publicly exhibited May 20, 1891.', u"In April 1896, Thomas Armat's Vitascope, manufactured by the Edison factory and marketed in Edison's name, was used to project motion pictures in public screenings in New York City.", u'Bush placed from October 17, 1894, the first kinetoscopes in London.', u'In the last three months of 1894, The Continental Commerce Company sold hundreds of kinetoscopes in Europe (i.e.', u'The first kinetoscopes arrived in Belgium at the Fairs in early 1895.', u"The Edison's Kin\xe9toscope Fran\xe7ais, a Belgian company, was founded in Brussels on January 15, 1895, with the rights to sell the kinetoscopes in Monaco, France and the French colonies.", u"On May 14, 1895, the Edison's Kin\xe9toscope Belge was founded in Brussels.", u'In 1898 he also became a shareholder of the Biograph and Mutoscope Company for France.', u"The majority of the productions were short films showing everything from acrobats to parades to fire calls including titles such as Fred Ott's Sneeze (1894), The Kiss (1896), The Great Train Robbery (1903), Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1910), and the first Frankenstein film in 1910.", u'In 1903, when the owners of Luna Park, Coney Island announced they would execute Topsy the elephant by strangulation, poisoning, and electrocution (with the electrocution part ultimately killing the elephant), Edison Manufacturing sent a crew to film it, releasing it that same year with the title Electrocuting an Elephant.', u'In 1908, Edison started the Motion Picture Patents Company, which was a conglomerate of nine major film studios (commonly known as the Edison Trust).', u'Thomas Edison was the first honorary fellow of the Acoustical Society of America, which was founded in 1929.', u'In 1901, Edison visited an industrial exhibition in the Sudbury area in Ontario, Canada and thought nickel and cobalt deposits there could be used in his production of electrical equipment.', u'His attempts to mine the ore body were not successful, however, and he abandoned his mining claim in 1903.', u'He partnered with Harvey Firestone and Henry Ford (all three contributing $25,000 each) to create the Edison Botanic Research Corp. in 1927 and constructed a laboratory in Fort Myers, Florida the following year.', u'== West Orange and Fort Myers (1886\u20131931) ==\n\nEdison moved from Menlo Park after the death of his first wife, Mary, in 1884, and purchased a home known as "Glenmont" in 1886 as a wedding gift for his second wife, Mina, in Llewellyn Park in West Orange, New Jersey.', u'In 1885, Thomas Edison had bought property in Fort Myers, Florida, and built what was later called Seminole Lodge as a winter retreat.', u'Due to the security concerns around World War I, Edison suggested forming a science and industry committee to provide advice and research to the US military, and he headed the Naval Consulting Board in 1915.', u'In October 1931, Edison reported that he was close to finding a domestic source of rubber but died in the same month.', u'His brother-in-law, John Miller, would take over management of the project until it was shuttered in 1936.', u'Ford once worked as an engineer for the Edison Illuminating Company of Detroit and met Edison at a convention of affiliated Edison illuminating companies in Brooklyn, NY in 1896.', u'Edison and Ford undertook annual motor camping trips from 1914 to 1924.', u'In 1928, Edison joined the Fort Myers Civitan Club.', u'Despite his frail condition, Edison was at the throttle of the first electric MU (Multiple-Unit) train to depart Lackawanna Terminal in Hoboken in September 1930, driving the train the first mile through Hoboken yard on its way to South Orange.', u'This fleet of cars would serve commuters in northern New Jersey for the next 54 years until their retirement in 1984.', u'In 1930, the year before Edison died, Mina said in an interview about him, "correct eating is one of his greatest hobbies."', u'Edison became the owner of his Milan, Ohio, birthplace in 1906.', u'On his last visit, in 1923, he was reportedly shocked to find his old home still lit by lamps and candles.', u'== Death ==\nEdison died of complications of diabetes on October 18, 1931, in his home, "Glenmont" in Llewellyn Park in West Orange, New Jersey, which he had purchased in 1886 as a wedding gift for Mina.', u'Mina died in 1947.', u'In an October 2, 1910, interview in the New York Times Magazine, Edison stated:\n\nNature is what we know.', u'In 1920, Edison set off a media sensation when he told B. C. Forbes of American Magazine that he was working on a "spirit phone" to allow communication with the dead, a story which other newspapers and magazines repeated.', u'Edison later disclaimed the idea, telling the New York Times in 1926 that "I really had nothing to tell him, but I hated to disappoint him so I thought up this story about communicating with spirits, but it was all a joke."', u'He thought at length about the subject of money over 1921 and 1922.', u'In May 1922, he published a proposal, entitled "A Proposed Amendment to the Federal Reserve Banking System".', u"== Awards ==\n\nThe President of the Third French Republic, Jules Gr\xe9vy, on the recommendation of his Minister of Foreign Affairs Jules Barth\xe9lemy-Saint-Hilaire and with the presentations of the Minister of Posts and Telegraphs Louis Cochery, designated Edison with the distinction of an 'Officer of the Legion of Honour' (L\xe9gion d'honneur) by decree on November 10, 1881; He also named a Chevalier in 1879, and a Commander in 1889.", u'In 1887, Edison won the Matteucci Medal.', u'In 1890, he was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.', u'The Philadelphia City Council named Edison the recipient of the John Scott Medal in 1889.', u'In 1899, Edison was awarded the Edward Longstreth Medal of The Franklin Institute.', u"He was named an Honorable Consulting Engineer at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition World's fair in 1904.", u'In 1908, Edison received the American Association of Engineering Societies John Fritz Medal.', u'In 1915, Edison was awarded Franklin Medal of The Franklin Institute for discoveries contributing to the foundation of industries and the well-being of the human race.', u'In 1920, The United States Navy department awarded him the Navy Distinguished Service Medal.', u'In 1923, The American Institute of Electrical Engineers created the Edison Medal and he was its first recipient.', u'In 1927, he was granted membership in the National Academy of Sciences.', u'On May 29, 1928, Edison received the Congressional Gold Medal.', u"In 1983, the United States Congress, pursuant to Senate Joint Resolution 140 (Public Law 97\u2014198), designated February 11, Edison's birthday, as National Inventor's Day.", u'Life magazine (USA), in a special double issue in 1997, placed Edison first in the list of the "100 Most Important People in the Last 1000 Years", noting that the light bulb he promoted "lit up the world".', u'In the 2005 television series The Greatest American, he was voted by viewers as the fifteenth-greatest.', u'In 2008, Edison was inducted in the New Jersey Hall of Fame.', u'In 2010, Edison was honored with a Technical Grammy Award.', u'In 2011, Edison was inducted into the Entrepreneur Walk of Fame, and named a Great Floridian by the Florida Governor and Cabinet.', u"In 1883, the City Hotel in Sunbury, Pennsylvania was the first building to be lit with Edison's three-wire system.", u"The hotel was renamed The Hotel Edison upon Edison's return to the city on 1922.", u'Lake Thomas A Edison in California was named after Edison to mark the 75th anniversary of the incandescent light bulb.', u'Edison was on hand to turn on the lights at the Hotel Edison in New York City when it opened in 1931.', u'The limestone fountain was dedicated October 21, 1929, the fiftieth anniversary of the creation of the lightbulb.', u'He was inducted into the Automotive Hall of Fame in 1969.', u"=== Companies bearing Edison's name ===\n\nEdison General Electric, merged with Thomson-Houston Electric Company to form General Electric\nCommonwealth Edison, now part of Exelon\nConsolidated Edison\nEdison International\nDetroit Edison, a unit of DTE Energy\nEdison S.p.A., a unit of Italenergia\nTrade association the Edison Electric Institute, a lobbying and research group for investor-owned utilities in the United States\nEdison Ore-Milling Company\nEdison Portland Cement Company\nSouthern California Edison\n\n\n=== Awards named in honor of Edison ===\nThe Edison Medal was created on February 11, 1904, by a group of Edison's friends and associates.", u'The first medal was presented in 1909 to Elihu Thomson.', u'The award is an annual Dutch music prize, awarded for outstanding achievements in the music industry, and is one of the oldest music awards in the world, having been presented since 1960.', u'The American Society of Mechanical Engineers concedes the Thomas A. Edison Patent Award to individual patents since 2000.', u'=== Other items named after Edison ===\nThe United States Navy named the USS Edison (DD-439), a Gleaves class destroyer, in his honor in 1940.', u'In 1962, the Navy commissioned USS Thomas A. Edison (SSBN-610), a fleet ballistic missile nuclear-powered submarine.', u'First presented at Lucille Lortel Theatre, New York, February 20, 1995.', u"On February 11, 2011, on Thomas Edison's 164th birthday, Google's homepage featured an animated Google Doodle commemorating his many inventions.", u'Edward Goodrich Acheson - chemist, worked at Menlo Park 1880-1884\nWilliam Symes Andrews - started at the Menlo Park machine shop 1879\nCharles Batchelor - "chief experimental assistant"\nJohn I. Beggs - manager of Edison Illuminating Company in New York, 1886\nWilliam Kennedy Dickson - joined Menlo Park in 1823, worked on the motion picture camera\nJustus B. Entz - joined Edison Machine Works in 1887\nReginald Fessenden - worked at the Edison Machine Works in 1886\nHenry Ford - engineer Edison Illuminating Company Detroit, Michigan, 1891-1899\nWilliam Joseph Hammer - started as laboratory assistant Menlo Park in 1879\nMiller Reese Hutchison - inventor of hearing aid\nEdward Hibberd Johnson - started in 1909, chief engineer at West Orange laboratory 1912-1918\nSamuel Insull - started in 1881, rose to become VP of General Electric (1892) then President of Chicago Edison\nKunihiko Iwadare - joined Edison Machine Works in 1887\nFrancis Jehl - laboratory assistant Menlo Park 1879-1882\nArthur E. Kennelly - engineer, experimentalist at West Orange laboratory 1887-1894\nJohn Kruesi - started 1872, was head machinist, at Newark, Menlo Park, Edison Machine Works\nLewis Howard Latimer - hired 1884 as a draftsman, continued working for General Electric\nJohn W. Lieb - worked at the Edison Machine Works in 1881\nThomas Commerford Martin - electrical engineer, worked at Menlo Park 1877\u20131879\nGeorge F. Morrison - started at Edison Lamp Works 1882\nEdwin Stanton Porter - joined the Edison Manufacturing Company 1899\nFrank J. Sprague - Joined Menlo Park 1883, became known as the "Father of Electric Traction".', u'Nikola Tesla - electrical engineer and inventor, worked at the Edison Machine Works in 1884\nFrancis Robbins Upton - mathematician/physicist, joined Menlo Park 1878\n\n\n== See also ==\nList of Edison patents\nThomas Alva Edison Birthplace\nThomas Edison National Historical Park\nEdison Pioneers - a group formed in 1918 by employees and other associates of Thomas Edison\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== Bibliography ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nLocations\nMenlo Park Museum and Edison Memorial Tower\nThomas Edison National Historical Park (National Park Service)\nEdison exhibit and Menlo Park Laboratory at Henry Ford Museum\nEdison Museum\nEdison Depot Museum\nEdison Birthplace Museum\nThomas Edison House\nInformation and media\n\nThomas Edison on In Our Time at the BBC.', u"(listen now)\nInterview with Thomas Edison in 1931\nThe Diary of Thomas Edison\nWorks by Thomas Edison at Project Gutenberg\nWorks by or about Thomas Edison at Internet Archive\nEdison's patent application for the light bulb at the National Archives.", u'Thomas Alva Edison at Find a Grave\nThe Illustrious Vagabonds Henry Ford Heritage Association\n"The World\'s Greatest Inventor" October 1931, Popular Mechanics.', u'14 minutes "instructional" film with fictional elements The boyhood of Thomas Edison from 1964, produced by Coronet, published by archive.org\n"Edison: Inventing the Century" Booknotes interview with Neil Baldwin on March 19, 1995.', u'"Empires of Light: Edison, Tesla, Westinghouse and the Race to Electrify the World" Booknotes interview with Jill Jonnes on October 26, 2003.', u'"A Day with Thomas A. Edison" Video on YouTube - 1922 - A rare and great documentary silent film\n"Edison\'s Miracle of Light" PBS - American Experience.', u'Premiered January 2015.']}
{'title': '1st locomotive to carry 1 000 000 pounds operated', 'year': '1948-01-27', 'sentences': [u'In 1804 his unnamed steam locomotive hauled a train along the tramway of the Penydarren ironworks, near Merthyr Tydfil in Wales.', u'Although the locomotive hauled a train of 10 long tons (11.2 short tons; 10.2 t) of iron and 70 passengers in five wagons over nine miles (14 km), it was too heavy for the cast iron rails used at the time.', u"The first commercially successful steam locomotive was Matthew Murray's rack locomotive, Salamanca, built for the narrow gauge Middleton Railway in 1812.", u'This was followed in 1813 by the Puffing Billy built by Christopher Blackett and William Hedley for the Wylam Colliery Railway, the first successful locomotive running by adhesion only.', u'In 1814 George Stephenson, inspired by the early locomotives of Trevithick and Hedley persuaded the manager of the Killingworth colliery where he worked to allow him to build a steam-powered machine.', u'In 1825 he built the Locomotion for the Stockton and Darlington Railway, north east England, which became the first public steam railway.', u'In 1829 he built The Rocket which was entered in and won the Rainhill Trials.', u'The first inter city passenger railway, Liverpool and Manchester Railway, opened in 1830, making exclusive use of steam power for both passenger and freight trains.', u'The first steam locomotive was built by Richard Trevithick; it first ran on 21 February 1804, although it was some years before steam locomotive design became economically practical.', u'The first commercial use of a steam locomotive was Salamanca on the narrow gauge Middleton Railway in Leeds in 1812.', u'In the USA, Mathias Baldwin started building stationary steam engines for commercial use and by 1830, opened his own workshop producing steam locomotives.', u'The locomotive Fairy Queen, built in 1855 runs between Delhi and Alwar in India and is the oldest steam locomotive in regular (albeit tourist-only) service in the world, and the oldest steam locomotive operating on a mainline.', u'The all-time speed record for steam trains is held by an LNER Class A4 4-6-2 Pacific locomotive of the LNER in the United Kingdom, number 4468 Mallard, which pulling six carriages (plus a dynamometer car) reached 126 mph (203 km/h) on a slight downhill gradient down Stoke Bank on 3 July 1938.', u"Steam locomotives were in regular use until 2004 in the People's Republic of China, where coal is a much more abundant resource than petroleum for diesel fuel.", u'As of 2006, DLM AG (Switzerland) continues to manufacture new steam locomotives.', u'In 1916 Simplex petrol locomotives with 20-40 hp motors and 4-wheel mechanical transmission began to be used on 600mm gauge trench railways on the Western Front (World War I).', u"In contrast, a typical diesel locomotive requires no more than eight to ten hours of maintenance per month (maintenance intervals are 92 days or 184 days, depending upon a locomotive's age), and may run for decades between major overhauls.", u'==== Electric ====\n\nIn 1893 in Paris Charles Brown assisted Jean Heilmann in evaluating AC and DC transmission systems for Fus\xe9e Electrique, a steam locomotive with electric transmission, and using this knowledge he designed a three-phase AC electric locomotive for Oerlikon, Zurich.', u'Brown (by then in partnership with Walter Boveri) put these into service on the first electrified main line, the Burgdorf\u2014Thun line, Switzerland, in 1899.', u'In 1894, a Hungarian engineer K\xe1lm\xe1n Kand\xf3 developed high-voltage three phase alternating current motors and generators for electric locomotives.', u'The first installation was on the Valtellina line, Italy, in 1902.', u'Electric locomotives, because they tend to be less technically complex than diesel-electric locomotives, are both easier and cheaper to maintain and have extremely long working lives, usually 40 to 50 years: the last unit of the Italian E626 class, introduced in 1928, was retired 71 years later, in 1999.', u'The Finnish State Railroad is planning to phase out the Soviet-manufactured VR Class Sr1 engines, operative since 1973, in 2024, at which time they will have been over fifty years in line service.', u'A French TGV holds the world speed record for the fastest wheeled train, having reached 574.8 km/h (357.2 mph) on 3 April 2007.', u'This type of locomotive was first experimented with in 1920, reaching its peak in the 1950s to 1960s.', u'After the 1973 oil crisis and subsequent rise in fuel costs, gas turbine locomotives became uneconomical to operate.', u"==== Fuel cell-electric ====\n\nIn 2002 the first 3.6 tonne, 17 kW hydrogen (fuel cell) -powered mining locomotive was demonstrated in Val-d'Or, Quebec.", u'In 2007 the educational mini-hydrail in Kaohsiung, Taiwan went into service.', u'Steam locomotives intended for freight service generally have relatively small diameter drivers, whereas passenger models have large diameter drivers (as large as 84 inches or 2,134 millimetres in some cases).', u'This represents the technical development in locomotive construction between the years 1854 and 2004.', u"== External links ==\nAn engineer's guide from 1891\nLocomotive cutaways and historical locomotives of several countries ordered by dates\nPickzone Locomotive Model\nInternational Steam Locomotives\nTurning a Locomotive into a Stationary Engine, Popular Science monthly, February 1919, page 72, Scanned by Google Books: https://books.google.com/books?id=7igDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA72"]}
{'title': 'Sen Margaret Chase Smith of Maine tried for Republican Pres bid', 'year': '1964-01-27', 'sentences': [u'Lucia M. Cormier (November 20, 1909 \u2013 January 26, 1993) was an American politician from Maine.', u'Cormier, a Democrat from Rumford, served in the Maine House of Representatives from 1947 to 1950 and 1953 to 1960.', u"In 1950, Cormier defeated Adrian Scolten to win the Democratic nomination for Maine's 1st congressional district.", u'In 1960, Cormier left the Legislature and became the Democratic nominee for United States Senate.', u'On September 5, 1960, Cormier and Smith appeared on the cover of Time magazine.', u'She maintained that position until her retirement in 1974.', u'Cormier died in Daytona Beach, Florida in January 1993.', u'== Personal ==\nCormier was born in Rumford, Maine in 1909 and graduated from College of Saint Elizabeth in New Jersey.', u'She became active in politics only in 1945 at the age of 34 by attending a local Democratic Party meeting.']}
{'title': 'Treaty banning military use of nuclear weapons in space is signed', 'year': '1967-01-27', 'sentences': [u'For example, the serial Japan-Korea treaties of 1905, 1907 and 1910 were protested; and they were confirmed as "already null and void" in the 1965 Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea.', u'== Relation between national law and treaties by country ==\n\n\n=== Brazilian law ===\nThe Brazilian federal constitution states that the power to enter into treaties is vested in the president and that such treaties must be approved by Congress (articles 84, clause VIII, and 49, clause I).', u'A more recent ruling by the Supreme Court in 2008 has altered that scheme somewhat, by stating that treaties containing human rights provisions enjoy a status above that of ordinary legislation, though they remain beneath the constitution itself.', u'Prior to 1871, the government of the United States regularly entered into treaties with Native Americans but the Indian Appropriations Act of March 3, 1871 (ch.', u'The federal government continued to provide similar contractual relations with the Indian tribes after 1871 by agreements, statutes, and executive orders.']}
{'title': "London\\'s Pall Mall is 1st st lit by gaslight", 'year': '1807-01-28', 'sentences': [u"The War Office was based on Pall Mall during the second half of the 19th century, and the Royal Automobile Club's headquarters have been on the street since 1908.", u"== History and topography ==\n\n\n=== Early history and pall-mall field ===\nPall Mall was constructed in 1661, replacing an earlier highway slightly to the south that ran from the Haymarket (approximately where Warwick House Street is now) to the royal residence, St James's Palace.", u'In 1620, the Privy Council ordered the High Sheriff of Middlesex to clear a number of temporary buildings next to the wall that were of poor quality.', u"In 1630, St James's Field, London's first pall-mall court, was laid out to the north of the Haymarket \u2013 St James road.", u"After the Restoration and King Charles II's return to London on 29 May 1660, a pall-mall court was constructed in St James's Park just south of the wall, on the site of The Mall.", u'Samuel Pepys\'s diary entry for 2 April 1661 records that he "... went into St. James\'s Park, where I saw the Duke of York playing at Pelemele, the first time that I ever saw the sport."', u'In July 1661 posts and rails were erected, stopping up the old road.', u'A new road was built on the site of the old pall-mall court, and opened in September 1661.', u'By July 1665 Pepys used "Pell Mell" to refer to the street as well as the game.', u'=== 17th- and 18th-century buildings ===\n\nIn 1662, Pall Mall was one of several streets "thought fitt immediately to be repaired, new paved or otherwise amended" under the Streets, London and Westminster Act 1662.', u"The commissioners determined that the real tennis court and adjoining house at the northeast corner of Pall Mall and St James's Street should be demolished, and in 1664 notified Martha Barker, the owner of the Crown lease, to do so.", u'Although Barker initially rejected \xa3230 compensation, the court was demolished by 1679.', u"The Earl of St Albans had a lease from the Crown in 1662 on 45 acres (18 ha) of land previously part of St James's Fields.", u'The Earl petitioned the King in late 1663 that the class of occupants they hoped to attract to the new district would not take houses without the prospect of eventually acquiring them outright.', u"Despite opposition from the Lord Treasurer, the Earl of Southampton, on 1 April 1665 the King granted the Earl of St Albans the freehold of the St James's Square site, along with all the ground on the north side of Pall Mall between St James's Street and the east side of St James's Square.", u"79, which was granted to Nell Gwyn's trustees in 1676 or 1677 by Charles II.", u'In 1664, residents filed a petition to turn the old road into gardens, which was successful.', u'The trustees of the Earl of St Albans received a sixty-year lease on most of this from April 1665 so that trustees could issue sub-leases to their tenants.', u'68 between 1765 and 1854.', u"The street was one of the first in London to be lit by gas after Frederick Albert Winsor set up experimental lighting on 4 June 1807 to celebrate King George III's birthday.", u'Permanent lighting was installed in 1820.', u'The eastern end of Pall Mall was widened between 1814 and 1818; a row of houses on its north side was demolished to make way for the Royal Opera Arcade.', u'The Travellers Club was founded in 1819 and moved to No.', u'49 Pall Mall in 1822.', u'106 were built in 1823 by Charles Barry.', u'107 Pall Mall in 1830 from tenements in Somerset House.', u'104\u2013105 was founded for the British Radicals in 1836.', u'36\u201339 was founded in 1837.', u"Pall Mall was once the centre of London's fine art scene; in 1814 the Royal Academy, the National Gallery and Christie's auction house were all based on the street.", u'It was built for Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough who laid the foundation stone in 1709, with building complete by 1711.', u'The house reverted to Crown ownership in 1817; the future King George V was born here in 1865 and briefly lived in the house as Prince of Wales during the reign of his father, Edward VII.', u'It became government-owned in 1959 and houses now the Commonwealth Secretariat and the Commonwealth Foundation.', u"The Prince Regent's Carlton House was built at the eastern end of Pall Mall in 1732 for Frederick, Prince of Wales and later inhabited by his widow, Princess Augusta.", u"A ball was held at the house on 19 June 1811 to celebrate the start of the Prince's regency, but ultimately he did not decide to stay in the house upon ascending the throne, and it was demolished.", u'Pall Mall was the location of the War Office from 1855 to 1906, with which it became synonymous (just as Whitehall refers to the administrative centre of the UK government).', u'80\u201382 Pall Mall was built in 1698 for Meinhardt Schomberg, 3rd Duke of Schomberg and divided into three parts in 1769.', u'The eastern section of the house was demolished in 1850, but reconstructed in the mid-1950s for office use.', u'It was rebuilt in the 1790s by Sir John Soane and sold by the Buckingham estate in 1847.', u'The house was demolished in 1908 to make way for the Royal Automobile Club.', u'The Institute of Directors was founded in 1903 and received a royal charter in 1906.', u'69\u201370 Pall Mall was designed by Edwin Lutyens and constructed between 1922 and 1927.', u'70 proved impractical so the two premises were demolished to provide a site for the current premises.', u"The cigarette manufacturer Rothmans have their head office at No 65 Pall Mall, in a building designed by Norman Shaw, while P&O Ferries' main administrative office is at No 79.", u"== Cultural references ==\nWhen the novelist William Makepeace Thackeray visited Dublin in 1845, he compared Pall Mall to O'Connell Street (then known as Upper Sackville Street).", u'In 1870, Henry Benjamin Wheatley wrote "Round about Piccadilly and Pall Mall", documenting changes in and around the street over the century.', u"A compilation of Oscar Wilde's works, A Critic in Pall Mall : Being Extracts From Reviews And Miscellanies, was published in 1919 comprising essays he wrote for newspapers and journals from the 1870s to the 1890s."]}
{'title': "Elvis Presley\\'s 1st TV appearance [Dorsey Bros Stage Show]", 'year': '1956-01-28', 'sentences': [u'Elvis Aaron Presley (January 8, 1935 \u2013 August 16, 1977) was an American singer and actor.', u'His music career began there in 1954, when he recorded a song with producer Sam Phillips at Sun Records.', u'Presley\'s first RCA single, "Heartbreak Hotel", was released in January 1956 and became a number-one hit in the United States.', u'In November 1956, he made his film debut in Love Me Tender.', u'In 1958, he was drafted into military service.', u'In 1968, following a seven-year break from live performances, he returned to the stage in the acclaimed televised comeback special Elvis, which led to an extended Las Vegas concert residency and a string of highly profitable tours.', u'In 1973, Presley was featured in the first globally broadcast concert via satellite, Aloha from Hawaii.', u'Several years of prescription drug abuse severely damaged his health, and he died in 1977 at the age of 42.', u"== Life and career ==\n\n\n=== 1935\u20131953: Early years ===\n\n\n==== Childhood in Tupelo ====\n\nPresley was born on January 8, 1935, in Tupelo, Mississippi, to Gladys Love (n\xe9e Smith; 1912 \u2013 1958) and Vernon Elvis Presley (1916 \u2013 1979), in the two-room shotgun house built by Vernon's father in preparation for the child's birth.", u'The Presleys survived the F5 tornado in the 1936 Tupelo\u2013Gainesville tornado outbreak.', u'In 1938, they lost their home after Vernon was found guilty of kiting a check written by the landowner, Orville S. Bean, the dairy farmer and cattle-and-hog broker for whom he then worked.', u'In September 1941, Presley entered first grade at East Tupelo Consolidated, where his instructors regarded him as "average".', u'The contest, held at the Mississippi-Alabama Fair and Dairy Show on October 3, 1945, was his first public performance: dressed as a cowboy, the ten-year-old Presley stood on a chair to reach the microphone and sang "Old Shep".', u'Entering a new school, Milam, for sixth grade in September 1946, Presley was regarded as a loner.', u'==== Teenage life in Memphis ====\nIn November 1948, the family moved to Memphis, Tennessee.', u'In 1950, he began practicing guitar regularly under the tutelage of Jesse Lee Denson, a neighbor two-and-a-half years his senior.', u'Overcoming his reticence about performing outside the Lauderdale Courts, he competed in Humes\'s Annual "Minstrel" show in April 1953.', u'By the time he graduated from high school in June 1953, Presley had already singled out music as his future.', u'=== 1953\u20131955: First recordings ===\n\n\n==== Sam Phillips and Sun Records ====\n\nIn August 1953, Presley walked into the offices of Sun Records.', u'In January 1954, Presley cut a second acetate at Sun Records\u2014"I\'ll Never Stand In Your Way" and "It Wouldn\'t Be the Same Without You"\u2014but again nothing came of it.', u'The session, held the evening of July 5, 1954, proved entirely unfruitful until late in the night.', u'As they were about to give up and go home, Presley took his guitar and launched into a 1946 blues number, Arthur Crudup\'s "That\'s All Right".', u"By early 1955, Presley's regular Hayride appearances, constant touring, and well-received record releases had made him a regional star, from Tennessee to West Texas.", u"Presley renewed Neal's management contract in August 1955, simultaneously appointing Parker as his special adviser.", u'=== 1956\u20131958: Commercial breakout and controversy ===\n\n\n==== First national TV appearances and debut album ====\n\nOn January 10, 1956, Presley made his first recordings for RCA in Nashville.', u'He had attended several shows by Freddie Bell and the Bellboys in Vegas and was struck by their cover of "Hound Dog", a hit in 1953 for blues singer Big Mama Thornton by songwriters Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller.', u'The first, on September 9, 1956, was seen by approximately 60 million viewers\u2014a record 82.6 percent of the television audience.', u'The album includes "Old Shep", which he sang at the talent show in 1945, and which now marked the first time he played piano on an RCA session.', u'Each of the three Presley singles released in the first half of 1957 went to number one: "Too Much", "All Shook Up", and "(Let Me Be Your) Teddy Bear".', u'He died in 1965.', u"=== 1958\u20131960: Military service and mother's death ===\n\nOn March 24, 1958, Presley was conscripted into the U.S. Army as a private at Fort Chaffee, near Fort Smith, Arkansas.", u'After training, Presley joined the 3rd Armored Division in Friedberg, Germany, on October 1.', u'Between his induction and discharge, Presley had ten top 40 hits, including "Wear My Ring Around Your Neck", the best-selling "Hard Headed Woman", and "One Night" in 1958, and "(Now and Then There\'s) A Fool Such as I" and the number one "A Big Hunk o\' Love" in 1959.', u'=== 1960\u20131967: Focus on films ===\n\n\n==== Elvis Is Back ====\nPresley returned to the United States on March 2, 1960, and was honorably discharged with the rank of sergeant on March 5.', u'In February 1961, Presley performed two shows for a benefit event in Memphis, on behalf of 24 local charities.', u'During a luncheon preceding the event, RCA presented him with a plaque certifying worldwide sales of over 75 million records.', u'("Viva Las Vegas", the title track to the 1964 film, was a minor hit as a B-side, and became truly popular only later.)', u'During a five-year span\u20141964 through 1968\u2014Presley had only one top-ten hit: "Crying in the Chapel" (1965), a gospel number recorded back in 1960.', u'As for non-film albums, between the June 1962 release of Pot Luck and the November 1968 release of the soundtrack to the television special that signaled his comeback, only one LP of new material by Presley was issued: the gospel album How Great Thou Art (1967).', u'Shortly before Christmas 1966, more than seven years since they first met, Presley proposed to Priscilla Beaulieu.', u'They were married on May 1, 1967, in a brief ceremony in their suite at the Aladdin Hotel in Las Vegas.', u'It was not until October 1967, when the Clambake soundtrack LP registered record low sales for a new Presley album, that RCA executives recognized a problem.', u"=== 1968\u20131973: Comeback ===\n\n\n==== Elvis: the '68 Comeback Special ====\n\nPresley's only child, Lisa Marie, was born on February 1, 1968, during a period when he had grown deeply unhappy with his career.", u'Of the eight Presley singles released between January 1967 and May 1968, only two charted in the top 40, and none higher than number 28.', u'His forthcoming soundtrack album, Speedway, would die at number 82 on the Billboard chart.', u'Parker had already shifted his plans to television, where Presley had not appeared since the Sinatra Timex show in 1960.', u'Recorded in late June in Burbank, California, the special, called simply Elvis, aired on December 3, 1968.', u"Later known as the '68 Comeback Special, the show featured lavishly staged studio productions as well as songs performed with a band in front of a small audience\u2014Presley's first live performances since 1961.", u'By January 1969, the single "If I Can Dream", written for the special, reached number 12.', u'Released in June 1969, it was his first secular, non-soundtrack album from a dedicated period in the studio in eight years.', u'Nonetheless, he was nervous: his only previous Las Vegas engagement, in 1956, had been dismal, and he had neither forgotten nor forgiven that failure.', u"==== Back on tour and meeting Nixon ====\nPresley returned to the International early in 1970 for the first of the year's two month-long engagements, performing two shows a night.", u'After the end of his International engagement on September 7, Presley embarked on a week-long concert tour, largely of the South, his first since 1958.', u'On December 21, 1970, Presley engineered a meeting with President Richard Nixon at the White House, where he expressed his patriotism and his contempt for the hippies, the growing drug culture, and the counterculture in general.', u'Junior Chamber of Commerce named Presley one of its annual Ten Most Outstanding Young Men of the Nation on January 16, 1971.', u'Three new, non-film Presley studio albums were released in 1971, as many as had come out over the previous eight years.', u'According to Guralnick, "the one real highlight" of one of the 1971 sessions were the recording of "I Will Be True," "It\'s Still Here," and "I\'ll Take You Home Again, Kathleen," a trio of songs that Presley recorded in a rare solo set, sitting at the piano after everyone else had gone home: "Yearning, wistfulness, loneliness, need\u2014all were communicated with a naked lack of adornment that Elvis was seeming to find increasingly difficult to display in the formal process of recording."', u'==== Marriage breakdown and Aloha from Hawaii ====\n\nMGM again filmed Presley in April 1972, this time for Elvis on Tour, which went on to win the Golden Globe Award for Best Documentary Film that year.', u'In 1971, an affair he had with Joyce Bova resulted\u2014unbeknownst to him\u2014in her pregnancy and an abortion.', u'The Presleys separated on February 23, 1972, after Priscilla disclosed her relationship with Mike Stone, a karate instructor Presley had recommended to her.', u'In January 1973, Presley performed two benefit concerts for the Kui Lee Cancer Fund in connection with a groundbreaking TV special, Aloha from Hawaii.', u"=== 1973\u20131977: Health deterioration and death ===\n\n\n==== Medical crises and last studio sessions ====\nPresley's divorce took effect on October 9, 1973.", u'Toward the end of 1973, he was hospitalized, semicomatose from the effects of Demerol addiction.', u'Since his comeback, he had staged more live shows with each passing year, and 1973 saw 168 concerts, his busiest schedule ever.', u'Despite his failing health, in 1974 he undertook another intensive touring schedule.', u'On July 13, 1976, Vernon Presley\u2014who had become deeply involved in his son\'s financial affairs\u2014fired "Memphis Mafia" bodyguards Red West (Presley\'s friend since the 1950s), Sonny West, and David Hebler, citing the need to "cut back on expenses".', u'After a December 1973 session that produced 18 songs, enough for almost two albums, he did not enter the studio in 1974.', u"Presley returned to the studio in Hollywood in March 1975, but Parker's attempts to arrange another session toward the end of the year were unsuccessful.", u"In 1976, RCA sent a mobile studio to Graceland that made possible two full-scale recording sessions at Presley's home.", u'For all the concerns of his label and manager, in studio sessions between July 1973 and October 1976, Presley recorded virtually the entire contents of six albums.', u'Eight studio singles from this period released during his lifetime were top ten hits on one or both charts, four in 1974 alone.', u'"My Boy" was a number one adult contemporary hit in 1975, and "Moody Blue" topped the country chart and reached the second spot on the adult contemporary chart in 1976.', u'==== Final year and death ====\nPresley and Linda Thompson split in November 1976, and he took up with a new girlfriend, Ginger Alden.', u'Journalist Tony Scherman writes that by early 1977, "Presley had become a grotesque caricature of his sleek, energetic former self.', u'Genetic analysis of a hair sample in 2014 found evidence of genetic variants that could have caused his glaucoma, migraines and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.', u'Presley was scheduled to fly out of Memphis on the evening of August 16, 1977, to begin another tour.', u'While Presley\'s main physician, Dr. Nichopoulos, was exonerated of criminal liability for the singer\'s death, the facts were startling: "In the first eight months of 1977 alone, he had [prescribed] more than 10,000 doses of sedatives, amphetamines and narcotics: all in Elvis\'s name."', u'Amidst mounting pressure in 1994, the Presley autopsy was reopened.', u'=== Since 1977 ===\nBetween 1977 and 1981, six posthumously released singles by Presley were top ten country hits.', u'Graceland was opened to the public in 1982.', u'It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 2006.', u"In 1984, he received the W. C. Handy Award from the Blues Foundation and the Academy of Country Music's first Golden Hat Award.", u"In 1987, he received the American Music Awards' Award of Merit.", u'A Junkie XL remix of Presley\'s "A Little Less Conversation" (credited as "Elvis Vs JXL") was used in a Nike advertising campaign during the 2002 FIFA World Cup.', u'In 2003, a remix of "Rubberneckin\'", a 1969 recording of Presley\'s, topped the U.S. sales chart, as did a 50th-anniversary re-release of "That\'s All Right" the following year.', u'In 2005, another three reissued singles, "Jailhouse Rock", "One Night"/"I Got Stung", and "It\'s Now or Never", went to number one in the United Kingdom.', u'He placed second in 2006, returned to the top spot the next two years, and ranked fourth in 2009.', u"The following year, he was ranked second, with his highest annual income ever\u2014$60 million\u2014spurred by the celebration of his 75th birthday and the launch of Cirque du Soleil's Viva Elvis show in Las Vegas.", u'In November 2010, Viva Elvis: The Album was released, setting his voice to newly recorded instrumental tracks.', u'As of mid-2011, there were an estimated 15,000 licensed Presley products.', u'Presley retains the record for cumulative weeks at number one: alone at 80, according to Whitburn and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame; tied with Carey at 79, according to Billboard.', u'He holds the records for most British number-one hits with 21, and top-ten hits with 76.', u'1 albums (The Beatles\'s total is 15), he is the solo artist with the most number one albums, and the album set a new record for "the longest span between No.1 albums in the UK": Presley first charted at No.1 in 1956 with his self-titled debut album.', u'In 2008, an 1800-year-old Roman bust described as bearing a "striking" resemblance to Elvis was displayed ahead of an intended auction.', u'On the anniversary date of his death, every year since 1997, thousands of people gather at his home in Memphis to celebrate his memory, during a candlelight ritual.', u'Though he never had any formal training, he was blessed with a remarkable memory, and his musical knowledge was already considerable by the time he made his first professional recordings in 1954 at the age of 19.', u'However, "Rockabilly crystallized into a recognizable style in 1954 with Elvis Presley\'s first release, on the Sun label", writes Craig Morrison.', u'In 1957, his first gospel record was released, the four-song EP Peace in the Valley.', u'After his return from military service in 1960, Presley continued to perform rock and roll, but the characteristic style was substantially toned down.', u'", a number one in 1960.', u'1 hits "It\'s Now or Never" of 1960, based on the Italian aria "O Sole Mio" and concluding with a "full-voiced operatic cadence," and the 1962 hit "She\'s Not You" which "integrates the Jordanaires so completely, it\'s practically doo-wop."', u"While Presley performed several of his classic ballads for the '68 Comeback Special, the sound of the show was dominated by aggressive rock and roll.", u'Marsh credits Presley with the introduction of the "vocal stutter" on 1955\'s "Baby Let\'s Play House."', u'Jorgensen calls the 1966 recording of "How Great Thou Art" "an extraordinary fulfillment of his vocal ambitions," as Presley had "crafted for himself an ad-hoc arrangement in which he took every part of the four-part vocal, from [the] bass intro to the soaring heights of the song\'s operatic climax," in the process becoming "a kind of one-man quartet."', u'Presley\'s singing to his own "necessarily limited, both rhythmically and melodically," piano accompaniment, such as can be heard on the 1967 recording of "You\'ll Never Walk Alone", for Guralnick are always special occasions, because "it was always a measure of his engagement when he sat down at the keyboard to play."', u'Describing his piano technique as "staccato style," Jorgensen finds that on "Without Love" from the 1969 sessions, "his gospel-flavored treatment took it to a level of spirituality rarely matched in his career."', u'Marsh praises his 1968 reading of "U.S.', u'Interviewed in 1956, he recalled how in his childhood he would listen to blues musician Arthur Crudup\u2014the originator of "That\'s All Right"\u2014"bang his box the way I do now, and I said if I ever got to the place where I could feel all old Arthur felt, I\'d be a music man like nobody ever saw."', u'Despite the largely positive view of Presley held by African Americans, a rumor spread in mid-1957 that he had at some point announced, "The only thing Negroes can do for me is buy my records and shine my shoes."', u'The identification of Presley with racism\u2014either personally or symbolically\u2014was expressed most famously in the lyrics of the 1989 rap hit "Fight the Power", by Public Enemy: "Elvis was a hero to most / But he never meant shit to me / Straight-up racist that sucker was / Simple and plain".', u'Addressing his \'68 Comeback Special audience, he said, "Rock \'n\' roll music is basically gospel or rhythm and blues, or it sprang from that.', u'Television director Steve Binder, no fan of Presley\'s music before he oversaw the \'68 Comeback Special, reported, "I\'m straight as an arrow and I got to tell you, you stop, whether you\'re male or female, to look at him.', u'Writing in 1970, critic George Melly described him as "the master of the sexual simile, treating his guitar as both phallus and girl."', u'In 1959, Sight and Sound\'s Peter John Dyer described his onscreen persona as "aggressively bisexual in appeal".', u'Songwriter Robert B. Sherman (of the Sherman Brothers) bore witness to the deal being forged between Hill and Range co-owner Jean Aberbach and The Colonel in 1955.', u'Parker effectively ended the relationship, deliberately or not, with the new contract he sent Leiber in early 1958.', u"By 1967, Parker's contracts with Presley gave him 50 percent of most of the singer's earnings from recordings, films, and merchandise.", u'Beginning in February 1972, he took a third of the profit from live appearances; a January 1976 agreement entitled him to half of that as well.', u'Lacker was instrumental in convincing Presley to record with Memphis producer Chips Moman and his handpicked musicians at American Sound Studio in early 1969.', u'Throughout his entire career, Presley performed in only three venues outside the United States\u2014all of them in Canada, during brief tours there in 1957.', u'Rumors that he would play overseas for the first time were fueled in 1974 by a million-dollar bid for an Australian tour.', u'In 1957, Robert Mitchum asked Presley to costar with him in Thunder Road, on which Mitchum was writer and producer.', u'In 1974, Barbra Streisand approached Presley to star with her in the remake of A Star is Born.', u"Larry Geller became Presley's hairdresser in 1964.", u"== Legacy ==\n\nPresley's rise to national attention in 1956 transformed the field of popular music and had a huge effect on the broader scope of popular culture.", u"For instance: Elvis' 40 Greatest, released in 1974, a compilation on the budget Arcade label, was the fourth highest selling album of the year in the United Kingdom; at the time, the main British chart did not rank such compilations, relegating them to a chart for midpriced and TV-advertised albums, which Elvis' 40 Greatest topped for 15 weeks.", u"The policy was altered in 1975, allowing the album to hit number one on the main chart in 1977, following Presley's death.", u'Before late 1958, rather than unified pop and country singles charts, Billboard had as many as four charts for each, separately ranking records according to sales, jukebox play, jockey spins (i.e., airplay), and, in the case of pop, a general "Top 100".', u'In the United States, Presley also had five or six number-one R&B singles and seven number-one adult contemporary singles; in 1964, his "Blue Christmas" topped the Christmas singles chart during a period when Billboard did not rank holiday singles in its primary pop chart.']}
{'title': 'Birds fly over SF in such large numbers they actually darken sky', 'year': '1871-01-31', 'sentences': [u'For example, a 2008 amendment to the Canadian Criminal Code contains the following text:\n\nif a peace officer has reasonable grounds to believe that, because of their physical condition, a person may be incapable of providing a breath sample... (subparagraph 254(3)(a)(ii))\n\nWhich contrasts, for example, with subsecti evidence to the contrary, proof of an intent or criminal liability.', u'and A Concise Dictionary of Middle English from A.D. 1150 TO 1580, A. L. Mayhew, Walter W. Skeat, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1888.']}
{'title': 'Apollo 14 launched 1st landing in lunar highlands', 'year': '1971-01-31', 'sentences': [u'Commander Alan Shepard, Command Module Pilot Stuart Roosa, and Lunar Module Pilot Edgar Mitchell launched on their nine-day mission on January 31, 1971 at 4:04:02 p.m. local time after a 40-minute, 2 second delay due to launch site weather restrictions, the first such delay in the Apollo program.', u'Shepard and Mitchell made their lunar landing on February 5 in the Fra Mauro formation - originally the target of the aborted Apollo 13 mission.', u'During the two lunar EVAs, 42.80 kilograms (94.35 lb) of Moon rocks were collected, and several scientific experiments were performed.', u"The mission was a personal triumph for Shepard, who had battled back from M\xe9ni\xe8re's disease which grounded him from 1964 to 1968.", u'He and his crew were originally scheduled to fly on Apollo 13, but in 1969 NASA officials switched the scheduled crews for Apollos 13 and 14.', u'All three crew members are now dead, making Apollo 14 the first of the eleven successfully launched Apollo missions whose crew have all died: Roosa in 1994 from pancreatitis, Shepard in 1998 from leukemia, and Mitchell in 2016.', u'=== Backup crew ===\n\n\n=== Support crew ===\nPhilip K. Chapman\nBruce McCandless, II\nWilliam R. Pogue\nC. Gordon Fullerton\n\n\n=== Flight directors ===\nPete Frank, Orange team\nGlynn Lunney, Black team\nMilton Windler, Maroon team\nGerald D. Griffin, Gold team\n\n\n== Mission parameters ==\nGeocentric:\nMass: CSM 29,240 kg; LM 15,264 kg\nPerigee: 183.2 km\nApogee: 188.9 km\nOrbital inclination: 31.12\xb0\nOrbital period: 88.18 min\nSelenocentric:\nPeriselene: 108.2 km\nAposelene: 314.1 km\nOrbital inclination: \xb0\nOrbital period: 120 min\nLanding Site: 3.64530\xb0 S \u2013 17.47136\xb0 W or\n3\xb0 38\' 43.08" S \u2013 17\xb0 28\' 16.90" W\n\n\n=== LM \u2013 CSM docking ===\nUndocked: February 5, 1971 \u2013 04:50:43 UTC\nDocked: February 6, 1971 \u2013 20:35:42 UTC\n\n\n=== EVAs ===\nEVA 1\nStart: February 5, 1971, 14:42:13 UTC\nShepard \u2013 EVA 1\nStepped onto Moon: 14:54 UTC\nLM ingress: 19:22 UTC\nMitchell \u2013 EVA 1\nStepped onto Moon: 14:58 UTC\nLM ingress: 19:18 UTC\nEnd: February 5, 19:30:50 UTC\nDuration: 4 hours, 47 minutes, 50 seconds\n\nEVA 2\nStart: February 6, 1971, 08:11:15 UTC\nShepard \u2013 EVA 2\nStepped onto Moon: 08:16 UTC\nLM ingress: 12:38 UTC\nMitchell \u2013 EVA 2\nStepped onto Moon: 08:23 UTC\nLM ingress: 12:28 UTC\nEnd: February 6, 12:45:56 UTC\nDuration: 4 hours, 34 minutes, 41 seconds\n\n\n== Mission highlights ==\n\n\n=== Launch and flight to lunar orbit ===\nApollo 14 launched during heavy cloud cover and the Saturn V booster quickly disappeared from view.', u'The software modifications were transmitted to the crew via voice communication, and Mitchell manually entered the changes (amounting to over 80 keystrokes on the LM computer pad) just in time.', u'The Command Module Kitty Hawk splashed down in the South Pacific Ocean on February 9, 1971 at 21:05 [UTC], approximately 760 nautical miles (1,410 km) south of American Samoa.', u'The ascent stage of Lunar Module Antares impacted the Moon on February 7, 1971 at 00:45:25.7 UT (February 6, 7:45 PM EST) 3.42\xb0S 19.67\xb0W\ufeff / -3.42; -19.67\ufeff (Apollo 14 LM ascent stage).', u'Photographs taken in 2009 by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter were released on July 17, and the Fra Mauro equipment was the most visible Apollo hardware at that time, owing to particularly good lighting conditions.', u'In 2011, the LRO returned to the landing site at a lower altitude to take higher resolution photographs.', u'Archived from the original on September 24, 2006.', u'71-3K, January 21, 1971\n"Apollo Program Summary Report" (PDF), NASA, JSC-09423, April 1975\nThe Apollo Spacecraft: A Chronology NASA, NASA SP-4009\n"Table 2-42.', u'Detailed technical article describing the ABORT signal problem and its solution\n"Apollo 14 Technical Air-to-Ground Voice Transcription" (PDF) Manned Spacecraft Center, NASA, February 1971\nNSSDC Master Catalog at NASA\nMultimedia\nApollo 14 "Mission to Fra Mauro" - NASA Space Program & Moon Landings Documentary on YouTube\n""Apollo 14: Shepard, Roosa, Mitchell"".', u'Archived from the original on 2011-05-04.', u'Retrieved 2011-07-04.', u'CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link) \u2013 slideshow by Life magazine\n"The Apollo Astronauts" \u2013 Interview with the Apollo 14 astronauts, March 31, 1971, from the Commonwealth Club of California Records at the Hoover Institution Archives\n"Apollo 14 Lunar Liftoff - Video" at Maniac World']}
{'title': 'US Supreme Court convened for 1st time [NYC]', 'year': '1790-02-01', 'sentences': [u'Established pursuant to Article III of the United States Constitution in 1789, it has ultimate (and largely discretionary) appellate jurisdiction over all federal courts and over state court cases involving issues of federal law, plus original jurisdiction over a small range of cases.', u'== History ==\n\nThe ratification of the United States Constitution established the Supreme Court in 1789.', u'The Court first convened on February 2, 1790, by which time five of its six initial positions had been filled.', u'The sixth member (James Iredell) was not confirmed until May 12, 1790.', u"However, Congress has always allowed less than the Court's full membership to make decisions, starting with a quorum of four judges in 1789.", u"=== The New Deal era ===\nDuring the Hughes, Stone, and Vinson Courts (1930\u201353), the Court gained its own accommodation in 1935 and changed its interpretation of the Constitution, giving a broader reading to the powers of the federal government to facilitate President Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal (most prominently West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish, Wickard v. Filburn, United States v. Darby and United States v. Butler).", u"The Court's decision in Bush v. Gore, which ended the electoral recount during the presidential election of 2000, was controversial.", u"The Judiciary Act of 1789 called for the appointment of six justices, and as the nation's boundaries grew, Congress added justices to correspond with the growing number of judicial circuits: seven in 1807, nine in 1837, and ten in 1863.", u'In 1866, at the behest of Chief Justice Chase, Congress passed an act providing that the next three justices to retire would not be replaced, which would thin the bench to seven justices by attrition.', u'Consequently, one seat was removed in 1866 and a second in 1867.', u'In 1869, however, the Circuit Judges Act returned the number of justices to nine, where it has since remained.', u'President Franklin D. Roosevelt attempted to expand the Court in 1937.', u'His proposal envisioned appointment of one additional justice for each incumbent justice who reached the age of 70 years 6 months and refused retirement, up to a maximum bench of 15 justices.', u'By the end of 1941, Roosevelt had appointed seven justices and elevated Harlan Fiske Stone to Chief Justice.', u'The first nominee to appear before the committee was Harlan Fiske Stone in 1925, who sought to quell concerns about his links to Wall Street, and the modern practice of questioning began with John Marshall Harlan II in 1955.', u'Rejections are relatively uncommon; the Senate has explicitly rejected twelve Supreme Court nominees, most recently Robert Bork in 1987.', u"No nomination for associate justice has ever been filibustered, but President Lyndon Johnson's nomination of sitting Associate Justice Abe Fortas to succeed Earl Warren as Chief Justice was successfully filibustered in 1968.", u'A president may also withdraw a nomination before the actual confirmation vote occurs, typically because it is clear that the Senate will reject the nominee, most recently Harriet Miers in 2006.', u'Before 1981, the approval process of justices was usually rapid.', u'According to the Congressional Research Service, the average number of days from nomination to final Senate vote since 1975 is 67 days (2.2 months), while the median is 71 days (or 2.3 months).', u'In 1960, after Eisenhower had made three such appointments, the Senate passed a "sense of the Senate" resolution that recess appointments to the Court should only be made in "unusual circumstances."', u'Moves to impeach sitting justices have occurred more recently (for example, William O. Douglas was the subject of hearings twice, in 1953 and again in 1970; and Abe Fortas resigned while hearings were being organized), but they did not reach a vote in the House.', u"Sometimes a great length of time passes between nominations, such as the eleven years between Stephen Breyer's nomination in 1994 to succeed Harry Blackmun and the nomination of John Roberts in 2005 to fill the seat of Sandra Day O'Connor (though Roberts' nomination was withdrawn and resubmitted for the role of Chief Justice after Rehnquist died).", u'The average age is 69 years, 9 months.', u'The first Catholic justice was Roger Taney in 1836, and 1916 saw the appointment of the first Jewish justice, Louis Brandeis.', u'Several Catholic and Jewish justices have since been appointed, and in recent years the situation has reversed: after the retirement of Justice Stevens in 2010, the Court is without a Protestant for the first time.', u'Thurgood Marshall became the first African American justice in 1967.', u"Sandra Day O'Connor became the first female justice in 1981.", u'Antonin Scalia became the first Italian-American to serve on the Court in 1986.', u'Marshall was succeeded by African American Clarence Thomas in 1991.', u"O'Connor was joined by Ruth Bader Ginsburg in 1993.", u"After O'Connor's retirement Ginsburg was joined in 2009 by Sonia Sotomayor, the first Latina justice; and in 2010 by Elena Kagan, for a total of four female justices in the Court's history.", u'Justice Joseph Story served the longest as the junior justice, from February 3, 1812, to September 1, 1823, for a total of 4,228 days.', u'=== Salary ===\n\nFor the years 2009 through 2012, associate justices were paid $213,900 and the chief justice $223,500.', u'Tom Goldstein argued in an article in SCOTUSblog in 2010, that the popular view of the Supreme Court as sharply divided along ideological lines and each side pushing an agenda at every turn is "in significant part a caricature designed to fit certain preconceptions."', u'He pointed out that in the 2009 term, almost half the cases were decided unanimously, and only about 20% were decided by a 5-to-4 vote.', u'Likewise, Goldstein stated that the critique that the liberal justices are more likely to invalidate acts of Congress, show inadequate deference to the political process, and be disrespectful of precedent, also lacked merit: Thomas has most often called for overruling prior precedent (even if long standing) that he views as having been wrongly decided, and during the 2009 term Scalia and Thomas voted most often to invalidate legislation.', u'According to statistics compiled by SCOTUSblog, in the twelve terms from 2000 to 2011, an average of 19 of the opinions on major issues (22%) were decided by a 5\u20134 vote, with an average of 70% of those split opinions decided by a Court divided along the traditionally perceived ideological lines (about 15% of all opinions issued).', u'In the October 2010 term, the Court decided 86 cases, including 75 signed opinions and 5 summary reversals (where the Court reverses a lower court without arguments and without issuing an opinion on the case).', u'Of the 80 cases, 38 (about 48%, the highest percentage since the October 2005 term) were decided unanimously (9\u20130 or 8\u20130), and 16 decisions were made by a 5\u20134 vote (about 20%, compared to 18% in the October 2009 term, and 29% in the October 2008 term).', u'In the October 2011 term, the Court decided 75 cases.', u'In the October 2012 term, the Court decided 78 cases.', u'38 out of the 78 decisions (representing 49% of the decisions) were unanimous in judgement, with 24 decisions being completely unanimous (a single opinion with every justice that participated joining it).', u'This was the largest percentage of unanimous decisions that the Court had in ten years, since the October 2002 term (when 51% of the decisions handed down were unanimous).', u'Of these 16 cases, Justice Kennedy sided with the conservatives on 10 cases, and with the liberals on 6.', u'The greatest agreement between justices was between Ginsburg and Kagan, who agreed on 72 of the 75 cases in which both voted; the lowest agreement between justices was between Ginsburg and Alito, who agreed only on 45 out of 77 cases in which they both participated.', u'Justice Kennedy was in the majority of 5-4 decisions on 20 out of the 24 cases, and in 71 of the 78 cases of the term, in line with his position as the "swing vote" of the Court.', u"== Facilities ==\n\nThe Supreme Court first met on February 1, 1790, at the Merchants' Exchange Building in New York City.", u'When Philadelphia became the capital, the Court met briefly in Independence Hall before settling in Old City Hall from 1791 until 1800.', u'After the government moved to Washington, D.C., the Court occupied various spaces in the United States Capitol building until 1935, when it moved into its own purpose-built home.', u"The power of the Supreme Court to consider appeals from state courts, rather than just federal courts, was created by the Judiciary Act of 1789 and upheld early in the Court's history, by its rulings in Martin v. Hunter's Lessee (1816) and Cohens v. Virginia (1821).", u'Under the Judiciary Act of 1789, each justice was required to "ride circuit", or to travel within the assigned circuit and consider cases alongside local judges.', u'Circuit riding was abolished in 1891.', u'Although it has not happened since 1794 in the case of Georgia v. Brailsford, parties in an action at law in which the Supreme Court has original jurisdiction may request that a jury determine issues of fact.', u'As of the beginning of October Term 2014, there are:\n557 final bound volumes of U.S. Reports, covering cases through the end of October Term 2008, which ended on October 2, 2009.', u"4 volumes' worth of soft-cover preliminary prints (volumes 558\u2013561), covering cases for October Term 2009\n12 volumes' worth of opinions available in slip opinion form (volumes 562\u2013573)\nAs of March 2012, the U.S. Reports have published a total of 30,161 Supreme Court opinions, covering the decisions handed down from February 1790 to March 2012.", u'For instance, the citation for Roe v. Wade is 410 U.S. 113 (1973), which means the case was decided in 1973 and appears on page 113 of volume 410 of U.S. Reports.', u'78, Alexander Hamilton wrote: "A Constitution is, in fact, and must be regarded by the judges, as a fundamental law.', u"One notable instance of nonacquiescence came in 1832, when the state of Georgia ignored the Supreme Court's decision in Worcester v. Georgia.", u'Some state governments in the South also resisted the desegregation of public schools after the 1954 judgment Brown v. Board of Education.', u"Supreme Court decisions can be (and have been) purposefully overturned by constitutional amendment, which has happened on five occasions:\nChisholm v. Georgia (1793) \u2013 overturned by the Eleventh Amendment (1795)\nDred Scott v. Sandford (1857) \u2013 overturned by the Thirteenth Amendment (1865) and the Fourteenth Amendment (1868)\nPollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. (1895) \u2013 overturned by the Sixteenth Amendment (1913)\nMinor v. Happersett (1875) \u2013 overturned by the Nineteenth Amendment (1920)\nOregon v. Mitchell (1970) \u2013 overturned by the Twenty-sixth Amendment (1971)\nWhen the Court rules on matters involving the interpretation of laws rather than of the Constitution, simple legislative action can reverse the decisions (for example, in 2009 Congress passed the Lilly Ledbetter act, superseding the limitations given in Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. in 2007).", u'The first law clerk was hired by Associate Justice Horace Gray in 1882.', u'The first female clerk was Lucile Lomen, hired in 1944 by Justice William O. Douglas.', u'The first African-American, William T. Coleman, Jr., was hired in 1948 by Justice Felix Frankfurter.', u'From 1882 to 1940, 62% of law clerks were graduates of Harvard Law School.', u'"Supreme Court clerkship appeared to be a nonpartisan institution from the 1940s into the 1980s", according to a study published in 2009 by the law review of Vanderbilt University Law School.', u'A poll conducted in June 2012 by The New York Times and CBS News showed that just 44 percent of Americans approve of the job the Supreme Court is doing.', u'An often cited example of conservative judicial activism is the 1905 decision in Lochner v. New York, which has been criticized by many prominent thinkers, including Robert Bork, Justice Antonin Scalia, and Chief Justice John Roberts.', u'One law professor claimed in a 1978 article that the Supreme Court is in some respects "certainly a legislative body."', u'A student criticized a 1988 ruling that allowed school officials "to block publication of a student article in the high school newspaper."', u'Some critics suggest the 2009 bench with a conservative majority has "become increasingly hostile to voters" by siding with Indiana\'s voter identification laws which tend to "disenfranchise large numbers of people without driver\'s licenses, especially poor and minority voters", according to one report.', u'It was criticized for intervening in bankruptcy proceedings regarding ailing carmaker Chrysler Corporation in 2009.', u'For example, the Commerce Clause was used by the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals to uphold the Endangered Species Act, thus protecting six endemic species of insect near Austin, Texas, despite the fact that the insects had no commercial value and did not travel across state lines; the Supreme Court let that ruling stand without comment in 2005.', u'A Fairleigh Dickinson University poll conducted in 2010 found that 61% of American voters agreed that televising Court hearings would "be good for democracy", and 50% of voters stated they would watch Court proceedings if they were televised.', u'In a 2009 interview on C-SPAN, journalists Joan Biskupic (of USA Today) and Lyle Denniston (of SCOTUSblog) argued that the Court is a "very open" institution, with only the justices\' private conferences being inaccessible to others.', u'In October 2010, the Court began the practice of posting on its website recordings and transcripts of oral arguments on the Friday after they take place.', u'The Bush v. Gore decision, in which the Supreme Court intervened in the 2000 presidential election and effectively chose George W. Bush over Al Gore, has been criticized extensively, particularly by liberals.', u'On the other hand, although Justice Scalia acknowledged in a 2009 interview that the number of cases that the Court hears now is smaller today than when he first joined the Supreme Court, he also stated that he has not changed his standards for deciding whether to review a case, nor does he believe his colleagues have changed their standards.', u'Alexander Hamilton in Federalist 78 wrote "nothing can contribute so much to its firmness and independence as permanency in office."', u'In 2012, Justice Sonia Sotomayor received $1.9 million in advances from her publisher Knopf Doubleday.', u'== See also ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n=== Bibliography ===\n\n\n== Further reading ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nSupreme Court of the United States official website\nSupreme Court decisions from World Legal Information Institution (contains no advertisements)\nSupreme Court Collection from the Legal Information Institute\nSupreme Court Opinions from FindLaw\nU.S. Supreme Court Decisions (v. 1+) from Justia, Oyez and U.S. Court Forms\nSupreme Court Records and Briefs from Cornell Law Library\nMilestone Cases in Supreme Court History from InfoPlease\nSupreme Court Nominations, present-1789\nScales of Justice: The History of Supreme Court Nominations \u2013 Radio program explores history of appointments and confirmations\nSupreme Court Historical Society\nComplete/Searchable 1991\u20132004 Opinions and Orders\nThe Supreme Court Database A research database with information about cases from 1946\u20132011\nThe Oyez Project \u2013 audio recordings of oral arguments\n"U.S. Supreme Court collected news and commentary".']}
{'title': 'Egypt & Syria join to form United Arab Republic', 'year': '1958-02-01', 'sentences': [u'It gained independence as a parliamentary republic on 24 October 1945 when Syria became a founding member of the United Nations, an act which legally ended the former French Mandate \u2013 although French troops did not leave the country until April 1946.', u"In 1958, Syria entered a brief union with Egypt called the United Arab Republic, which was terminated by the 1961 Syrian coup d'\xe9tat.", u"The Arab Republic of Syria came into being in late 1961 after December 1 constitutional referendum, and was increasingly unstable until the Ba'athist coup d'\xe9tat, since which the Ba'ath Party has maintained its power.", u'Syria was under Emergency Law from 1963 to 2011, effectively suspending most constitutional protections for citizens.', u'Bashar al-Assad has been president since 2000 and was preceded by his father Hafez al-Assad, who was in office from 1970 to 2000.', u'Syria is a member of one international organization other than the United Nations, the Non-Aligned Movement; it has become suspended from the Arab League on November 2011 and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, and self-suspended from the Union for the Mediterranean.', u"Since March 2011, Syria has been embroiled in an uprising against Assad and the Ba'athist government as part of the Arab Spring, a crackdown that contributed to the Syrian Civil War and to Syria's becoming one of the most violent countries in the world.", u'However, the discovery of the \xc7inek\xf6y inscription in 2000 seems to support the theory that the term Syria derives from Assyria, whose ancient homeland was located in modern northern Iraq.', u'Ugarit also arose during this time, circa 1800 BC, close to modern Latakia.', u'Yamhad was conquered and destroyed, along with Ebla, by the Indo-European Hittites from Asia Minor circa 1600 BC.', u'The Egyptians fought the Hittites for control over western Syria; the fighting reached its zenith in 1274 BC with the Battle of Kadesh.', u'The west remained part of the Hittite empire until its destruction c. 1200 BC, while eastern Syria largely became part of the Middle Assyrian Empire, who also annexed much of the west during the reign of Tiglath-Pileser I 1114\u20131076 BC.', u'Syria briefly came under Armenian control from 83 BC, with the conquests of Tigranes the Great, who was welcomed as a savior from the Seleucids and Romans by its people.', u'==== Crusaders, Ayubids, Mamluks and Nizaris ====\n\nSections of Syria were held by French, English, Italian and German overlords between 1098 and 1189 AD during the Crusades and were known collectively as the Crusader states among which the primary one in Syria was the Principality of Antioch.', u'Aleppo fell to the Mongols of Hulegu in January 1260, and Damascus in March, but then Hulegu was forced to break off his attack to return to China to deal with a succession dispute.', u'In the meantime, an emir named Sunqur al-Ashqar had tried to declare himself ruler of Damascus, but he was defeated by Qalawun on 21 June 1280, and fled to northern Syria.', u'The Mongols of the Ilkhanate took the city, but Qalawun persuaded Al-Ashqar to join him, and they fought against the Mongols on 29 October 1281, in the Second Battle of Homs, which was won by the Mamluks.', u'In 1400, the Muslim Turco-Mongol conqueror Timur Lenk (Tamurlane) invaded Syria, sacked Aleppo and captured Damascus after defeating the Mamluk army.', u'=== Ottoman Syria ===\n\nIn 1516, the Ottoman Empire invaded the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, conquering Syria, and incorporating it into its empire.', u'In 1831, Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt renounced his loyalty to the Empire and overran Ottoman Syria, capturing Damascus.', u'By 1840, however, he had to surrender the area back to the Ottomans.', u'From 1864, Tanzimat reforms were applied on Ottoman Syria, carving out the provinces (vilayets) of Aleppo, Zor, Beirut and Damascus Vilayet; Mutasarrifate of Mount Lebanon was created, as well, and soon after the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem was given a separate status.', u'In the midst of World War I, two Allied diplomats (Frenchman Fran\xe7ois Georges-Picot and Briton Mark Sykes) secretly agreed on the post-war division of the Ottoman Empire into respective zones of influence in the Sykes-Picot Agreement of 1916.', u"However, the discovery of oil in the region of Mosul just before the end of the war led to yet another negotiation with France in 1918 to cede this region to 'Zone B', or the British zone of influence.", u'This border was later recognized internationally when Syria became a League of Nations mandate in 1920 and has not changed to date.', u'=== French Mandate ===\n\nIn 1920, a short-lived independent Kingdom of Syria was established under Faisal I of the Hashemite family.', u'In 1925, Sultan al-Atrash led a revolt that broke out in the Druze Mountain and spread to engulf the whole of Syria and parts of Lebanon.', u'Al-Atrash won several battles against the French, notably the Battle of al-Kafr on 21 July 1925, the Battle of al-Mazraa on 2\u20133 August 1925, and the battles of Salkhad, al-Musayfirah and Suwayda.', u'France sent thousands of troops from Morocco and Senegal, leading the French to regain many cities, although resistance lasted until the spring of 1927.', u'He returned to Syria in 1937 after the signing of the Syrian-French Treaty.', u'Syria and France negotiated a treaty of independence in September 1936, and Hashim al-Atassi was the first president to be elected under the first incarnation of the modern republic of Syria.', u'With the fall of France in 1940 during World War II, Syria came under the control of Vichy France until the British and Free French occupied the country in the Syria-Lebanon campaign in July 1941.', u'Continuing pressure from Syrian nationalists and the British forced the French to evacuate their troops in April 1946, leaving the country in the hands of a republican government that had been formed during the mandate.', u'In May 1948, Syrian forces invaded Palestine, together with other Arab states, and immediately attacked Jewish settlements.', u"Defeat in this war was one of several trigger factors for the March 1949 Syrian coup d'\xe9tat by Col. Husni al-Za'im, described as the first military overthrow of the Arab World since the start of the Second World War.", u'Shishakli eventually abolished multipartyism altogether, but was himself overthrown in a 1954 coup and the parliamentary system was restored.', u'In November 1956, as a direct result of the Suez Crisis, Syria signed a pact with the Soviet Union.', u"On 1 February 1958, Syrian President Shukri al-Quwatli and Egypt's Nasser announced the merging of Egypt and Syria, creating the United Arab Republic, and all Syrian political parties, as well as the communists therein, ceased overt activities.", u'Syria seceded from the union with Egypt on 28 September 1961, after a coup.', u"=== Ba'athist Syria ===\n\nThe ensuing instability, following the 1961 coup culminated in the 8 March 1963 Ba'athist coup.", u"On 23 February 1966, the Military Committee carried out an intra-party overthrow, imprisoned President Amin Hafiz and designated a regionalist, civilian Ba'ath government on 1 March.", u"Although Nureddin al-Atassi became the formal head of state, Salah Jadid was Syria's effective ruler from 1966 until 1970.", u"The coup led to a split within the original pan-Arab Ba'ath Party: one Iraqi-led ba'ath movement (ruled Iraq from 1968 to 2003) and one Syrian-led ba'ath movement was established.", u'In the first part of 1967, a low-key state of war existed between Syria and Israel.', u'The 1970 retreat of Syrian forces sent to aid the PLO during the "Black September" hostilities with Jordan reflected this disagreement.', u'The power struggle culminated in the November 1970 Syrian Corrective Revolution, a bloodless military overthrow that installed Hafez al-Assad as the strongman of the government.', u'On 6 October 1973, Syria and Egypt initiated the Yom Kippur War against Israel.', u'In early 1976, Syria entered Lebanon, beginning the thirty-year Syrian military occupation.', u'Syria then remained in Lebanon until 2005.', u'The uprising had reached its climax in the 1982 Hama massacre, when some 10,000 \u2013 40,000 people were killed by regular Syrian Army troops.', u'Syria participated in the multilateral Madrid Conference of 1991, and during the 1990s engaged in negotiations with Israel.', u"These negotiations failed, and there have been no further direct Syrian-Israeli talks since President Hafez al-Assad's meeting with then President Bill Clinton in Geneva in March 2000.", u'Hafez al-Assad died on 10 June 2000.', u'His election saw the birth of the Damascus Spring and hopes of reform, but by autumn 2001, the authorities had suppressed the movement, imprisoning some of its leading intellectuals.', u'On 5 October 2003, Israel bombed a site near Damascus, claiming it was a terrorist training facility for members of Islamic Jihad.', u'In March 2004, Syrian Kurds and Arabs clashed in the northeastern city of al-Qamishli.', u'In 2005, Syria ended its occupation of Lebanon.', u'On 6 September 2007, foreign jet fighters, suspected as Israeli, reportedly carried out Operation Orchard against a suspected nuclear reactor under construction by North Korean technicians.', u'It began in 2011 as a chain of peaceful protests, followed by a crackdown by the Syrian Army.', u'In July 2011, army defectors declared the formation of the Free Syrian Army and began forming fighting units.', u'According to various sources, including the United Nations, up to 100,000 people had been killed by June 2013, including 11,000 children.', u'Petroleum in commercial quantities was first discovered in the northeast in 1956.', u"Petroleum became Syria's leading natural resource and chief export after 1974.", u'Natural gas was discovered at the field of Jbessa in 1940.', u'The constitution adopted in 2012 effectively transformed Syria into a semi-presidential republic due to the constitutional right for the election of individuals who do not form part of the National Progressive Front.', u'According to the 2012 constitution, the president is elected by Syrian citizens in a direct election.', u'On 7 May 2012, Syria held its first elections in which parties outside the ruling coalition could take part.', u'The Personal Status Law 59 of 1953 (amended by Law 34 of 1975) is essentially a codified sharia.', u'Article 3(2) of the 1973 constitution declares Islamic jurisprudence a main source of legislation.', u'Representatives of the Syrian Interim government were invited to take up Syria\'s seat at the Arab League on 28 March 2013 and was recognised as the "sole representative of the Syrian people" by several nations including the United States, United Kingdom and France.', u'=== Human rights ===\n\nThe situation for human rights in Syria has long been a significant concern among independent organizations such as Human Rights Watch, who in 2010 referred to the country\'s record as "among the worst in the world."', u'As of 9 November 2011 during the uprising against President Bashar al-Assad, the United Nations reported that of the over 3500 total deaths, over 250 deaths were children as young as 2 years old, and that boys as young as 11 years old have been gang raped by security services officers.', u"People opposing President Assad's rule claim that more than 200, mostly civilians, were massacred and about 300 injured in Hama in shelling by the Government forces on 12 July 2012.", u'In August 2013 the government was suspected of using chemical weapons against its civilians.', u'The Emergency Law, effectively suspending most constitutional protections, was in effect from 1963 until 21 April 2011.', u'In August 2014, UN Human Rights chief Navi Pillay criticized the international community over its "paralysis" in dealing with the more than 3-year-old civil war gripping the country, which by 30 April 2014, had resulted in 191,369 deaths with war crimes, according to Pillay, being committed with total impunity on all sides in the conflict.', u'The obligatory military service period is being decreased over time, in 2005 from two and a half years to two years, in 2008 to 21 months and in 2011 to year and a half.', u"About 20,000 Syrian soldiers were deployed in Lebanon until 27 April 2005, when the last of Syria's troops left the country after three decades.", u'Since the ongoing civil war of 2011, and associated killings and human rights abuses, Syria has been increasingly isolated from the countries in the region, and the wider international community.', u"Syria's violence against civilians has also seen it suspended from the Arab League and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation in 2012.", u'==== International disputes ====\nIn 1939, while Syria was still a French mandate the French ceded the Sanjak of Alexandretta to Turkey as part of a treaty of friendship in World War II.', u'Israel unilaterally annexed the Golan Heights in 1981, although the Syrian government continues to demand the return of this territory.', u'The Syrian occupation of Lebanon began in 1976 as a result of the civil war and ended in April 2006 in response to domestic and international pressure after the assassination of former Lebanese Prime Minister, Rafik Hariri.', u"Despite high levels of inequality in land ownership these reforms allowed for progress in redistribution of land from 1958 to 1961 than any other reforms in Syria's history, since independence.", u'Because of internet censorship laws, 13,000 internet activists have been arrested between March 2011 and August 2012.', u'== Economy ==\n\nAs of 2015, the Syrian economy relies upon inherently unreliable revenue sources such as dwindling customs and income taxes which are heavily bolstered by lines of credit from Iran.', u'In 2010, Syria remained dependent on the oil and agriculture sectors.', u'The UNDP announced in 2005 that 30% of the Syrian population lives in poverty and 11.4% live below the subsistence level.', u"Syria's share in global exports has eroded gradually since 2001.", u'Poverty rates have increased from 11% in 2004 to 12.3% in 2007.', u"In 2007, Syria's main exports include crude oil, refined products, raw cotton, clothing, fruits, and grains.", u'Prior to the civil war in 2011, the government hoped to attract new investment in the tourism, natural gas, and service sectors to diversify its economy and reduce its dependence on oil and agriculture.', u'The government began to institute economic reforms aimed at liberalizing most markets, but those reforms were slow and ad hoc, and have been completely reversed since the outbreak of conflict in 2011.', u"As of 2012, because of the ongoing Syrian civil war, the value of Syria's overall exports has been slashed by two-thirds, from the figure of US$12 billion in 2010 to only US$4 billion in 2012.", u"Syria's GDP declined by over 3% in 2011, and is expected to further decline by 20% in 2012.", u"As of 2012, Syria's oil and tourism industries in particular have been devastated, with US$5 billion lost to the ongoing conflict of the civil war.", u'US and European Union bans on oil imports, which went into effect in 2012, are estimated to cost Syria about $400 million a month.', u'Revenues from tourism have dropped dramatically, with hotel occupancy rates falling from 90% before the war to less than 15% in May 2012.', u"In May 2015, ISIS captured Syria's phosphate mines, one of the Assad regime's last chief sources of income.", u"In September 2014, ISIS was producing more oil than the regime at 80,000 bbl/d (13,000 m3/d) compared to the regime's 17,000 bbl/d (2,700 m3/d) with the Syrian Oil Ministry stating that by the end of 2014, oil production had plunged further to 9,329 bbl/d (1,483.2 m3/d); ISIS has since captured a further oil field, leading to a projected oil production of 6,829 bbl/d (1,085.7 m3/d).", u"Syria's rate of oil production has decreased dramatically from a peak close to 600,000 barrels per day (95,000 m3/d) (bpd) in 1995 down to less than 182,500 bbl/d (29,020 m3/d) in 2012.", u'Since 2012 the production has decreased even more, reaching in 2014 32,000 barrels per day (5,100 m3/d) (bpd).', u'Official figures quantity the production in 2015 at 27,000 barrels per day (4,300 m3/d), but those figures have to be taken with precaution because it is difficult to estimate the oil that is currently produced in the rebel held areas.', u'Oil and gas revenues constituted in 2012 around 20% of total GDP and 25% of total government revenue.', u'In 2006 the population of Syria was 19.4 million with a growth rate of 2.7%.', u'Overall population density in Syria is about 99 per square kilometre (258 per square mile).', u'According to the World Refugee Survey 2008, published by the U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Syria hosted a population of refugees and asylum seekers numbering approximately 1,852,300.', u'In what the UN has described as "the biggest humanitarian emergency of our era", about 9.5 million Syrians, half the population, have been displaced since the outbreak of the Syrian Civil War in March 2011; 4 million are outside the country as refugees.', u'Syria has a population of approximately 17,065,000 (2014 est.)', u'The process was completed with the establishment of the state of Israel in 1948.', u'In May 2013, SOHR stated that out of 94,000 killed during the Syrian Civil War, at least 41,000 were Alawites.', u"Ba'ath Party rule, since the 1966 coup, has brought about renewed censorship.", u'Television was first introduced to Syria in 1960, when Syria and Egypt (which adopted television that same year) were part of the United Arab Republic.', u'It broadcast in black and white until 1976.', u'The team had its first international on 20 November 1949, losing to Turkey 7\u20130.', u"Since 1967, all schools, colleges, and universities have been under close government supervision by the Ba'ath Party.", u"== Health ==\n\nIn 2010, spending on healthcare accounted for 3.4% of the country's GDP.", u'In 2008, there were 14.9 physicians and 18.5 nurses per 10,000 inhabitants.', u'The life expectancy at birth was 75.7 years in 2010, or 74.2 years for males and 77.3 years for females.']}
{'title': '1st shipload of Chinese arrive in SF Mexico sells US; Texas - California - New Mexico & Az for $15 million', 'year': '1848-02-02', 'sentences': [u'Both nations were founding members of the United Nations and the Group of 77.', u'== History ==\n\nMexico and the SFR Yugoslavia established diplomatic relations on 24 May 1946.', u'In 1991, Yugoslavia entered into a series of ethnic conflicts known as the Yugoslav wars.', u'In 1995, Mexico elevated its diplomatic mission in Belgrade back to an embassy and established diplomatic relations with the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (later known as Serbia and Montenegro) as the successor of the SF Yugoslavia; and with the newly independent nations of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republic of Macedonia.', u'In 2006, the state union between Serbia and Montenegro dissolved and created two separate nations: the Republic of Serbia and Montenegro.', u'== State visits ==\n\nPresidential visits from Mexico to the SF Republic of Yugoslavia\nPresident Adolfo L\xf3pez Mateos (1963)\nPresident Luis Echeverr\xeda \xc1lvarez (1974)\nPresident Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado (1985)\nPresidential visits from SF Republic of Yugoslavia to Mexico\nPresident Josip Broz Tito (1965 & 1976)\nPresident Sergej Kraigher (1981)\nPresident Lazar Mojsov (1987)\n\nIn March 1963, Mexico awarded its highest honor, the Order of the Aztec Eagle, to President Josip Broz Tito.', u'In March 1950, both nations signed an agreement to establish trade relations.', u'In March 1960 a cultural exchange agreement was signed and an additional protocol trade agreement was signed in July 1963.', u'In addition, a scientific and technical cooperation agreement was signed between both nations in February 1974.', u'In July 2010, an agricultural agreement was signed between both nations.', u'== Trade ==\nIn 2012, two-way trade between Mexico and Serbia amounted to $2 million USD.', u'== Famous Serbs in Mexico ==\nAs manager, Bora Milutinovi\u0107 led the Mexico national football team to the 1998 FIFA World Cup knock-out stage.']}
{'title': 'US warship Kearsarge wrecked on Roncador Reef', 'year': '1894-02-02', 'sentences': [u"== Construction ==\nKearsarge's keel was laid down on 6 February 1990 at Litton-Ingalls Shipbuilding Corporation of Pascagoula, Mississippi.", u'The result of this early outfitting was a ship that was over 70 percent complete at launch.', u'She was launched on 26 March 1992, in a ceremony attended by then-Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Colin Powell.', u'The warship was christened on 16 May 1992, and commissioned on 16 October 1993.', u"Since her commissioning, she has performed these missions all over the world, including evacuating non-combatants from Freetown, Sierra Leone, on 31 May 1997 and rescuing Air Force Captain Scott O'Grady from Serb-controlled territory in Bosnia on 8 June 1995.", u'Operation Noble Obelisk was the evacuation of civilians from Sierra Leone in 1997 undertaken by USS Kearsarge.', u'These facilities allowed Kearsarge to serve a dual role during the 1999 NATO bombing of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, as a platform for bombing missions against Yugoslav forces in Operation Allied Force, and as a treatment facility for Albanian refugees in Operation Shining Hope.', u'On 19 August 2005, Kearsarge and USS Ashland were targeted by rockets while in port in Jordan.', u'USS Kearsarge, in 2006, and again in 2008, served as the principal attraction for New York\'s "Fleet Week".', u'In August 2007, the ship visited the port of Valletta, Malta on the way to a six-month deployment to Iraq (5th Fleet AOR).', u"The ship also recently deployed Sailors and Marines in a relief effort in Bangladesh following Cyclone Sidr and provided support for President George W. Bush's January 2008 visit to Israel.", u'On 6 August 2008, Kearsarge deployed in support of Operation Continuing Promise.', u'On 2 March 2011, Kearsarge, along with USS Ponce, traveled through the Suez Canal in response to the 2011 Libyan civil war.', u'The ship returned to home port at Norfolk on 16 May 2011.', u'Following a three-day delay due to bad weather, Kearsarge deployed from Naval Station Norfolk on 11 March 2013 for a scheduled eight-month deployment.', u'Kearsarge later docked at the Israeli port of Eilat for several days beginning on 14 May 2013 before continuing her deployment.', u'The white anchor recalls the round the world cruise of the second Kearsarge of the Great White Fleet in 1907 and denotes the naval prowess of the USS Kearsarges.', u"== References ==\n\nThis article contains text from Kearsarge's official website\n\n\n== External links ==\nnavsource.org: USS Kearsarge\nMaritimequest USS Kearsarge LHD-3 Photo Gallery\nUSS Kearsarge history at U.S. Carriers\nPopular Mechanics profile of USS Kearsarge during 2008 Fleet Week\nHistoric Image of USS Kearsarge by E. Caner at Historic Camera"]}
{'title': 'Late Night with David Letterman premiers', 'year': '1981-02-02', 'sentences': [u'Complete darkness or astronomical night is the period of time between astronomical dusk and astronomical dawn when the sun is between 18 and 90 degrees below the horizon and the sky is totally dark.', u'At latitudes between 48.5 and 66.5 degrees north or south of the equator, complete darkness does not occur near the summer solstice because even though the sun sets, it is never more than 18 degrees below the horizon at its lower culmination.']}
{'title': 'Walt Disney\\\'s \\"The Three Caballeros\\" released', 'year': '1945-02-03', 'sentences': [u'It took on its current name in 1983.', u"== History ==\n\nThe studio's predecessor (and the modern-day The Walt Disney Company's as a whole) was originally founded as the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio, by filmmaker Walt Disney and his business partner and brother, Roy, in 1923.", u'The creation of Mickey Mouse and subsequent short films and merchandise generated revenue for the studio which was renamed as The Walt Disney Studio at the Hyperion Studio in 1926.', u'In 1929, it was renamed once again to Walt Disney Productions.', u"The studio's streak of success continued in the 1930s, culminating with the 1937 release of the first feature-length animated film, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, which became a huge financial success.", u'Walt Disney Productions had its first fully live-action film in 1950 with the release of Treasure Island, considered by Disney to be the official conception for what would eventually evolve into the modern-day Walt Disney Pictures and Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures.', u'By 1953, the company ended their agreements with such third-party distributors as RKO Radio Pictures and United Artists and formed their own distribution company, Buena Vista Distribution.', u'A newly formed unit, Walt Disney Pictures, was incorporated on April 1, 1983 to diversify film subjects and expand audiences for their film releases.', u'In April 1983, Richard Berger was hired by Disney CEO Ron W. Miller as film president.', u"Touchstone Films was started by Miller in February 1984 as a label for their PG-rated films with an expected half of Disney's 6 to 8 movies yearly slate would be released under the label.", u'Berger was pushed out as a new CEO was appointed for Walt Disney Productions later in 1984, as Michael Eisner brought his own film chief, Jeffrey Katzenberg.', u'Touchstone and Hollywood Pictures were formed within that unit on February 15, 1984 and February 1, 1989 respectively.', u'Beginning with the release of The Black Cauldron in 1985, Walt Disney Pictures introduced its fantasy castle logo.', u"This logo and variations was seen before all films until 2006, when it was updated with the release of Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest at the behest of then-Walt Disney Studios chairman Dick Cook and studio marketing president Oren Aviv.", u'Mark Mancina wrote a new composition and arrangement of "When You Wish Upon a Star" to accompany the 2006 logo.', u'Beginning with the release of The Muppets in 2011, the words "Walt" and "Pictures" were dropped from the branding.']}
{'title': '1st US Telegraph Company established in Maryland', 'year': '1847-02-04', 'sentences': [u'It was founded by Arthur B. Sleigh in 1855 as The Daily Telegraph and Courier.', u'Since 2004, it has been owned by David and Frederick Barclay.', u'The paper had a circulation of 523,048 in March 2014, down from 1.4 million in 1980.', u'It has a sister paper, The Sunday Telegraph, started in 1961, which had circulation of 418,670 as of March 2014.', u'Notable scoops include the 2009 MP expenses scandal which led to a number of high-profile political resignations and its 2016 undercover investigation on the England football manager Sam Allardyce.', u'== History ==\n\n\n=== Founding and early history ===\nThe Daily Telegraph and Courier was founded by Colonel Arthur B. Sleigh in June 1855 to air a personal grievance against the future commander-in-chief of the British Army, Prince George, Duke of Cambridge.', u'Joseph Moses Levy, the owner of The Sunday Times, agreed to print the newspaper, and the first edition was published on 29 June 1855.', u'In 1876, Jules Verne published his novel Michael Strogoff, whose plot takes place during a fictional uprising and war in Siberia.', u'=== 1901 to 1945 ===\nIn 1908, Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany gave a controversial interview to The Daily Telegraph that severely damaged Anglo-German relations and added to international tensions in the build-up to World War I.', u'In 1928 the son of Baron Burnham, Harry Lawson Webster Levy-Lawson, 2nd Baron Burnham, sold the paper to William Berry, 1st Viscount Camrose, in partnership with his brother Gomer Berry, 1st Viscount Kemsley and Edward Iliffe, 1st Baron Iliffe.', u'In 1937, the newspaper absorbed The Morning Post, which traditionally espoused a conservative position and sold predominantly amongst the retired officer class.', u"In November 1940, with Fleet Street subjected to almost daily bombing raids by the Luftwaffe, The Telegraph started printing in Manchester at Kemsley House (now The Printworks entertainment venue), which was run by Camrose's brother Kemsley.", u'The name Kemsley House was changed to Thomson House in 1959.', u'In 1986 printing of Northern editions of the Daily and Sunday Telegraph moved to Trafford Park and in 2008 to Newsprinters at Knowsley, Liverpool.', u'=== 1946 to 1985 ===\nBoth the Camrose (Berry) and Burnham (Levy-Lawson) families remained involved in management until Conrad Black took control in 1986.', u'On the death of his father in 1954, Seymour Berry, 2nd Viscount Camrose assumed the chairmanship of the Daily Telegraph with his brother Michael Berry, Baron Hartwell as his editor-in-chief.', u'During this period, the company saw the launch of sister paper The Sunday Telegraph in 1960.', u'=== 1986 to 2004 ===\nCanadian businessman Conrad Black, through companies controlled by him, bought the Telegraph Group in 1986.', u'On 18 January 2004, Black was dismissed as chairman of the Hollinger International board over allegations of financial wrongdoing.', u'On 7 March 2004, the twins announced that they were launching another bid, this time just for The Daily Telegraph and its Sunday sister paper rather than all of Hollinger Inc. Current owner of the Daily Express, Richard Desmond, was also interested in purchasing the paper, selling his interest in several pornographic magazines to finance the initiative.', u'Desmond withdrew in March 2004, when the price climbed above \xa3600m, as did Daily Mail and General Trust plc a few months later on 17 June.', u"=== 2004 to present ===\nIn November 2004, The Telegraph celebrated the tenth anniversary of its website, 'Electronic Telegraph', now re-launched as www.telegraph.co.uk .", u'On 8 May 2006 the first stage of a major redesign of the website took place, with a wider page layout and greater prominence for audio, video and journalist blogs.', u'On 10 October 2005, The Daily Telegraph relaunched to incorporate a tabloid sports section and a new standalone business section.', u"The Daily Mail's star columnist and political analyst Simon Heffer left that paper in October 2005 to rejoin The Daily Telegraph, where he has become associate editor.", u'Heffer has written two columns a week for the paper since late October 2005 and is a regular contributor to the news podcast.', u'In November 2005 the first regular podcast service by a newspaper in the UK was launched.', u'Just before Christmas 2005, it was announced that The Telegraph titles would be moving from Canada Place in Canary Wharf, to Victoria Plaza near Victoria Station in central London.', u'In October 2006, with its relocation to Victoria, the company was renamed the Telegraph Media Group, repositioning itself as a multimedia company.', u'On 2 September 2008, the Daily Telegraph was printed with colour on each page for the first time when it left Westferry for Newsprinters at Broxbourne, Hertfordshire, another arm of the Murdoch (Rupert Murdoch) company.', u"In May 2009, the daily and Sunday editions published details of MPs' expenses.", u'In June 2014, The Telegraph was criticised by Private Eye for its policy of replacing experienced journalists and news managers with less-experienced staff and search engine optimisers.', u'On 10 September 2014, the Telegraph Media Group advertised in the Daily Telegraph for a new Head of Interactive Journalism stating candidates should "have demonstrable interest in news and journalism (previous newsroom experience is not needed however)".', u'This loyalty continued after Labour ousted the Conservatives from power by a landslide election result in 1997, and in the face of Labour election wins in 2001 and the third successive Labour election win in 2005.', u'When the Barclay brothers purchased the Telegraph Group for around \xa3665m in late June 2004, Sir David Barclay suggested that The Daily Telegraph might no longer be the "house newspaper" of the Conservatives in the future.', u'The editorial board endorsed the Conservative Party in the 2005 general election.', u"During the 2014 Scottish Independence Referendum the paper supported the Better Together 'No' Campaign.", u'Alex Salmond, the former leader of the SNP, called The Telegraph "extreme" on Question Time in September 2015.', u"== Sister publications ==\n\n\n=== The Sunday Telegraph ===\n\nThe Daily Telegraph's sister Sunday paper was founded in 1961.", u'The writer Sir Peregrine Worsthorne is probably the best known journalist associated with the title (1961\u201397), eventually being editor for three years from 1986.', u"In 1989 the Sunday title was briefly merged into a seven-day operation under Max Hastings's overall control.", u'In 2005 the paper was revamped, with Stella being added to the more traditional television and radio section.', u'Circulation of The Sunday Telegraph in July 2010 was 505,214 (ABC)\n\n\n=== The Young Telegraph ===\nThe Young Telegraph was a weekly section of The Daily Telegraph published as a 14-page supplement in the weekend edition of the newspaper.', u"Launched in 1990, the award-winning supplement also ran original serialised stories featuring popular brands such as Young Indiana Jones and the British children's sitcom Maid Marian and Her Merry Men.", u'In 1995, an interactive spin-off called Electronic Young Telegraph was launched on floppy disk.', u'Described as an interactive computer magazine for children, Electronic Young Telegraph was edited by Adam Tanswell, who led the re-launch of the product on CD-Rom in 1998.', u'It was later re-branded as T:Drive in 1999.', u'It was named UK Consumer Website of the Year in 2007 and Digital Publisher of the year in 2009 by the Association of Online Publishers.', u"The site, which has been the focus of the group's efforts to create an integrated news operation producing content for print and online from the same newsroom, completed a relaunch during 2008 involving the use of the Escenic content management system, popular among northern European and Scandinavian newspaper groups.", u'Telegraph.co.uk became the most popular UK newspaper site in April 2008.', u'It was overtaken by Guardian.co.uk in April 2009 and later by "Mail Online".', u'As of December 2010, "Telegraph.co.uk" is now the third most visited British newspaper website with 1.7 million daily browsers compared to 2.3 million for "Guardian.co.uk" and nearly 3 million for "Mail Online".', u'In November 2012, international customers accessing the Telegraph.co.uk site would have to sign up for a subscription package.', u'In March 2013 the pay meter system was also rolled out in the UK.', u'==== History ====\nThe website was launched, under the name electronic telegraph at midday on 15 November 1994 at the headquarters of The Daily Telegraph at Canary Wharf in London Docklands.', u'At this time, the modern internet was still in its infancy, with as few as 10,000 websites estimated to have existed at the time \u2013 compared to more than 100 billion by 2009.', u'In 1994, only around 1% of the British population (some 600,000 people) had internet access at home, compared to more than 80% in 2009.', u'In 1997, the Clinton administration issued a 331-page report that accused Evans-Pritchard of peddling "right-wing inventions".', u'Bishton, who later became consulting editor for Telegraph Media Group, was followed as editor by Richard Burton, who was made redundant in August 2006.', u'Launched in May 2007, My Telegraph won a Cross Media Award from international newspaper organisation IFRA in October 2007.', u'== Notable stories ==\nIn December 2010 Telegraph reporters posing as constituents secretly recorded Business Secretary Vince Cable.', u'In May 2011 the Press Complaints Commission upheld a complaint regarding The Telegraph\'s use of subterfuge: "On this occasion, the commission was not convinced that the public interest was such as to justify proportionately this level of subterfuge."', u'In July 2011 a firm of private investigators hired by The Telegraph to track the source of the leak concluded "strong suspicion" that two former Telegraph employees who had moved to News International, one of them Will Lewis, had gained access to the transcript and audio files and leaked them to Peston.', u'=== 2009 MP expenses scandal ===\nIn May 2009, The Daily Telegraph obtained a full copy of all the expenses claims of British Members of Parliament.', u"The Telegraph began publishing, in installments from 8 May 2009, certain MPs' expenses.", u'== Awards ==\nAt the 2010 British Press Awards The Telegraph was named the "National Newspaper of the Year" for its coverage of the 2009 expenses scandal (named "Scoop of the Year"), with William Lewis winning "Journalist of the Year".', u'The Telegraph won "Team of the Year" in 2004 for its coverage of the Iraq War.', u'The paper also won "Columnist of the Year" three years\' running from 2002 to 2004: Zo\xeb Heller (2002), Robert Harris (2003) and Boris Johnson (2004).', u'== Charity and fundraising work ==\nIn 1979, following a letter in The Daily Telegraph and a Government report highlighting the shortfall in care available for premature babies, Bliss, the special care baby charity, was founded.', u"In 2009, as part of the Bliss 30th birthday celebrations, the charity was chosen as one of four beneficiaries of the newspaper's Christmas Charity Appeal.", u'In February 2010 a cheque was presented to Bliss for \xa3120,000.', u'In 2009, \xa31.2 million was raised.', u'== Criticisms ==\n\n\n=== Accusation of news coverage influence by advertisers ===\nIn July 2014, the Daily Telegraph was criticised for carrying links on its website to pro-Kremlin articles supplied by a Russian state-funded publication that downplayed any Russian involvement in the downing of the passenger jet Malaysia Airlines Flight 17.', u'In February 2015 the chief political commentator of the Daily Telegraph, Peter Oborne resigned.', u'=== Premature obituaries ===\nThe paper has published premature obituaries for Cockie Hoogterp, the second wife of Baron Blixen, Dave Swarbrick in 1999, and Dorothy Southworth Ritter, the widow of Tex Ritter and mother of John Ritter, in August 2001.', u'== Editors ==\n1855: Thornton Leigh Hunt\n1873: Edwin Arnold\n1888: John le Sage\n1923: Fred Miller\n1924: Arthur Watson\n1950: Colin Coote\n1964: Maurice Green\n1974: Bill Deedes\n1986: Max Hastings\n1995: Charles Moore\n2003: Martin Newland\n2005: John Bryant\n2007: William Lewis\n2009: Tony Gallagher\n2013: Jason Seiken\n2014: Chris Evans\n\n\n== See also ==\n\nKatharine Birbalsingh, columnist\nRoger Highfield, former science editor\nHerbert Hughes, music critic, 1911\u20131932\nAnthony Loyd, one-time war correspondent\nJ. H. B. Peel, columnist\nSerena Sinclair, former fashion editor\nMark Steyn, former columnist\nAuberon Waugh, a previous columnist\nPeter Simple, the pseudonym of Michael Wharton, who wrote a humorous column, "Way of the World", from 1957 to 2006.', u"Concerns the history of The Daily Telegraph' from its inception to 1986.", u'== External links ==\nOfficial website\nLeaping into the future at The Telegraph\'s Camelot \u2013 from The Guardian\nThe Guardian: The plight of Hollinger\nBBC: Telegraph empire in tycoons\' grip \u2013 18 Jan 2004\nDaily Telegraph "will not be the house organ of the Conservatives" \u2013 from BBC News Online\nThe continuing takeover saga \u2013 from BBC News 7 March 2004\nPlunkett, John (21 November 2007).']}
{'title': '1st electric portable typewriter placed on sale - Syracuse NY', 'year': '1957-02-04', 'sentences': [u'=== Early innovations ===\nSome of the early typing instruments:\nIn 1575 an Italian printmaker, Francesco Rampazzetto, invented the scrittura tattile, a machine to impress letters in papers.', u'In 1714, Henry Mill obtained a patent in Britain for a machine that, from the patent, appears to have been similar to a typewriter.', u'In 1802 Italian Agostino Fantoni developed a particular typewriter to enable his blind sister to write.', u'In 1808 Italian Pellegrino Turri invented a typewriter.', u'In 1823 Italian Pietro Conti di Cilavegna invented a new model of typewriter, the tachigrafo, also known as tachitipo.', u'In 1829, William Austin Burt patented a machine called the "Typographer" which, in common with many other early machines, is listed as the "first typewriter".', u'Stenographers and telegraphers could take down information at rates up to 130 words per minute, whereas a writer with a pen was limited to a maximum of 30 words per minute (the 1853 speed record).', u'From 1829 to 1870, many printing or typing machines were patented by inventors in Europe and America, but none went into commercial production.', u'Charles Thurber developed multiple patents, of which his first in 1843 was developed as an aid to the blind, such as the 1845 Chirographer.', u'In 1855, the Italian Giuseppe Ravizza created a prototype typewriter called Cembalo scrivano o macchina da scrivere a tasti ("Scribe harpsichord, or machine for writing with keys").', u'In 1861, Father Francisco Jo\xe3o de Azevedo, a Brazilian priest, made his own typewriter with basic materials and tools, such as wood and knives.', u'In 1865, John Pratt, of Centre, Alabama, built a machine called the Pterotype which appeared in an 1867 Scientific American article.', u'Between 1864 and 1867 Peter Mitterhofer, a carpenter from South Tyrol (then part of Austria) developed several models and a fully functioning prototype typewriter in 1867.', u'1895 saw brief production of the Ford typewriter, which featured the first typewriter with aluminum construction and forward-thrust key movement.', u'==== Hansen Writing Ball ====\n\nIn 1865, Rev.', u'Rasmus Malling-Hansen of Denmark invented the Hansen Writing Ball, which went into commercial production in 1870 and was the first commercially sold typewriter.', u'It was a success in Europe and was reported as being used in offices in London as late as 1909.', u"), written by Malling-Hansen's daughter, Johanne Agerskov, in 1865, Malling-Hansen made a porcelain model of the keyboard of his writing ball and experimented with different placements of the letters to achieve the fastest writing speed.", u'On the first model of the writing ball from 1870, the paper was attached to a cylinder inside a wooden box.', u'In 1874, the cylinder was replaced by a carriage, moving beneath the writing head.', u'Then, in 1875, the well-known "tall model" was patented, which was the first of the writing balls that worked without electricity.', u'Malling-Hansen attended the world exhibitions in Vienna in 1873 and Paris in 1878 and he received the first-prize for his invention at both exhibitions.', u'==== Sholes and Glidden Type-writer ====\n\nThe first typewriter to be commercially successful was invented in 1868 by Americans Christopher Latham Sholes, Frank Haven Hall, Carlos Glidden and Samuel W. Soule in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, although Sholes soon disowned the machine and refused to use, or even to recommend it.', u'The patent (US 79,265) was sold for $12,000 to Densmore and Yost, who made an agreement with E. Remington and Sons (then famous as a manufacturer of sewing machines) to commercialize the machine as the Sholes and Glidden Type-Writer.', u'Remington began production of its first typewriter on March 1, 1873, in Ilion, New York.', u'=== Standardization ===\nBy about 1910, the "manual" or "mechanical" typewriter had reached a somewhat standardized design.', u'One of the first was the Daugherty Visible, introduced in 1893, which also introduced the four-bank keyboard that became standard, although the Underwood which came out two years later was the first major typewriter with these features.', u'However, older "nonvisible" models continued in production to as late as 1915.', u'2 in 1878.', u'It was developed by Wellington Parker Kidder and the first model was marketed by the Noiseless Typewriter Company in 1917.', u'An agreement with Remington in 1924 saw production transferred to Remington, and a further agreement in 1929 allowed Underwood to produce it as well.', u'=== Electric designs ===\nAlthough electric typewriters would not achieve widespread popularity until nearly a century later, the basic groundwork for the electric typewriter was laid by the Universal Stock Ticker, invented by Thomas Edison in 1870.', u'==== Early electric models ====\nThe first electric typewriter was produced by the Blickensderfer Manufacturing Company, of Stamford, Connecticut, in 1902.', u'The next step in the development of the electric typewriter came in 1910, when Charles and Howard Krum filed a patent for the first practical teletypewriter.', u'This machine was used for the first commercial teletypewriter system on Postal Telegraph Company lines between Boston and New York City in 1910.', u'The first Olympia typewriter was invented in 1903, but the first successful Olympia model, the Model 3, was released in 1923.', u'Olympia typewriters were most successful in Germany, the country of invention, but between 1950 and 1970, manufacturing facilities were opening in Canada, Ireland, Mexico, and Chile.', u'James Fields Smathers of Kansas City invented what is considered the first practical power-operated typewriter in 1914.', u'In 1920, after returning from Army service, he produced a successful model and in 1923 turned it over to the Northeast Electric Company of Rochester for development.', u"Northeast was interested in finding new markets for their electric motors and developed Smathers's design so that it could be marketed to typewriter manufacturers, and from 1925 Remington Electric typewriters were produced powered by Northeast's motors.", u'Northeast instead decided to enter the typewriter business for itself, and in 1929 produced the first Electromatic Typewriter.', u'In 1928, Delco, a division of General Motors, purchased Northeast Electric, and the typewriter business was spun off as Electromatic Typewriters, Inc.', u'In 1933, Electromatic was acquired by IBM, which then spent 1 million USD on a redesign of the Electromatic Typewriter, launching the IBM Electric Typewriter Model 01 in 1935.', u'By 1958 IBM was deriving 8% of its revenue from the sale of electric typewriters.', u'In 1931, an electric typewriter was introduced by Varityper Corporation.', u'In 1941, IBM announced the Electromatic Model 04 electric typewriter, featuring the revolutionary concept of proportional spacing.', u'==== IBM Selectric ====\n\nIBM and Remington Rand electric typewriters were the leading models until IBM introduced the IBM Selectric typewriter in 1961, which replaced the typebars with a spherical element (or typeball) slightly smaller than a golf ball, with reverse-image letters molded into its surface.', u'Later, some of the same typestyles used for it were used on the 96-character elements used on the IBM Electronic Typewriter 50 and the later models 65 and 85.', u'By 1970, as offset printing began to replace letterpress printing, the Composer would be adapted as the output unit for a typesetting system.', u'In 1981, Xerox Corporation, who by then had bought Diablo Systems, introduced a line of Electronic Typewriters incorporating this technology (the Memorywriter product line).', u'While such rapid change is commonplace today, and is taken for granted, this was not always so; in fact, typewriting technology changed very little in its first 80 or 90 years.', u'Due to falling sales, IBM sold its typewriter division in 1991 to Lexmark, completely exiting from a market it once dominated.', u'Still, as of 2009, typewriters continued to be used by a number of government agencies and other institutions in the USA, where they are primarily used to fill preprinted forms.', u'A fairly major typewriter user is the City of New York, which in 2008 purchased several thousand typewriters, mostly for use by the New York Police Department, at the total cost of $982,269.', u'Another $99,570 was spent in 2009 for the maintenance of the existing typewriters.', u'The Swintec corporation (headquartered in Moonachie, New Jersey), which, as of 2011, still produced typewriters at its overseas factories (in Japan, Indonesia, and/or Malaysia), manufactures a variety of typewriters for use in prisons, made of clear plastic (to make it harder for prisoners to hide prohibited items inside it).', u'As of 2011, the company had contracts with prisons in 43 US states.', u'In April 2011, Godrej and Boyce, a Mumbai-based manufacturer of mechanical typewriters, closed its doors, leading to a flurry of erroneous news reports that the "world\'s last typewriter factory" had shut down.', u"In November 2012, Brother's UK factory manufactured what it claimed to be the last typewriter ever made in the UK; the typewriter was donated to the London Science Museum.", u'In 1997, the government of Turkey offered to donate western typewriters to the Republic of Azerbaijan in exchange for more zealous and exclusive promotion of the Roman alphabet for the Azerbaijani language; this offer, however, was declined.', u'=== Eraser shield ===\nErasing a set of carbon copies was particularly difficult, and called for the use of a device called an eraser shield (a thin stainless-steel rectangle about 2 by 3 inches (51 by 76 mm) with several tiny holes in it) to prevent the pressure of erasing on the upper copies from producing carbon smudges on the lower copies.', u'== Legacy ==\n\n\n=== Keyboard layouts ===\n\n\n==== QWERTY ====\nThe 1874 Sholes & Glidden typewriters established the "QWERTY" layout for the letter keys.', u'According to the 1900 census, 94.9 percent of stenographers and typists were unmarried women.', u"Research showed that Twain's memory was incorrect and that the first book submitted in typed form was Life on the Mississippi (1883, also by Twain).", u"This typewriter, still on its bookshelf, is kept in Finca Vigia, Hemingway's Havana house (now a museum) where he lived until 1960, the year before his death.", u'Another fast typist of the Beat Generation was Richard Brautigan, who said that he thought out the plots of his books in detail beforehand, then typed them out at speeds approaching 90 to 100 words a minute.', u'The lone exception is the poem "CAPITALS AT LAST" from archys life of mehitabel, written in 1933.', u'Author Ray Bradbury used a typewriter for rent at the library to write his work known as "Fahrenheit 451", which was published in 1953.', u'David McCullough bought a second-hand Royal typewriter in 1965 and has used it to compose every book he has published.', u'He used a typewriter until his suicide in 2005.', u'William Gibson used a Hermes 2000 model manual typewriter to write Neuromancer and half of Count Zero before a mechanical failure and lack of replacement parts forced him to upgrade to an Apple IIc computer.', u"In 2009, the Lettera he obtained from a pawn shop in 1963, on which nearly all his novels and screenplays have been written, was auctioned for charity at Christie's for $254,500 USD; McCarthy obtained an identical replacement for $20 to continue writing on.", u"The piece was later made famous by comedian Jerry Lewis as part of his regular routine both on screen and stage, most notably in the 1963 film Who's Minding the Store?.", u'The song "Embassy Lament" from the 1986 Musical Chess mimics the sound of typing in the bridge.', u"Guster's 1999 song Barrel of a Gun features a typewriter as percussion.", u'American singer-songwriter Marian Call accompanies herself on a typewriter on "Nerd Anthem" (c. 1998)\nAmerican musician Beck\'s 2005 music video for "Black Tambourine" features typewriter characters to animate Beck\'s moving and playing guitar.', u"The title track of Heernt's 2006 album Locked in a Basement prominently features the typewriter as a percussion instrument.", u'The Boston Typewriter Orchestra (BTO) has performed at numerous art festivals, clubs, and parties since at least 2008.', u'South Korean improviser Ryu Hankil frequently performs typewriters, most prominently in his 2009 album"Becoming Typewriter".', u'The 2012 French comedy movie Populaire, starring Romain Duris and D\xe9borah Fran\xe7ois, centers around a young secretary in the 1950s striving to win typewriting speed competitions.', u'2012 AU Education Research claimed that proper typing position and distance to the screen are the main factors of typing faster.', u'The earliest reference in fictional literature to the potential identification of a typewriter as having produced a document was by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle who wrote "A Case of Identity" in 1891.', u'In non-fiction, the first document examiner to describe how a typewriter might be identified was William E. Hagan who wrote, in 1894, "All typewriter machines, even when using the same kind of type, become more or less peculiar by use as to the work done by them".', u'Other early discussions of the topic were provided by A. S. Osborn in his 1908 treatise, Typewriting as Evidence, and again in his 1929 textbook, Questioned Documents.', u'98 of March 28, 1983, owning a typewriter, both by businesses or by private persons, was subject to an approval given by the local police authorities.', u"Mr. Martin's Typewriter Museum\nThe Portable Typewriter Reference Site\nTypewriter: Free Minimal Text Editing Software the Behaves like a Typewriter\nSwiss typpewriter museum\nPeter Mitterhofer typewriters Museum in Parcines (South Tyrol - Italy)\n\n\n=== Revival ===\nRichard Polt, The Typewriter Revolution: A Typist's Companion for the 21st Century\nDing, click clack -- typewriter is back\u2014Quad-City Times, May 18, 2009\nTypewriters experience a comeback - UPI.com\u2014United Press International, Dec. 19, 2011\nDocumentary Film -- The Typewriter (In the 21st Century)\u20142012\nKremlin returns to typewriters to avoid computer leaks\u2014The Daily Telegraph, July 11, 2013\nGermany 'may revert to typewriters' to counter hi-tech espionage\u2014The Guardian, July 15, 2014"]}
{'title': 'Snow falls on SF', 'year': '1887-02-05', 'sentences': [u'=== Cloud physics ===\n\nA snowflake consists of roughly 1019 water molecules, which are added to its core at different rates and in different patterns, depending on the changing temperature and humidity within the atmosphere that the snowflake falls through on its way to the ground.', u'=== Classification of snowflakes ===\n\nMicrography of thousands of snowflakes from 1885 onward, starting with Wilson Alwyn Bentley, revealed the wide diversity of snowflakes within a classifiable set of patterns.', u'Magono and Lee devised a classification of freshly formed snow crystals that includes 80 distinct shapes.', u"=== Distribution ===\nGlaciers with their permanent snowpacks cover about 10% of the earth's surface, while seasonal snow covers about nine percent, mostly in the Northern Hemisphere, where seasonal snow covers about 40 million km2, according to a 1987 estimate.", u'A 2007 estimate of snow cover over the Northern Hemisphere suggested that, on average, snow cover ranges from a minimum extent of 2 million km2 each August to a maximum extent of 45 million km2 each January or nearly half of the land surface in that hemisphere.', u'Mount Baker received 2,896 cm (95.01 ft) of snow, thus surpassing the previous record holder, Mount Rainier, Washington, which during the 1971\u20131972 season received 2,850 cm (93.5 ft) of snow.', u"Largest snowflakes \u2013 Guinness World Records list the world's largest snowflakes as those of January 1887 at Fort Keogh, Montana; allegedly one measured 38 cm (15 in) wide.", u'==== Highway ====\nIn the late 20th Century, an estimated $2 billion was spent annually in North America on roadway winter maintenance, owing to snow and other winter weather events, according to a 1994 report by Kuemmel.', u'1865, it required multiple locomotives to drive a wedge plow through deep snow.', u'As of 1994, of the estimated 65\u201375 million skiers worldwide, there were approximately 55 million who engaged in Alpine skiing, the rest engaged in cross-country skiing.', u'As of 1996, there were reportedly 4,500 ski areas, operating 26,000 ski lifts and enjoying 390 million skier visits per year.']}
{'title': 'US - UK - France - Italy & Japan sign Washington naval arms limitation', 'year': '1922-02-06', 'sentences': [u'Despite being one of the main victors in World War I, Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil, leading the way to the rise of a Fascist dictatorship in 1922.', u'In 1176 a league of city-states, the Lombard League, defeated the German emperor Frederick Barbarossa at the Battle of Legnano, thus ensuring effective independence for most of northern and central Italian cities.', u'The Black Death pandemic of 1348 left its mark on Italy by killing perhaps one third of the population.', u'Decades of fighting eventually saw Florence, Milan and Venice emerged as the dominant players that agreed to the Peace of Lodi in 1454, which saw relative calm brought to the region for the first time in centuries.', u'Following the Italian Wars (1494 to 1559), ignited by the rivalry between France and Spain, the city-states gradually lost their independence and came under foreign domination, first under Spain (1559 to 1713) and then Austria (1713 to 1796).', u'The 1814 Congress of Vienna restored the situation of the late 18th century, but the ideals of the French Revolution could not be eradicated, and soon re-surfaced during the political upheavals that characterised the first part of the 19th century.', u'In the context of the 1848 liberal revolutions that swept through Europe, an unsuccessful war was declared on Austria.', u'The Kingdom of Sardinia again attacked the Austrian Empire in the Second Italian War of Independence of 1859, with the aid of France, resulting in liberating Lombardy.', u'In 1860\u201361, general Giuseppe Garibaldi led the drive for unification in Naples and Sicily, allowing the Sardinian government led by the Count of Cavour to declare a united Italian kingdom on 17 March 1861.', u'In 1866, Victor Emmanuel II allied with Prussia during the Austro-Prussian War, waging the Third Italian War of Independence which allowed Italy to annex Venetia.', u'Finally, as France during the disastrous Franco-Prussian War of 1870 abandoned its garrisons in Rome, the Italians rushed to fill the power gap by taking over the Papal States.', u'The Constitutionl Law of the Kingdom of Sardinia the Albertine Statute of 1848, was extended to the whole Kingdom of Italy in 1861, and provided for basic freedoms of the new State, but electoral laws excluded the non-propertied and uneducated classes from voting.', u'In 1913, male universal suffrage was adopted.', u'Italy, nominally allied with the German Empire and the Empire of Austria-Hungary in the Triple Alliance, in 1915 joined the Allies into the war with a promise of substantial territorial gains, that included western Inner Carniola, former Austrian Littoral, Dalmatia as well as parts of the Ottoman Empire.', u'Eventually, in October 1918, the Italians launched a massive offensive, culminating in the victory of Vittorio Veneto.', u'In October 1922 the Blackshirts of the National Fascist Party attempted a coup (the "March on Rome") which failed but at the last minute, King Victor Emmanuel III refused to proclaim a state of siege and appointed Mussolini prime minister.', u"In 1935, Mussolini invaded Ethiopia, resulting in an international alienation and leading to Italy's withdrawal from the League of Nations; Italy allied with Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan and strongly supported Francisco Franco in the Spanish civil war.", u'In 1939, Italy annexed Albania, a de facto protectorate for decades.', u'Italy entered World War II on 10 June 1940.', u'An Allied invasion of Sicily began in July 1943, leading to the collapse of the Fascist regime and the fall of Mussolini on 25 July.', u'Hostilities ended on 29 April 1945, when the German forces in Italy surrendered.', u'Nearly half a million Italians (including civilians) died in the conflict, and the Italian economy had been all but destroyed; per capita income in 1944 was at its lowest point since the beginning of the 20th century.', u'=== Republican Italy ===\n\nItaly became a republic after a referendum held on 2 June 1946, a day celebrated since as Republic Day.', u'The Republican Constitution was approved on 1 January 1948.', u'Under the Treaty of Peace with Italy of 1947, most of Julian March was lost to Yugoslavia and, later, the Free Territory of Trieste was divided between the two states.', u'Fears in the Italian electorate of a possible Communist takeover proved crucial for the first universal suffrage electoral outcome on 18 April 1948, when the Christian Democrats, under the leadership of Alcide De Gasperi, obtained a landslide victory.', u'Consequently, in 1949 Italy became a member of NATO.', u'In 1957, Italy was a founding member of the European Economic Community (EEC), which became the European Union (EU) in 1993.', u'From the late 1960s until the early 1980s, the country experienced the Years of Lead, a period characterised by economic crisis (especially after the 1973 oil crisis), widespread social conflicts and terrorist massacres carried out by opposing extremist groups, with the alleged involvement of US and Soviet intelligence.', u'The Years of Lead culminated in the assassination of the Christian Democrat leader Aldo Moro in 1978 and the Bologna railway station massacre in 1980, where 85 people died.', u'In the 1980s, for the first time since 1945, two governments were led by non-Christian-Democrat premiers: one liberal (Giovanni Spadolini) and one socialist (Bettino Craxi); the Christian Democrats remained, however, the main government party.', u'From 2008 to 2015, the country suffered 42 months of GDP recession.', u'The economic crisis was one of the main problems that forced Berlusconi to resign in 2011.', u'Following the 2013 general election, the Vice-Secretary of the Democratic Party Enrico Letta formed a new government at the head of a right-left Grand coalition.', u'In 2014, challenged by the new Secretary of the PD Matteo Renzi, Letta resigned and was replaced by Renzi.', u'The five largest lakes are, in order of diminishing size: Garda (367.94 km2 or 142 sq mi), Maggiore (212.51 km2 or 82 sq mi, shared with Switzerland), Como (145.9 km2 or 56 sq mi), Trasimeno (124.29 km2 or 48 sq mi) and Bolsena (113.55 km2 or 44 sq mi).', u'After several improvements, it now ranks 84th in the world for ecological sustainability.', u"In the last decade, Italy has become one of the world's leading producers of renewable energy, ranking as the world\u2019s fourth largest holder of installed solar energy capacity and the sixth largest holder of wind power capacity in 2010.", u'The country has also operated several nuclear reactors between 1963 and 1990 but, after the Chernobyl disaster and a referendum on the issue the nuclear programme was terminated, a decision that was overturned by the government in 2008, planning to build up to four nuclear power plants with French technology.', u"Deforestation, illegal building developments and poor land-management policies have led to significant erosion all over Italy's mountainous regions, leading to major ecological disasters like the 1963 Vajont Dam flood, the 1998 Sarno and 2009 Messina mudslides.", u'Average winter temperatures vary from 0 \xb0C (32 \xb0F) on the Alps to 12 \xb0C (54 \xb0F) in Sicily, like so the average summer temperatures range from 20 \xb0C (68 \xb0F) to over 25 \xb0C (77 \xb0F).', u'== Politics ==\n\nItaly has been a unitary parliamentary republic since 2 June 1946, when the monarchy was abolished by a constitutional referendum.', u"The President of Italy (Presidente della Repubblica), currently Sergio Mattarella since 2015, is Italy's head of state.", u'During the 2013 general election these three parties won 579 out of 630 seats available in the Chamber of Deputies and 294 out of 315 in the Senate.', u'On 15 November 2013, 58 splinter MPs from Forza Italia founded New Centre-Right.', u'A 2009 report identified 610 comuni which have a strong Mafia presence, where 13 million Italians live and 14.6% of the Italian GDP is produced.', u'Italy was admitted to the United Nations in 1955, and it is a member and strong supporter of a wide number of international organisations, such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade/World Trade Organization (GATT/WTO), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the Council of Europe, and the Central European Initiative.', u'Its recent turns in the rotating presidency of international organisations include the Conference for Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE), the forerunner of the OSCE, in 1994; G8; and the EU in 2009 and from July to December 2003.', u'As of 2013, Italy was deploying 5,296 troops abroad, engaged in 33 UN and NATO missions in 25 countries of the world.', u'Italy deployed over 2,000 troops in Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) from February 2003.', u"In August 2006 Italy deployed about 2,450 troops in Lebanon for the United Nations' peacekeeping mission UNIFIL.", u'Italy is one of the largest financiers of the Palestinian National Authority, contributing \u20ac60 million in 2013 alone.', u'From 2005, military service is entirely voluntary.', u'In 2010, the Italian military had 293,202 personnel on active duty, of which 114,778 are Carabinieri.', u'Total Italian military spending in 2010 ranked tenth in the world, standing at $35.8 billion, equal to 1.7% of national GDP.', u"As part of NATO's nuclear sharing strategy Italy also hosts 90 United States nuclear bombs, located in the Ghedi and Aviano air bases.", u'The Italian Army is the national ground defence force, numbering 109,703 in 2008.', u'The Italian Navy in 2008 had 35,200 active personnel with 85 commissioned ships and 123 aircraft.', u'The Italian Air Force in 2008 had a strength of 43,882 and operated 585 aircraft, including 219 combat jets and 114 helicopters.', u'The coming years will also see the introduction of 121 EF2000 Eurofighter Typhoons, replacing the leased F-16 Fighting Falcons.', u'The country is further divided into 14 metropolitan cities (citt\xe0 metropolitane) and 96 provinces (province), which in turn are subdivided in 8,047 municipalities (comuni).', u"The country was the world's 7th largest exporter in 2009.", u'Finally, tourism is one of the fastest growing and profitable sectors of the national economy: with 48.6 million international tourist arrivals and total receipts estimated at $45.5 billion in 2014, Italy was the fifth most visited country and the sixth highest tourism earner in the world.', u'Italy introduced the common European currency, the Euro in 2002.', u'The political efforts to revive growth with massive government spending eventually produced a severe rise in public debt, that stood at over 135% of GDP in 2014, ranking second in the EU only after the Greek one (at 174%).', u'=== Agriculture ===\n\nAccording to the last national agricultural census, there were 1.6 million farms in 2010 (-32.4% since 2000) covering 12.7 million hectares (63% of which are located in Southern Italy).', u"Venice has an average of 50,000 tourists a day (2007 estimate) and in 2006 it was the world's 28th most internationally visited city, with 2.927 million international arrivals that year.", u'=== Infrastructure ===\n\nIn 2004 the transport sector in Italy generated a turnover of about 119.4 billion euros, employing 935,700 persons in 153,700 enterprises.', u'Regarding the national road network, in 2002 there were 668,721 km (415,524 mi) of serviceable roads in Italy, including 6,487 km (4,031 mi) of motorways, state-owned but privately operated by Atlantia.', u'In 2005, about 34,667,000 passenger cars (590 cars per 1,000 people) and 4,015,000 goods vehicles circulated on the national road network.', u'The national railway network, state-owned and operated by Ferrovie dello Stato, in 2008 totalled 16,529 km (10,271 mi) of which 11,727 km (7,287 mi) is electrified, and on which 4,802 locomotives and railcars run.', u'The national inland waterways network comprised 1,477 km (918 mi) of navigable rivers and channels in 2002.', u"In 2004 there were approximately 30 main airports (including the two hubs of Malpensa International in Milan and Leonardo da Vinci International in Rome) and 43 major seaports (including the seaport of Genoa, the country's largest and second largest in the Mediterranean Sea).", u'In 2005 Italy maintained a civilian air fleet of about 389,000 units and a merchant fleet of 581 ships.', u'The Galli Law, passed in 1993, aimed at raising the level of investment and to improve service quality by consolidating service providers, making them more efficient and increasing the level of cost recovery through tariff revenues.', u'Fibonacci (c. 1170 \u2013 c. 1250), and Gerolamo Cardano (1501\u201376) made fundamental advances in mathematics.', u"Other prominent physicists include: Amedeo Avogadro (most noted for his contributions to molecular theory, in particular the Avogadro's law and the Avogadro constant), Evangelista Torricelli (inventor of barometer), Alessandro Volta (inventor of electric battery), Guglielmo Marconi (inventor of radio), Ettore Majorana (who discovered the Majorana fermions), Carlo Rubbia (1984 Nobel Prize in Physics for work leading to the discovery of the W and Z particles at CERN).", u'In biology, Francesco Redi has been the first to challenge the theory of spontaneous generation by demonstrating that maggots come from eggs of flies and he described 180 parasites in details and Marcello Malpighi founded microscopic anatomy, Lazzaro Spallanzani conducted important research in bodily functions, animal reproduction, and cellular theory, Camillo Golgi, whose many achievements include the discovery of the Golgi complex, paved the way to the acceptance of the Neuron doctrine, Rita Levi-Montalcini discovered the nerve growth factor (awarded 1986 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine).', u'In chemistry, Giulio Natta received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1963 for his work on high polymers.', u'Giuseppe Occhialini received the Wolf Prize in Physics for the discovery of the pion or pi-meson decay in 1947.', u"Ennio de Giorgi, a Wolf Prize in Mathematics recipient in 1990, solved Bernstein's problem about minimal surfaces and the 19th Hilbert problem on the regularity of solutions of Elliptic partial differential equations.", u'== Demographics ==\n\nAt the end of 2013, Italy had 60,782,668 inhabitants.', u'The total fertility rate has also climbed from an all-time low of 1.18 children per woman in 1995 to 1.41 in 2008.', u'Between 1898 and 1914, the peak years of Italian diaspora, approximately 750,000 Italians emigrated each year.', u'=== Metropolitan cities and Functional urban areas ===\n\n\n=== Ethnic groups ===\n\nIn 2014, Italy had about 4.9 million foreign residents, making up some 8.1% of the total population.', u'The official figures also exclude illegal immigrants, that were estimated in 2008 to number at least 670,000.', u'After the fall of the Berlin Wall and, more recently, the 2004 and 2007 enlargements of the European Union, large waves of migration originated from the former socialist countries of Eastern Europe (especially Romania, Albania, Ukraine and Poland).', u'The number of unregistered Romanians is difficult to estimate, but the Balkan Investigative Reporting Network suggested in 2007 that there might have been half a million or more.', u'It is estimated that there are about 64 million native Italian speakers while the total number of Italian speakers, including those who use it as a second language, is about 85 million.', u'In 2010, the proportion of Italians that identify themselves as Roman Catholic was 81.2%.', u'Often incorrectly referred to as "the Vatican", the Holy See is not the same entity as the Vatican City State, which came into existence only in 1929; the Holy See dates back to early Christian times.', u"In 2011, there were an estimated 1.5 million Orthodox Christians in Italy, or 2.5% of the population; 0.5 million Pentecostals and Evangelicals (of whom 0.4 million are members of the Assemblies of God), 235,685 Jehovah's Witnesses, 30,000 Waldensians, 25,000 Seventh-day Adventists, 22,000 Latter-day Saints, 15,000 Baptists (plus some 5,000 Free Baptists), 7,000 Lutherans, 4,000 Methodists (affiliated with the Waldensian Church).", u'In 2010, there were 1.6 million Muslims in Italy, forming 2.6% of population.', u"There were an estimated 4,900 Bah\xe1'\xeds in Italy in 2005.", u'In 2012, the Italian secondary education has been evalued as slightly below the OECD average, with a strong and steady improvement in science and mathematics results since 2003; however, a wide gap exists between northern schools, which performed significantly better than the national average (among the best in the world in some subjects), and schools in the South, that had much poorer results.', u'=== Health ===\n\nThe Italian state runs a universal public healthcare system since 1978.', u"Healthcare spending in Italy accounted for 9.2% of the national GDP in 2012, very close the OECD countries' average of 9.3%.", u"Italy in 2000 ranked as having the world's 2nd best healthcare system, and the world's 2nd best healthcare performance.", u'Life expectancy in Italy is 80 for males and 85 for females, placing the country 6th in the world for life expectancy.', u'The proportion of daily smokers was 22% in 2012, down from 24.4% in 2000 but still slightly above the OECD average.', u'Smoking in public places including bars, restaurants, night clubs and offices has been restricted to specially ventilated rooms since 2005.', u'== Culture ==\n\nFor centuries divided by politics and geography until its eventual unification in 1861, Italy has developed a unique culture, shaped by a multitude of regional customs and local centres of power and patronage.', u"=== Architecture ===\n\nItaly has a very broad and diverse architectural style, which cannot be simply classified by period, but also by region, because of Italy's division into several regional states until 1861.", u'Michelangelo was an active sculptor from about 1500 to 1520, and his great masterpieces including his David, Piet\xe0, Moses.', u'Modern literary figures and Nobel laureates are nationalist poet Giosu\xe8 Carducci in 1906, realist writer Grazia Deledda in 1926, modern theatre author Luigi Pirandello in 1936, poets Salvatore Quasimodo in 1959 and Eugenio Montale in 1975, satirist and theatre author Dario Fo in 1997.', u"Carlo Collodi's 1883 novel, The Adventures of Pinocchio, is the most celebrated children's classic by an Italian author.", u'The Italian film industry was born between 1903 and 1908 with three companies: the Societ\xe0 Italiana Cines, the Ambrosio Film and the Itala Film.', u'Italy\'s national football team (nicknamed Gli Azzurri \u2013 "the Blues") is one of the world\'s most successful team as it has won four FIFA World Cups (1934, 1938, 1982, and 2006).', u"The Italian national basketball team's best results were gold at Eurobasket 1983 and EuroBasket 1999, as well as silver at the Olympics in 2004.", u"Italy men's national volleyball team winning three World Championships in a row 1990, 1994 and 1998 an three silver medal in Olympics 1996, 2004, 2016.", u'The Rome Masters, founded in 1930, is one of the most prestigious tennis tournaments in the world.', u'Italian professional tennis players won the Davis Cup in 1976 and the Fed Cup in 2006, 2009, 2010 and 2013.', u'Italian Scuderia Ferrari is the oldest surviving team in Grand Prix racing, having competed since 1948, and statistically the most successful Formula One team in history with a record of 224 wins.', u'The country hosted two Winter Olympics (in 1956 and 2006), and one Summer games (in 1960).', u'According to Top Global Fashion Capital Rankings 2013 by Global Language Monitor, Rome ranked sixth worldwide when Milan was twelfth.', u'Retrieved 6 March 2010.', u'Retrieved 6 March 2010.', u'Contemporary Italy: politics, economy and society since 1945 (Routledge, 2014)\n"Italy History \u2013 Italian History Index" (in Italian and English).', u'Retrieved 6 March 2010.']}
{'title': 'Astronomical Society of Pacific holds 1st meeting in SF', 'year': '1889-02-07', 'sentences': [u"The Royal Astronomical Society (RAS) is a learned society that began as the Astronomical Society of London in 1820 to support astronomical research (mainly carried on at the time by 'gentleman astronomers' rather than professionals).", u'It became the Royal Astronomical Society in 1831 on receiving its Royal Charter from William IV.', u'A Supplemental Charter in 1915 opened up the fellowship to women.', u'The full list of journals published (both currently and historically) by the RAS, with abbreviations as used for the NASA ADS bibliographic codes is:\nMemoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society (MmRAS): 1822\u20131977\nMonthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (MNRAS): Since 1827\nGeophysical Supplement to Monthly Notices (MNRAS): 1922\u20131957\nGeophysical Journal (GeoJ): 1958\u20131988\nGeophysical Journal International (GeoJI): Since 1989 (volume numbering continues from GeoJ)\nQuarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society (QJRAS): 1960\u20131996\nAstronomy & Geophysics (A&G): Since 1997 (volume numbering continues from QJRAS)\n\n\n== Fellowship ==\nMembers of the RAS are styled fellows, and may use the postnominals FRAS.', u'The fellowship passed 3,000 in 2003.', u'== Friends of the Royal Astronomical Society ==\nIn 2009 an initiative was launched for those with an interest in astronomy and geophysics but without professional qualifications or specialist knowledge in the subject.', u'Since 1876 no-one has served for more than two years in total.', u'Among the recipients best known to the general public are Albert Einstein in 1926, and Stephen Hawking in 1985.']}
{'title': 'US Weather Service is founded', 'year': '1877-02-09', 'sentences': [u'The agency was known as the United States Weather Bureau from 1870 until it adopted its current name in 1970.', u'== History ==\n\nIn 1870, the Weather Bureau of the United States was established through a joint resolution of Congress signed by President Ulysses S. Grant with a mission to "provide for taking meteorological observations at the military stations in the interior of the continent and at other points in the States and Territories...and for giving notice on the northern (Great) Lakes and on the seacoast by magnetic telegraph and marine signals, of the approach and force of storms."', u"Cleveland Abbe \u2013 who began developing probabilistic forecasts using daily weather data sent by the Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce and Western Union, which he convinced to back the collection of such information in 1869 \u2013 was appointed as the Bureau's first chief meteorologist.", u'The agency first became a civilian enterprise in 1890, when it became part of the Department of Agriculture.', u'The first Weather Bureau radiosonde was launched in Massachusetts in 1937, which prompted a switch from routine aircraft observation to radiosondes within two years.', u'The Bureau prohibited the word "tornado" from being used in any of its weather products out of concern for inciting panic (a move contradicted in its intentions by the high death tolls in past tornado outbreaks due to the lack of advanced warning) until 1938, when it began disseminating tornado warnings exclusively to emergency management personnel.', u'The Bureau would later be moved to the Department of Commerce in 1940.', u'On July 12, 1950, bureau chief Francis W. Reichelderfer officially lifted the agency\'s ban on public tornado alerts in a Circular Letter, noting to all first order stations that "Weather Bureau employees should avoid statements that can be interpreted as a negation of the Bureau\'s willingness or ability to make tornado forecasts", and that a "good probability of verification" exist when issuing such forecasts due to the difficulty in accurately predicting tornadic activity.', u"However it would not be until it faced criticism for continuing to refuse to provide public tornado warnings and preventing the release of the USAF Severe Weather Warning Center's tornado forecasts (pioneered in 1948 by Air Force Capt.", u'Robert C. Miller and Major Ernest Fawbush) beyond military personnel that the Bureau issued its first experimental public tornado forecasts in March 1952.', u'In 1957, the Bureau began using radars for short-term forecasting of local storms and hydrological events, using modified versions of those used by Navy aircraft to create the WSR-57 (Weather Surveillance Radar, 1957), with a network of WSR systems being deployed nationwide through the early 1960s; some of the radars were upgraded to WSR-74 models beginning in 1974.', u'The Weather Bureau became part of the Environmental Science Services Administration when that agency was formed in August 1966.', u'The Environmental Science Services Administration was renamed the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) on October 1, 1970, with the enactment of the National Environmental Policy Act.', u'NEXRAD (Next Generation Radar), a system of Doppler radars deployed to improve the detection and warning time of severe local storms, replaced the WSR-57 and WSR-74 systems between 1988 and 1997.', u'IMETs, approximately 70 to 80 of which are employed nationally, can be deployed anywhere a disaster strikes and must be capable of working long hours for weeks at a time in remote locations under rough conditions.', u'The first such center was founded on September 23, 1946.', u'The program, which was established in 1890 under the Organic Act, currently has a twofold mission:\nProvide observational meteorological data, usually consisting of daily maximum and minimum temperatures, snowfall, and 24-hour precipitation totals, required to define the climate of the United States and to help measure long-term climate changes.', u"To help meet these needs, the NWS's National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) in Hancock County, Mississippi operates a network of about 90 buoys and 60 land-based coastal observing systems (C-MAN).", u'The NWS operates 92 radiosonde locations in North America and ten sites in the Caribbean.', u'A small, expendable instrument package is suspended below a 2 metres (6.6 ft) wide balloon filled with hydrogen or helium, then released daily at or shortly after 1100 and 2300 UTC, respectively.', u'The NOAA Weather Wire Service (NWWS) is a satellite data collection and dissemination system operated by the National Weather Service, which was established in October 2000.', u'Since 1983, the NWS has provided external user access to weather information obtained by or derived from the U.S. Government through a collection of data communication line services called the Family of Services (FOS), which is accessible via dedicated telecommunications access lines in the Washington, D.C., area.', u'== Technology ==\n\nThe WSR-88D Doppler weather radar system, also called NEXRAD, was developed by the National Weather Service during the mid-1980s, and fully deployed throughout the majority of the United States by 1997.', u"=== Aborted Byrne proposal ===\nIn 1983, under the administration of President Ronald Reagan, NOAA administrator John V. Byrne announced a proposal to sell all of the agency's weather satellite at auction with the intent to repurchase the weather data from private contractors that would acquire the satellites.", u'=== Failed Santorum proposal ===\n\nIn 2005, Pennsylvania Senator Rick Santorum introduced the National Weather Service Duties Act of 2005, a bill which would have prohibited the NWS from freely distributing weather data.', u'The bill attracted no cosponsors, and died in committee during the 2005 Congressional session; no subsequent attempts have been made to restrict NWS forecasts.', u"== See also ==\n\nList of National Weather Service locations\nMeteorological Service of Canada \u2013 a Canadian weather forecasting agency operated under Environment Canada, founded in 1876\nNOAA's Environmental Real-time Observation Network\nRadar Operations Center\nReginald Fessenden \u2013 known for proving the practicality of using a network of coastal radio stations to transmit weather information\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nOfficial website\nNational Weather Service on Twitter \nNational Weather Service Employees Organization (NWSEO)"]}
{'title': 'Canal builder De Lesseps & others sentenced to prision for fraud.', 'year': '1893-02-09', 'sentences': [u'Suez is an American film released on October 28, 1938 by 20th Century Fox, with Darryl F. Zanuck in charge of production, directed by Allan Dwan and starring Tyrone Power, Loretta Young and Annabella.', u'It is very loosely based on events surrounding the construction, between 1859 and 1869, of the Suez Canal, planned and supervised by French diplomat Ferdinand de Lesseps.', u'== Cast ==\n\n\n== Production ==\nA September 1937 news article reported that Tyrone Power was set to star in this film opposite Simone Simon.', u"In March 1938, Zanuck revealed that he had set up a $2,000,000 budget, with recently retired from acting George Arliss, winner of the Best Actor Academy Award for playing the title role in 1929's Disraeli, possibly returning to repeat, in Suez, his famed portrayal.", u"On April 23, 1939, six months after Suez's premiere, Tyrone Power, age 24, and Annabella, age 31, were married (his first marriage, her third), with the union lasting until 1948.", u'Since 1993, however, the write-up\'s final lines have been revised to read, "entertaining and elaborate hokum which apparently bears no resemblance to history.', u"The write-up also mentions that in his 1971 biography by Peter Bogdanovich, The Last Pioneer, Allan Dwan expresses admiration for Annabella's professionalism, in particular while filming the epic sandstorm.", u'== References ==\n\n\n== Reviews ==\nNugent, Frank S. "THE SCREEN IN REVIEW; Suez Opens at the Roxy, with Tyrone Power as the Great Canal Builder-----The Sisters Features Errol Flynn and Bette Davis at the Strand" (The New York Times, October 15, 1938, page 21)\n"Suez is at Santa Clara; Tyrone Power seen as Man Who Built the Suez Canal" (The San Jose News, January 3, 1939, page 19)\n"Films in Glasgow: "Suez" and "The Ware Case"; Tyrone Power as de Lesseps: Donald Takes Up Golf" (The Glasgow Herald, April 18, 1939, page 6)\n"THRILLING ROMANCE; Tyrone Power as Canal Builder" (The Age, June 5, 1939, page 13)\n\n\n== External links ==\nSuez at the Internet Movie Database\nSuez at AllMovie\nSuez at the TCM Movie Database\nSuez at TV Guide (1987 write-up was originally published in The Motion Picture Guide)\nBeck, Sanderson (2001).', u'Suez review (August 15, 2012) at Ozus\' World Movie Reviews\nGrost, Michael E. The Films of Allan Dwan: examining Suez for traits which are frequently perceived within the films directed by Dwan, with comparisons found in 1949\'s Sands of Iwo Jima, 1954\'s Silver Lode, 1951\'s Belle Le Grand, 1956\'s Slightly Scarlet and 1917\'s A Modern Musketeer; sections focusing on themes common to Dwan\'s work are highlighted by sub-headers "Water Works", "Politics: Rivalries Between Government Parties", "Camera Movement", "Symmetry" and "Hats"']}
{'title': 'Boeing 747 makes its 1st coml flight', 'year': '1969-02-09', 'sentences': [u'Boeing is among the largest global aircraft manufacturers, is the second-largest defense contractor in the world based on 2013 revenue, and is the largest exporter in the United States by dollar value.', u'In 2015, Boeing recorded $96.11 billion in sales, ranked 27th on the Fortune magazine "Fortune 500" list (2015), ranked 90th on the "Fortune Global 500" list (2015), and ranked 27th on the "World\'s Most Admired Companies" list (2015).', u"== History ==\n\n\n=== Before 1930 ===\n\nIn March 1910, William E. Boeing bought Heath's shipyard in Seattle on the Duwamish River, which later became his first airplane factory.", u'Boeing was incorporated in Seattle by William Boeing, on July 15, 1916, as "Pacific Aero Products Co".', u'Boeing was later incorporated in Delaware, the original Certificate of Incorporation was filed with the Secretary of State of Delaware on July 19, 1934.', u'On April 6, 1917, the U.S. declared War on Germany and later in the year entered World War I.', u'On May 9, 1917, the company became the "Boeing Airplane Company".', u'When World War I ended in 1918, a large surplus of cheap, used military planes flooded the commercial airplane market, preventing aircraft companies from selling any new airplanes, driving many out of business.', u'In 1919 the Boeing B-1, flying boat made its first flight.', u'On May 24, 1920, the Boeing Model 8 made its first flight.', u'In 1923, Boeing entered competition against Curtiss to develop a pursuit fighter for the U.S. Army Air Service.', u'In 1925, Boeing built its Model 40 mail plane for the U.S. government to use on airmail routes.', u"In 1927, an improved version of this plane was built, the Model 40A which won the U.S. Post Office's contract to deliver mail between San Francisco and Chicago.", u'The first airmail flight for the airline was on July 1, 1927.', u'The company changed its name to United Aircraft and Transport Corporation in 1929 and acquired Pratt & Whitney, Hamilton Standard Propeller Company, and Chance Vought.', u'United Aircraft then purchased National Air Transport in 1930.', u'On July 27, 1928, the 12-passenger Boeing 80 biplane made its first flight.', u'An upgraded version, the 80A, carrying eighteen passengers, made its first flight in September 1929.', u'=== 1930s and 1940s ===\nIn 1930, the Monomail, a low-wing monoplane that carried mail, was built.', u'In 1933 the Boeing 247 was introduced, the first truly modern airliner.', u'The Air Mail Act of 1934 prohibited airlines and manufacturers from being under the same corporate umbrella, so the company split into three smaller companies \u2013 Boeing Airplane Company, United Airlines, and United Aircraft Corporation, the precursor to United Technologies.', u'Clairmont "Claire" L. Egtvedt, who had become Boeing\'s president in 1933, became the chairman as well.', u'Work began in 1936 on Boeing Plant 2 to accommodate the production of larger modern aircraft.', u'The first flight of the Boeing 314 Clipper was in June 1938.', u'It was the largest civil aircraft of its time, with a capacity of 90 passengers on day flights, and of 40 passengers on night flights.', u'In 1938, Boeing completed work on its Model 307 Stratoliner.', u'In the beginning of March 1944, production had been scaled up in such a manner that over 350 planes were built each month.', u'The company successfully sold military derivatives of the Stratocruiser, such as the C-97 adapted for troop transportation and the KC-97 for aerial refueling.', u"Some of these were built at Boeing's facilities in Wichita, Kansas, which existed from 1931 to 2014.", u"In 1958, Boeing began delivery of its 707, the United States' first commercial jet airliner, in response to the British De Havilland Comet, French Sud Aviation Caravelle and Soviet Tupolev Tu-104, which were the world's first generation of commercial jet aircraft.", u"Development on the gasoline turbine engine started in 1943 and Boeing's gas turbines were designated models 502, 520, 540, 551 and 553.", u'Boeing built 2,461 engines before production ceased in April 1968.', u"=== 1960s ===\n\nVertol Aircraft Corporation was acquired by Boeing in 1960, and was reorganized as Boeing's Vertol division.", u'The twin-rotor CH-47 Chinook, produced by Vertol, took its first flight in 1961.', u'In 1964, Vertol also began production of the CH-46 Sea Knight.', u'In December 1960, Boeing announced the model 727 jetliner, which went into commercial service about three years later.', u'Boeing won a contract in 1961 to manufacture the S-IC stage of the Saturn V rocket, manufactured at the Michoud Assembly Facility in New Orleans, Louisiana.', u"In 1966, Boeing president William M. Allen asked Malcolm T. Stamper to spearhead production of the new 747 airliner on which the company's future was riding.", u'In 1967, Boeing introduced another short- and medium-range airliner, the twin-engine 737.', u"The roll-out ceremonies for the first 747-100 took place in 1968, at the massive new factory in Everett, about an hour's drive from Boeing's Seattle home.", u'The first commercial flight occurred in 1970.', u'Only one was built, but it saw service in Vietnam and Europe before running aground in 1972.', u"Another problem was that, in 1971, the U.S. Congress decided to stop the funding for the development of the supersonic 2707, Boeing's answer to the British-French Concorde, forcing the company to discontinue the project.", u'Commercial Airplane Group, by far the largest unit of Boeing, went from 83,700 employees in 1968 to 20,750 in 1971.', u'Housing vacancy rates rose to 16 percent from 1 percent in 1967.', u'In January 1970, the first 747, a four-engine long-range airliner, flew its first commercial flight with Pan American World Airways.', u'Boeing launched three Jetfoil 929-100 hydrofoils that were acquired in 1975 for service in the Hawaiian Islands.', u'When the service ended in 1979 the three hydrofoils were acquired by Far East Hydrofoil for service between Hong Kong and Macau.', u'=== 1980s ===\n\nIn 1983, the economic situation began to improve.', u'At its peak in 1991, the B-2 was the largest military program at Boeing, employing about 10,000 people.', u"The first B-2 rolled out of the bomber's final assembly facility in Palmdale, California, in November 1988 and it flew for the first time on July 17, 1989.", u'In April 1994, Boeing introduced the most modern commercial jet aircraft at the time, the twin-engine 777, with a seating capacity of approximately 300 to 370 passengers in a typical three-class layout, in between the 767 and the 747.', u'It has since become the fastest-selling version of the 737 in history, and on April 20, 2006 sales passed those of the "Classic 737", with a follow-up order for 79 aircraft from Southwest Airlines.', u'In 1995, Boeing chose to demolish the headquarters complex on East Marginal Way South instead of upgrading it to match new seismic standards.', u'The headquarters were moved to an adjacent building and the facility was demolished in 1996.', u'In 1997, Boeing was headquartered on East Marginal Way South, by King County Airport, in Seattle.', u"In 1996, Boeing acquired Rockwell's aerospace and defense units.", u'In August 1997, Boeing merged with McDonnell Douglas in a US$13 billion stock swap under the name The Boeing Company.', u"However this name had actually been Boeing's official name previously adopted on May 21, 1961.", u'Following the merger, the McDonnell Douglas MD-95 was renamed the Boeing 717, and the production of the MD-11 was limited to the freighter version.', u'=== 2000\u20132009 ===\n\nIn January 2000, Boeing chose to expand its presence in another aerospace field of satellite communications by purchasing Hughes Electronics.', u'In September 2001, Boeing moved its corporate headquarters from Seattle to Chicago.', u'On October 10, 2001, Boeing lost to its rival Lockheed Martin in the fierce competition for the multibillion-dollar Joint Strike Fighter contract.', u'After development delays and FAA certification, Boeing delivered the tankers to Japan from 2008 with the second KC-767 following on 5 March.', u'to 2010.', u'Italy received its four KC-767 during 2011.', u'In 2004, Boeing ended production of the 757 after 1,050 aircraft were produced.', u'Also that year, Boeing announced that the 717, the last civil aircraft to be designed by McDonnell Douglas, would cease production in 2006.', u'After several decades of success, Boeing lost ground to Airbus and subsequently lost its lead in the airliner market in 2003.', u'It was launched in 2001 along with a new advertising campaign to promote the company\'s new motto, "Forever New Frontiers", and to rehabilitate its image.', u'The 787 program has encountered delays, with the first flight not occurring until late 2009.', u'After regulatory approval, Boeing formed a joint venture, United Launch Alliance with its competitor, Lockheed Martin, on December 1, 2006.', u'On August 2, 2005, Boeing sold its Rocketdyne rocket engine division to Pratt & Whitney.', u'On May 1, 2006, Boeing agreed to purchase Dallas, Texas-based Aviall, Inc. for $1.7 billion and retain $350 million in debt.', u'The company debuted the product to journalists in 2005, receiving generally favorable reviews.', u'In August 2006, after a short and unsuccessful search for a buyer for the business, Boeing chose to discontinue the service.', u'On August 18, 2007, NASA selected Boeing as the manufacturing contractor for the liquid-fueled upper stage of the Ares I rocket.', u'Boeing launched the 777 Freighter in May 2005 with an order from Air France.', u'Boeing officially announced in November 2005 that it would produce a larger variant of the 747, the 747-8, in two versions, commencing with the Freighter version with firm orders for two cargo carriers.', u'The 777-200LR Worldliner embarked on a well-received global demonstration tour in the second half of 2005, showing off its capacity to fly farther than any other commercial aircraft.', u'On November 10, 2005, the 777-200LR set a world record for the longest non-stop flight.', u'On August 11, 2006, Boeing agreed to form a joint-venture with the large Russian titanium producer, VSMPO-Avisma for the machining of titanium forgings.', u'On December 27, 2007 Boeing and VSMPO-Avisma created a joint venture, Ural Boeing Manufacturing, and signed a contract on titanium product deliveries until 2015, with Boeing planning to invest $27 billion in Russia over the next 30 years.', u'In February 2011, Boeing received a contract for 179 KC-46 U.S. Air Force tankers at a value of $35 billion.', u'The FCS program was canceled in June 2009 with all remaining systems swept into the BCT Modernization program.', u'==== Unethical conduct ====\nIn May 2003, the U.S. Air Force announced it would lease 100 KC-767 tankers to replace the oldest 136 of its KC-135s.', u'In November 2003, responding to critics who argued that the lease was more expensive than an outright purchase, the DoD announced a revised lease of 20 aircraft and purchase of 80.', u'In December 2003, the Pentagon announced the project was to be frozen while an investigation of allegations of corruption by one of its former procurement staffers, Darleen Druyun (who began employment at Boeing in January) was begun.', u'In October 2004, she received a jail sentence for corruption.', u'In March 2005, the Boeing board forced President and CEO Harry Stonecipher to resign.', u"Bell served as interim CEO (in addition to his normal duties as Boeing's CFO) until the appointment of Jim McNerney as the new Chairman, President, and CEO on June 30, 2005.", u'==== Industrial espionage ====\nIn June 2003, Lockheed Martin sued Boeing, alleging that the company had resorted to industrial espionage in 1998 to win the Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV) competition.', u'In July 2003, Boeing was penalized, with the Pentagon stripping seven launches away from the company and awarding them to Lockheed Martin.', u'Furthermore, the company was forbidden to bid for rocket contracts for a twenty-month period, which expired in March 2005.', u'In early September 2005, it was reported that Boeing was negotiating a settlement with the U.S. Department of Justice in which it would pay up to $500 million to cover this and the Darleen Druyun scandal.', u'=== 1992 EU-US Agreement notes ===\nUntil the late 1970s, the U.S. had a near monopoly in the Large Civil Aircraft (LCA) sector.', u'Negotiations were concluded in 1992 with the signing of the EC-US Agreement on Trade in Large Civil Aircraft which imposes disciplines on government support on both sides of the Atlantic which are significantly stricter than the relevant World Trade Organization (WTO) rules: Notably, the Agreement regulates in detail the forms and limits of government support, prescribes transparency obligations and commits the parties to avoiding trade disputes.', u'==== Subsidy disputes ====\nIn 2004, the EU and the U.S. agreed to discuss a possible revision of the 1992 EU-US Agreement provided that this would cover all forms of subsidies including those used in the U.S., and in particular the subsidies for the Boeing 787; the first new aircraft to be launched by Boeing for 14 years.', u'In October 2004 the U.S. began legal proceedings at the WTO by requesting WTO consultations on European launch investment to Airbus.', u'The U.S. also unilaterally withdrew from the 1992 EU-US Agreement.', u'The U.S. claimed Airbus had violated a 1992 bilateral accord when it received what Boeing deemed "unfair" subsidies from several European governments.', u'On January 11, 2005, Boeing and Airbus agreed that they would attempt to find a solution to the dispute outside of the WTO.', u'However, in June 2005, Boeing and the United States government reopened the trade dispute with the WTO, claiming that Airbus had received illegal subsidies from European governments.', u'On September 15, 2010, the WTO ruled that Boeing had received billions of dollars in government subsidies.', u'=== Future concepts ===\nIn May 2006, four concept designs being examined by Boeing were outlined in The Seattle Times based on corporate internal documents.', u'=== 2010\u2013present ===\n\nIn 2010, Boeing completed its acquisition of Argon ST Inc. Based in Fairfax, Virginia, Argon ST develops C4ISR (Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance) and combat systems.', u"On June 30, 2010, Boeing announced its intent to acquire Argon ST as part of the company's strategy to expand its capabilities to address the C4ISR, cyber and intelligence markets.", u'On November 17, 2011, it was reported that Lion Air has committed to ordering 201 Boeing 737 MAX and 29 737-900ER airliners.', u'On January 5, 2012, Boeing announced plans to close its facilities in Wichita, Kansas with 2,160 workers before 2014, more than 80 years after it was established.', u'Boeing announced on May 13, 2013 it would cut 1,500 IT jobs in Seattle, Washington over the next three years in combination of layoffs, attrition and relocation.', u'The company announced a 26 percent increase in profits\u2014US$1.23 billion total\u2014for Q4 2013, citing higher demand for commercial aircraft.', u'In April 2014, Boeing announced their Long Beach manufacturing facility would shut down by the end of the year.', u'The last C-17, #276, left final assembly in 2015.', u'The assembly site officially closed in February 2015, and by April, Boeing had been auctioning factory manufacturing parts off.', u"In June 2015, Boeing announced that James McNerney would step down as CEO to be replaced by Boeing's COO, Dennis Muilenburg, on July 1, 2015.", u"== Environment ==\n\n\n=== Environmental record ===\nIn 2006, the UCLA Center for Environmental Risk Reduction released a study showing that Boeing's Santa Susana Field Laboratory, in the Simi Hills of eastern Ventura County in Southern California, had been contaminated with toxic and radioactive waste.", u'Boeing estimates that biofuels could reduce flight-related greenhouse-gas emissions by 60 to 80 percent.', u'Boeing was also joining other aviation-related members in the Algal Biomass Organization (ABO) on June 2008.', u'A two-hour test flight using a 50\u201350 mixture of the new biofuel with Jet A-1 in the number one position Rolls Royce RB-211 engine of 747-400 ZK-NBS, was successfully completed on December 30, 2008.', u'On August 31, 2010, Boeing worked with the U.S. Air Force to test the Boeing C-17 running on 50 percent JP-8, 25 percent Hydro-treated Renewable Jet fuel and 25 percent of a Fischer\u2013Tropsch fuel with successful results.', u'== Political contributions, federal contracts, advocacy ==\nIn both 2008 and 2009, Boeing was second on the list of Top 100 US Federal Contractors, with contracts totalling $22 billion and $23 billion respectively.', u'Since 1995, the company has agreed to pay $1.6 billion to settle 39 instances of misconduct, including $615 million in 2006 in relation to illegal hiring of government officials and improper use of proprietary information.', u'Boeing is the top receiver of subsidies (dubbed "corporate welfare") in the U.S. based on 2014 data, with a total of $13.18 billion.', u'It also secured the highest ever tax breaks at the state level in 2013.', u"Boeing's 2010 lobbying expenditure by the third quarter was $13.2 million (2009 total: $16.9 million).", u'In the 2008 presidential election, Barack Obama "was by far the biggest recipient of campaign contributions from Boeing employees and executives, hauling in $197,000 \u2013 five times as much as John McCain, and more than the top eight Republicans combined."', u'In 2011, Boeing spent $147.3 million in these areas through charitable grants and business sponsorships.', u'In February 2012, Boeing Global Corporate Citizenship partnered with the Insight Labs to develop a new model for foundations to more effectively lead the sector that they serve.', u'In 2007 and 2008, the company benefited from over $10 billion of long-term loan guarantees, helping finance the purchase of their commercial aircraft in countries including Brazil, Canada, Ireland and the United Arab Emirates, from the Export-Import Bank of the United States, some 65 percent of the total loan guarantees the bank made in the period.', u'In December 2011, the non-partisan organization Public Campaign criticized Boeing for spending $52.29 million on lobbying and not paying taxes during 2008\u20132010, instead getting $178 million in tax rebates, despite making a profit of $9.7 billion, laying off 14,862 workers since 2008, and increasing executive pay by 31 percent to $41.9 million in 2010 for its top five executives.', u'Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2011.', u'London: Penguin Press, 1997.', u'Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2015.']}
{'title': "Halley\\'s Comet reaches perihelion [closest approach to sun]", 'year': '1986-02-09', 'sentences': [u'== Application to Earth ==\nEarth is about 147.1 milion kilometers (91.4 million miles) from the Sun at perihelion around January 3, in contrast to about 152.1 million kilometers (94.5 million miles) at aphelion around July 4 \u2014 a difference of about 5.0 million kilometers (3.1 million miles).']}
{'title': 'Queen Victoria marries Prince Albert', 'year': '1840-02-10', 'sentences': [u'Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 \u2013 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death.', u'From 1 May 1876, she adopted the additional title of Empress of India.', u'Both the Duke of Kent and King George III died in 1820, and Victoria was raised under close supervision by her German-born mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld.', u'Victoria married her first cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in 1840.', u"After Albert's death in 1861, Victoria plunged into deep mourning and avoided public appearances.", u"Until 1817, Edward's niece, Princess Charlotte of Wales, was the only legitimate grandchild of George III.", u'Her death in 1817 precipitated a succession crisis that brought pressure on the Duke of Kent and his unmarried brothers to marry and have children.', u'In 1818 he married Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, a widowed German princess with two children\u2014Carl (1804\u20131856) and Feodora (1807\u20131872)\u2014by her first marriage to the Prince of Leiningen.', u"The Duke and Duchess of Kent's only child, Victoria was born at 4.15 a.m. on 24 May 1819 at Kensington Palace in London.", u'Victoria was christened privately by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Charles Manners-Sutton, on 24 June 1819 in the Cupola Room at Kensington Palace.', u"The Dukes of Kent and Clarence married on the same day 12 months before Victoria's birth, but both of Clarence's daughters (born in 1819 and 1820 respectively) died as infants.", u"Victoria's grandfather and father died in 1820, within a week of each other, and the Duke of York died in 1827.", u'On the death of her uncle George IV in 1830, Victoria became heir presumptive to her next surviving uncle, William IV.', u'The Regency Act 1830 made special provision for the Duchess of Kent to act as regent in case William died while Victoria was still a minor.', u"King William distrusted the Duchess's capacity to be regent, and in 1836 declared in her presence that he wanted to live until Victoria's 18th birthday, so that a regency could be avoided.", u'In 1830, the Duchess of Kent and Conroy took Victoria across the centre of England to visit the Malvern Hills, stopping at towns and great country houses along the way.', u'Similar journeys to other parts of England and Wales were taken in 1832, 1833, 1834 and 1835.', u'At Ramsgate in October 1835, Victoria contracted a severe fever, which Conroy initially dismissed as a childish pretence.', u"By 1836, the Duchess's brother, Leopold, who had been King of the Belgians since 1831, hoped to marry his niece to his nephew, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.", u"Leopold arranged for Victoria's mother to invite her Coburg relatives to visit her in May 1836, with the purpose of introducing Victoria to Albert.", u'On 20 June 1837, William IV died at the age of 71, and Victoria became Queen of the United Kingdom.', u'Since 1714, Britain had shared a monarch with Hanover in Germany, but under Salic law women were excluded from the Hanoverian succession.', u'Her coronation took place on 28 June 1838 at Westminster Abbey.', u"At the start of her reign Victoria was popular, but her reputation suffered in an 1839 court intrigue when one of her mother's ladies-in-waiting, Lady Flora Hastings, developed an abdominal growth that was widely rumoured to be an out-of-wedlock pregnancy by Sir John Conroy.", u'In 1839, Melbourne resigned after Radicals and Tories (both of whom Victoria detested) voted against a bill to suspend the constitution of Jamaica.', u'Victoria continued to praise Albert following his second visit in October 1839.', u'Albert and Victoria felt mutual affection and the Queen proposed to him on 15 October 1839, just five days after he had arrived at Windsor.', u"They were married on 10 February 1840, in the Chapel Royal of St James's Palace, London.", u"After the death of Princess Augusta in 1840, Victoria's mother was given both Clarence and Frogmore Houses.", u"During Victoria's first pregnancy in 1840, in the first few months of the marriage, 18-year-old Edward Oxford attempted to assassinate her while she was riding in a carriage with Prince Albert on her way to visit her mother.", u'Her daughter, also named Victoria, was born on 21 November 1840.', u'== 1842\u20131860 ==\n\nOn 29 May 1842, Victoria was riding in a carriage along The Mall, London, when John Francis aimed a pistol at her but the gun did not fire; he escaped.', u'Edward Oxford felt that the attempts were encouraged by his acquittal in 1840.', u"In a similar attack in 1849, unemployed Irishman William Hamilton fired a powder-filled pistol at Victoria's carriage as it passed along Constitution Hill, London.", u'In 1850, the Queen did sustain injury when she was assaulted by a possibly insane ex-army officer, Robert Pate.', u"Melbourne's support in the House of Commons weakened through the early years of Victoria's reign, and in the 1841 general election the Whigs were defeated.", u'In 1845, Ireland was hit by a potato blight.', u"By 1846, Peel's ministry faced a crisis involving the repeal of the Corn Laws.", u'Peel resigned in 1846, after the repeal narrowly passed, and was replaced by Lord John Russell.', u"In 1843 and 1845, she and Albert stayed with King Louis Philippe I at ch\xe2teau d'Eu in Normandy; she was the first British or English monarch to visit a French one since the meeting of Henry VIII of England and Francis I of France on the Field of the Cloth of Gold in 1520.", u'When Louis Philippe made a reciprocal trip in 1844, he became the first French king to visit a British sovereign.', u'Louis Philippe was deposed in the revolutions of 1848, and fled to exile in England.', u'At the height of a revolutionary scare in the United Kingdom in April 1848, Victoria and her family left London for the greater safety of Osborne House, a private estate on the Isle of Wight that they had purchased in 1845 and redeveloped.', u"Victoria's first visit to Ireland in 1849 was a public relations success, but it had no lasting impact or effect on the growth of Irish nationalism.", u"It was only in 1851 that Palmerston was removed after he announced the British government's approval of President Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte's coup in France without consulting the Prime Minister.", u'In 1853, Victoria gave birth to her eighth child, Leopold, with the aid of the new anaesthetic, chloroform.', u'Victoria was so impressed by the relief it gave from the pain of childbirth that she used it again in 1857 at the birth of her ninth and final child, Beatrice, despite opposition from members of the clergy, who considered it against biblical teaching, and members of the medical profession, who thought it dangerous.', u'In early 1855, the government of Lord Aberdeen, who had replaced Derby, fell amidst recriminations over the poor management of British troops in the Crimean War.', u"Napoleon III, since the Crimean War Britain's closest ally, visited London in April 1855, and from 17 to 28 August the same year Victoria and Albert returned the visit.", u"They visited the Exposition Universelle (a successor to Albert's 1851 brainchild the Great Exhibition) and Napoleon I's tomb at Les Invalides (to which his remains had only been returned in 1840), and were guests of honour at a 1,200-guest ball at the Palace of Versailles.", u'On 14 January 1858, an Italian refugee from Britain called Orsini attempted to assassinate Napoleon III with a bomb made in England.', u'Victoria and Albert attended the opening of a new basin at the French military port of Cherbourg on 5 August 1858, in an attempt by Napoleon III to reassure Britain that his military preparations were directed elsewhere.', u"Derby's ministry did not last long, and in June 1859 Victoria recalled Palmerston to office.", u'They had been betrothed since September 1855, when Princess Victoria was 14 years old; the marriage was delayed by the Queen and Prince Albert until the bride was 17.', u"== Widowhood ==\n\nIn March 1861, Victoria's mother died, with Victoria at her side.", u'He was diagnosed with typhoid fever by William Jenner, and died on 14 December 1861.', u'She did undertake her official government duties, yet chose to remain secluded in her royal residences\u2014Windsor Castle, Osborne House, and the private estate in Scotland that she and Albert had acquired in 1847, Balmoral Castle.', u'In March 1864, a protester stuck a notice on the railings of Buckingham Palace that announced "these commanding premises to be let or sold in consequence of the late occupant\'s declining business".', u'The story of their relationship was the subject of the 1997 movie Mrs. Brown.', u'Palmerston died in 1865, and after a brief ministry led by Russell, Derby returned to power.', u"In 1866, Victoria attended the State Opening of Parliament for the first time since Albert's death.", u'The following year she supported the passing of the Reform Act 1867 which doubled the electorate by extending the franchise to many urban working men, though she was not in favour of votes for women.', u'Derby resigned in 1868, to be replaced by Benjamin Disraeli, who charmed Victoria.', u"In 1870, republican sentiment in Britain, fed by the Queen's seclusion, was boosted after the establishment of the Third French Republic.", u'In August and September 1871, she was seriously ill with an abscess in her arm, which Joseph Lister successfully lanced and treated with his new antiseptic carbolic acid spray.', u'In late November 1871, at the height of the republican movement, the Prince of Wales contracted typhoid fever, the disease that was believed to have killed his father, and Victoria was fearful her son would die.', u"Mother and son attended a public parade through London and a grand service of thanksgiving in St Paul's Cathedral on 27 February 1872, and republican feeling subsided.", u"On the last day of February 1872, two days after the thanksgiving service, 17-year-old Arthur O'Connor (great-nephew of Irish MP Feargus O'Connor) waved an unloaded pistol at Victoria's open carriage just after she had arrived at Buckingham Palace.", u"== Empress of India ==\n\nAfter the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the British East India Company, which had ruled much of India, was dissolved, and Britain's possessions and protectorates on the Indian subcontinent were formally incorporated into the British Empire.", u'In the 1874 general election, Disraeli was returned to power.', u'He passed the Public Worship Regulation Act 1874, which removed Catholic rituals from the Anglican liturgy and which Victoria strongly supported.', u'He also pushed the Royal Titles Act 1876 through Parliament, so that Victoria took the title "Empress of India" from 1 May 1876.', u'The new title was proclaimed at the Delhi Durbar of 1 January 1877.', u"On 14 December 1878, the anniversary of Albert's death, Victoria's second daughter Alice, who had married Louis of Hesse, died of diphtheria in Darmstadt.", u'In May 1879, she became a great-grandmother (on the birth of Princess Feodora of Saxe-Meiningen) and passed her "poor old 60th birthday".', u'Between April 1877 and February 1878, she threatened five times to abdicate while pressuring Disraeli to act against Russia during the Russo-Turkish War, but her threats had no impact on the events or their conclusion with the Congress of Berlin.', u"To Victoria's dismay, Disraeli lost the 1880 general election, and Gladstone returned as prime minister.", u'When Disraeli died the following year, she was blinded by "fast falling tears", and erected a memorial tablet "placed by his grateful Sovereign and Friend, Victoria R.I."\n\n\n== Later years ==\n\nOn 2 March 1882, Roderick Maclean, a disgruntled poet apparently offended by Victoria\'s refusal to accept one of his poems, shot at the Queen as her carriage left Windsor railway station.', u'On 17 March 1883, she fell down some stairs at Windsor, which left her lame until July; she never fully recovered and was plagued with rheumatism thereafter.', u'In early 1884, Victoria did publish More Leaves from a Journal of a Life in the Highlands, a sequel to her earlier book, which she dedicated to her "devoted personal attendant and faithful friend John Brown".', u'Victoria was pleased when Gladstone resigned in 1885 after his budget was defeated.', u"=== Golden Jubilee ===\n\nIn 1887, the British Empire celebrated Victoria's Golden Jubilee.", u"Victoria's eldest daughter became Empress consort of Germany in 1888, but she was widowed within the year, and Victoria's grandchild Wilhelm became German Emperor as Wilhelm II.", u'Gladstone returned to power after the 1892 general election; he was 82 years old.', u'In 1894, Gladstone retired and, without consulting the outgoing prime minister, Victoria appointed Lord Rosebery as prime minister.', u'=== Diamond Jubilee ===\n\nOn 23 September 1896, Victoria surpassed her grandfather George III as the longest-reigning monarch in English, Scottish, and British history.', u'The Queen requested that any special celebrations be delayed until 1897, to coincide with her Diamond Jubilee, which was made a festival of the British Empire at the suggestion of Colonial Secretary Joseph Chamberlain.', u"The Queen's Diamond Jubilee procession on 22 June 1897 followed a route six miles long through London and included troops from all over the empire.", u'In 1889, during a stay in Biarritz, she became the first reigning monarch from Britain to set foot in Spain when she crossed the border for a brief visit.', u'By April 1900, the Boer War was so unpopular in mainland Europe that her annual trip to France seemed inadvisable.', u'Instead, the Queen went to Ireland for the first time since 1861, in part to acknowledge the contribution of Irish regiments to the South African war.', u'=== Death and succession ===\n\nFollowing a custom she maintained throughout her widowhood, Victoria spent the Christmas of 1900 at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight.', u'She died on Tuesday, 22 January 1901, at half past six in the evening, at the age of 81.', u"In 1897, Victoria had written instructions for her funeral, which was to be military as befitting a soldier's daughter and the head of the army, and white instead of black.", u"Items of jewellery placed on Victoria included the wedding ring of John Brown's mother, given to her by Brown in 1883.", u'From July 1832 until just before her death, she kept a detailed journal, which eventually encompassed 122 volumes.', u"In addition to Beatrice's edited copy, Lord Esher transcribed the volumes from 1832 to 1861 before Beatrice destroyed them.", u"Biographies of Victoria written before much of the primary material became available, such as Lytton Strachey's Queen Victoria of 1921, are now considered out of date.", u'The biographies written by Elizabeth Longford and Cecil Woodham-Smith, in 1964 and 1972 respectively, are still widely admired.', u'In 1867, Walter Bagehot wrote that the monarch only retained "the right to be consulted, the right to encourage, and the right to warn".', u'The Victoria Cross was introduced in 1856 to reward acts of valour during the Crimean War, and it remains the highest British, Canadian, Australian, and New Zealand award for bravery.', u'== Titles, styles, and arms ==\n\n\n=== Titles and styles ===\n24 May 1819 \u2013 20 June 1837: Her Royal Highness Princess Alexandrina Victoria of Kent\n20 June 1837 \u2013 22 January 1901: Her Majesty The Queen\nAt the end of her reign, the Queen\'s full style and title were: "Her Majesty Victoria, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Queen, Defender of the Faith, Empress of India."', u'== Issue ==\n\n\n== Ancestry ==\n\n\n== Notes and references ==\n\n\n=== Bibliography ===\n\n\n=== Published primary sources ===\nBenson, A.C.; Esher, Viscount (editors, 1907) The Letters of Queen Victoria: A Selection of Her Majesty\'s Correspondence Between the Years 1837 and 1861, London: John Murray\nBolitho, Hector (editor, 1938) Letters of Queen Victoria from the Archives of the House of Brandenburg-Prussia, London: Thornton Butterworth\nBuckle, George Earle (editor, 1926) The Letters of Queen Victoria, 2nd Series 1862\u20131885, London: John Murray\nBuckle, George Earle (editor, 1930) The Letters of Queen Victoria, 3rd Series 1886\u20131901, London: John Murray\nConnell, Brian (1962) Regina v. Palmerston: The Correspondence between Queen Victoria and her Foreign and Prime Minister, 1837\u20131865, London: Evans Brothers\nDuff, David (editor, 1968) Victoria in the Highlands: The Personal Journal of Her Majesty Queen Victoria, London: Muller\nDyson, Hope; Tennyson, Charles (editors, 1969) Dear and Honoured Lady: The Correspondence between Queen Victoria and Alfred Tennyson, London: Macmillan\nEsher, Viscount (editor, 1912) The Girlhood of Queen Victoria: A Selection from Her Majesty\'s Diaries, 1832\u201340, London: John Murray\nFulford, Roger (editor, 1964) Dearest Child: Letters Between Queen Victoria and the Princess Royal, 1858\u201361, London: Evans Brothers\nFulford, Roger (editor, 1968) Dearest Mama: Letters Between Queen Victoria and the Crown Princess of Prussia, 1861\u201364, London: Evans Brothers\nFulford, Roger (editor, 1971) Beloved Mama: Private Correspondence of Queen Victoria and the German Crown Princess, 1878\u201385, London: Evans Brothers\nFulford, Roger (editor, 1971) Your Dear Letter: Private Correspondence of Queen Victoria and the Crown Princess of Prussia, 1863\u201371, London: Evans Brothers\nFulford, Roger (editor, 1976) Darling Child: Private Correspondence of Queen Victoria and the German Crown Princess of Prussia, 1871\u201378, London: Evans Brothers\nHibbert, Christopher (editor, 1984) Queen Victoria in Her Letters and Journals, London: John Murray, ISBN 0-7195-4107-7\nHough, Richard (editor, 1975) Advice to a Grand-daughter: Letters from Queen Victoria to Princess Victoria of Hesse, London: Heinemann, ISBN 0-434-34861-9\nJagow, Kurt (editor, 1938) Letters of the Prince Consort 1831\u201361, London: John Murray\nMortimer, Raymond (editor, 1961) Queen Victoria: Leaves from a Journal, New York: Farrar, Straus & Cudahy\nPonsonby, Sir Frederick (editor, 1930) Letters of the Empress Frederick, London: Macmillan\nRamm, Agatha (editor, 1990) Beloved and Darling Child: Last Letters between Queen Victoria and Her Eldest Daughter, 1886\u20131901, Stroud: Sutton Publishing, ISBN 978-0-86299-880-6\nVictoria, Queen (1868) Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands from 1848 to 1861, London: Smith, Elder\nVictoria, Queen (1884) More Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands from 1862 to 1882, London: Smith, Elder\n\n\n== Further reading ==\nArnstein, Walter L. (2003) Queen Victoria, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 978-0-333-63806-4\nGardiner, Juliet (1997) Queen Victoria, London: Collins and Brown, ISBN 978-1-85585-469-7\nLyden, Anne M. (2014) A Royal Passion: Queen Victoria and Photography, Los Angeles: Getty Publications, ISBN 978-1-60606-155-8\nWeintraub, Stanley (1987) Victoria: Biography of a Queen, London: HarperCollins, ISBN 978-0-04-923084-2\nWilson, A. N. (2014) Victoria: A Life, London: Atlantic Books, ISBN 978-1-84887-956-0\n\n\n== External links ==\n\n"Archival material relating to Queen Victoria".']}
{'title': "Vatican City [world\\'s Smallest Country] is made an enclave of Rome", 'year': '1929-02-11', 'sentences': [u'"The world is everything that is the case," wrote Ludwig Wittgenstein in his influential Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, first published in 1922.', u'His conception of "world disclosure" was most notably elaborated in his 1927 work Being and Time.']}
{'title': 'Madison Square Garden III closes MSG IV opens', 'year': '1968-02-11', 'sentences': [u"It was built in 1925 and closed in 1968, and was located on Eighth Avenue between 49th and 50th Streets in Manhattan, on the site of the city's trolley-car barns.", u'== Groundbreaking ==\nGround breaking on the third Madison Square Garden took place on January 9, 1925.', u'The arena, which opened on December 15, 1925, was 200 feet (61 m) by 375 feet (114 m), with seating on three levels, and a maximum capacity of 18,496 spectators for boxing.', u"The first bout took place on December 8, 1925, a week before the arena's official opening.", u"On January 17, 1941, 23,190 people witnessed Fritzie Zivic's successful welterweight title defense against Henry Armstrong, still the largest crowd for any of the Gardens.", u'However, the Rangers were not the first NHL team to play at the Garden; the New York Americans had begun play in 1925 \u2013 and in fact, officially opened the Garden by losing to the Montreal Canadiens, 3-1 \u2013 and were so tremendously successful at the gate that Rickard wanted his own team as well.', u'The Rangers were founded in 1926, playing their first game in the Garden on November 16, 1926, and both teams played at the Garden until the Americans suspended operations in 1942 due to World War II.', u"In the meantime, the Rangers had usurped the Americans' commercial success with their own success on the ice, winning three Stanley Cups between 1928 and 1940.", u"The refusal of the Garden's management to allow the resurrection of the Americans after the war was one of the popular theories underlying the Curse of 1940, which supposedly prevented the Rangers from winning the Stanley Cup again until 1994.", u'The New York Knicks debuted there in 1946, although if there was an important college game, they played in the 69th Regiment Armory.', u'MSG III also hosted the NBA All-Star Game in 1954, 1955 and 1968.', u"In 1931, a college basketball triple header to raise money for Mayor Jimmy Walker's Unemployment Relief Fund was highly successful.", u'In 1934, Ned Irish began promoting a successful series of college basketball double headers at the Garden featuring a mix of local and national schools.', u"MSG III began hosting the National Invitation Tournament annually in 1938, and hosted seven NCAA men's basketball championship finals between 1943 and 1950.", u'On February 28, 1940, Madison Square Garden hosted the first televised basketball games in a Fordham-Pitt and Georgetown-NYU doubleheader.', u'A point shaving scandal involving games played at the Garden led the NCAA to reduce its use of the Garden, and caused some schools, including 1950 NCAA and NIT Champion City College of New York (CCNY), to be banned from playing at the Garden.', u'On May 17, 1963, Bruno Sammartino was put over "Nature Boy" Buddy Rogers to become the second ever WWWF World Heavyweight Champion.', u'On November 19, 1957, the Dr. Jerry Graham & Dick the Bruiser vs. Edouard Carpentier & Argentina Rocca main event led to a race riot involving the largely Italian and Puerto Rican fans of Carpentier and Rocca.', u'==== Cycling ====\nFrom 1925 until 1961, Madison Square Garden hosted the Six Days of New York, an annual six-day racing event of track cycling.', u'Upon its final running, it was the longest-running six days in the world with 73 editions.', u'=== Other entertainment ===\n\n\n==== The Circus ====\nWhile the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus had debuted at the second Garden in 1919, the third Garden saw large numbers of performances.', u'The circus was so important to the Garden that when the Rangers played in the 1928 Stanley Cup Finals, the team was forced to play all games on the road, which did not prevent the Rangers from winning the series.', u'Although MSG III never hosted a national political convention (see below), in 1932 Franklin Delano Roosevelt continued a tradition begun in 1892 by Grover Cleveland when 22,000 people came to a rally held to support him in his bid for the U.S. presidency.', u"In 1936, Roosevelt delivered his last campaign speech before that year's election there.", u'On March 15, 1937, a massive "Boycott Nazi Germany" rally was held in the Garden, sponsored by the American Jewish Congress and the Jewish Labor Committee.', u'Ice skater and film star Sonia Henie brought her Hollywood Ice Review to the Garden in 1938, drawing more than 15,000 fans.', u'On February 20, 1939, a Pro-Nazi organization called German American Bund held a rally with 20,000 in attendance at the third Madison Square Garden.', u'By December 1941, the U.S. government outlawed the group.', u'In 1957, evangelist Billy Graham had a New York City mission at the Garden, which ran nightly for 16 weeks.', u'In 1940, 13,000 people attended the rodeo, featuring Gene Autry.', u'Elizabeth Taylor was the host when Hollywood producer Mike Todd held an anniversary party for his film Around the World in 80 Days on October 17, 1957, featuring Marilyn Monroe riding an elephant.', u'Monroe also memorably sang Happy Birthday to You to President John F. Kennedy at his birthday party at the Garden in May 1962.', u'== Demolition ==\nDemolition commenced in 1968 after the opening of the new venue.', u'It finished in early 1969.', u'The space remained a parking lot until 1989 when Worldwide Plaza, designed by David Childs of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, opened on the site of the old Garden and French Polyclinic Hospital across the street.', u'== Cultural references ==\nOne type of event that was never held in the 50th Street Garden was a national Democratic or Republican nominating convention, as neither party met in New York to select their candidates for U.S. president and vice president between 1924 and 1976.', u'A 1958 episode entitled "Rodeo" of the CBS crime drama television series, Richard Diamond, Private Detective, starring David Janssen, is a dramatization of the murder of a rodeo performer, Ed Murdock, played by Lee Van Cleef, who seeks to reclaim the top prize at Madison Square Garden before he retires to an isolated ranch.']}
{'title': 'A daytime fireball & meteorite fall is seen in eastern Siberia', 'year': '1947-02-12', 'sentences': [u'It fell on 2 or 3 July 2007, in daytime, and was composed of ordinary chondrite (H5).', u'== History ==\nDuring 2007 fall and winter about 100 kilograms (220 lb) of meteorites were collected in the Erg Chech, north of Taoudenni.', u'Desert nomads reported that during daytime in July 2007 several detonations were heard over a wide area, a smoke cloud was seen and several stones fell from the sky, however no fireball was reported.', u'Ouled Bleila was the finder of the first meteorites, but he died in October 2007 in a car accident on his way back from the trip to the Chergach strewn field.']}
{'title': 'France explodes its 1st atomic bomb - in Algerian desert', 'year': '1960-02-13', 'sentences': [u'The United States, with the consent of the United Kingdom as laid down in the Quebec Agreement, dropped nuclear weapons on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9, 1945, respectively, during the final stage of World War II.', u'This was preceded by a U.S. firebombing campaign that destroyed 67 Japanese cities.', u'The war in Europe had concluded when Nazi Germany signed its instrument of surrender on May 8, 1945.', u'On July 16, 1945, the Allied Manhattan Project successfully detonated an atomic bomb in the New Mexico desert and by August had produced atomic weapons based on two alternate designs.', u'== Background ==\n\n\n=== Pacific War ===\n\nIn 1945, the Pacific War between the Empire of Japan and the Allies entered its fourth year.', u'Of the 1.25 million battle casualties incurred by the United States in World War II, including both military personnel killed in action and wounded in action, nearly one million occurred in the twelve-month period from June 1944 to June 1945.', u'December 1944 saw American battle casualties hit an all-time monthly high of 88,000 as a result of the German Ardennes Offensive.', u'In April 1945, American forces landed on Okinawa, where heavy fighting continued until June.', u"Japan's merchant fleet declined from 5,250,000 gross tons in 1941 to 1,560,000 tons in March 1945, and 557,000 tons in August 1945.", u'Lack of raw materials forced the Japanese war economy into a steep decline after the middle of 1944.', u'The civilian economy, which had slowly deteriorated throughout the war, reached disastrous levels by the middle of 1945.', u'The loss of shipping also affected the fishing fleet, and the 1945 catch was only 22% of that in 1941.', u'The 1945 rice harvest was the worst since 1909, and hunger and malnutrition became widespread.', u"By 1943, the U.S. produced almost 100,000 aircraft a year, compared to Japan's production of 70,000 for the entire war.", u"By the summer of 1944, the U.S. had almost a hundred aircraft carriers in the Pacific, far more than Japan's twenty-five for the entire war.", u'In February 1945, Prince Fumimaro Konoe advised the Emperor Hirohito that defeat was inevitable, and urged him to abdicate.', u'=== Preparations to invade Japan ===\n\nEven before the surrender of Nazi Germany on May 8, 1945, plans were underway for the largest operation of the Pacific War, Operation Downfall, the invasion of Japan.', u'Set to begin in October 1945, Olympic involved a series of landings by the U.S. Sixth Army intended to capture the southern third of the southernmost main Japanese island, Ky\u016bsh\u016b.', u'Operation Olympic was to be followed in March 1946 by Operation Coronet, the capture of the Kant\u014d Plain, near Tokyo on the main Japanese island of Honsh\u016b by the U.S. First, Eighth and Tenth Armies, as well as a Commonwealth Corps made up of Australian, British and Canadian divisions.', u'Four veteran divisions were withdrawn from the Kwantung Army in Manchuria in March 1945 to strengthen the forces in Japan, and 45 new divisions were activated between February and May 1945.', u'A study from June 15, 1945, by the Joint War Plans Committee, who provided planning information to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, estimated that Olympic would result in between 130,000 and 220,000 U.S. casualties, of which U.S. dead would be in the range from 25,000 to 46,000.', u"Delivered on June 15, 1945, after insight gained from the Battle of Okinawa, the study noted Japan's inadequate defenses due to the very effective sea blockade and the American firebombing campaign.", u'=== Air raids on Japan ===\n\nWhile the United States had developed plans for an air campaign against Japan prior to the Pacific War, the capture of Allied bases in the western Pacific in the first weeks of the conflict meant that this offensive did not begin until mid-1944 when the long-ranged Boeing B-29 Superfortress became ready for use in combat.', u'Strategies were shifted to accommodate the air war, and the islands were captured between June and August 1944.', u'Air bases were developed, and B-29 operations commenced from the Marianas in October 1944.', u'The XXI Bomber Command began missions against Japan on November 18, 1944.', u"Hansell's successor, Major General Curtis LeMay, assumed command in January 1945 and initially continued to use the same precision bombing tactics, with equally unsatisfactory results.", u'Over the next six months, the XXI Bomber Command under LeMay firebombed 67 Japanese cities.', u'Aircraft flying from Allied aircraft carriers and the Ryukyu Islands also regularly struck targets in Japan during 1945 in preparation for Operation Downfall.', u'From April 1945, the Japanese interceptors also had to face American fighter escorts based on Iwo Jima and Okinawa.', u'By mid-1945 the Japanese only occasionally scrambled aircraft to intercept individual B-29s conducting reconnaissance sorties over the country, in order to conserve supplies of fuel.', u'By July 1945, the Japanese had stockpiled 1,156,000 US barrels (137,800,000 l; 36,400,000 US gal; 30,300,000 imp gal) of avgas for the invasion of Japan.', u'=== Atomic bomb development ===\n\nThe discovery of nuclear fission by German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann in 1938, and its theoretical explanation by Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch, made the development of an atomic bomb a theoretical possibility.', u'This prompted preliminary research in the United States in late 1939.', u'Progress was slow until the arrival of the British MAUD Committee report in late 1941, which indicated that only 5\u201310 kilograms of isotopically enriched uranium-235 was needed for a bomb instead of tons of un-enriched uranium and a neutron moderator (e.g.', u'A test implosion weapon, the gadget, was detonated at Trinity Site, on July 16, 1945, near Alamogordo, New Mexico.', u'== Preparations ==\n\n\n=== Organization and training ===\n\nThe 509th Composite Group was constituted on December 9, 1944, and activated on December 17, 1944, at Wendover Army Air Field, Utah, commanded by Colonel Paul Tibbets.', u'=== Choice of targets ===\n\nIn April 1945, Marshall asked Groves to nominate specific targets for bombing for final approval by himself and Stimson.', u'The target was unlikely to be attacked by August 1945.', u'=== Proposed demonstration ===\nIn early May 1945, the Interim Committee was created by Stimson at the urging of leaders of the Manhattan Project and with the approval of Truman to advise on matters pertaining to nuclear energy.', u'Under the 1943 Quebec Agreement with the United Kingdom, the United States had agreed that nuclear weapons would not be used against another country without mutual consent.', u'In June 1945 the head of the British Joint Staff Mission, Field Marshal Sir Henry Maitland Wilson, agreed that the use of nuclear weapons against Japan would be officially recorded as a decision of the Combined Policy Committee.', u'=== Bombs ===\nThe Little Boy bomb, except for the uranium payload, was ready at the beginning of May 1945.', u'More realistic city officials had ordered buildings torn down to create long, straight firebreaks, beginning in 1944.', u'Firebreaks continued to be expanded and extended up to the morning of August 6, 1945.', u'Radar detected 65 bombers headed for Saga, 102 bound for Maebashi, 261 en route to Nishinomiya, 111 headed for Ube and 66 bound for Imabari.', u'It created a blast equivalent to 16 kilotons of TNT (67 TJ), \xb1 2 kt.', u'The radius of total destruction was about 1 mile (1.6 km), with resulting fires across 4.4 square miles (11 km2).', u'The ruin was named Hiroshima Peace Memorial and was made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996 over the objections of the United States and China, which expressed reservations on the grounds that other Asian nations were the ones who suffered the greatest loss of life and property, and a focus on Japan lacked historical perspective.', u"At 03:49 on the morning of August 9, 1945, Bockscar, flown by Sweeney's crew, carried Fat Man, with Kokura as the primary target and Nagasaki the secondary target.", u'In 1949, one of the authors of the letter, Luis Alvarez, met with Sagane and signed the document.', u'The resulting explosion had a blast yield equivalent to 21 \xb1 2 kt (87.9 \xb1 8.4 TJ).', u'He also noted its "Victor" number as 77, which was that of Bockscar, writing that several personnel commented that 77 was also the jersey number of the football player Red Grange.', u'Unaware of the switch in aircraft, Laurence assumed Victor 77 was The Great Artiste, which was in fact, Victor 89.', u'Because of the presence of undocumented foreign workers, and a number of military personnel in transit, there are great discrepancies in the estimates of total deaths by the end of 1945; a range of 39,000 to 80,000 can be found in various studies.', u'A 1944 opinion poll that asked what should be done with Japan found that 13% of the U.S. public were in favor of "killing off" all Japanese men, women, and children.', u'Nonetheless, news of the atomic bombing was greeted enthusiastically in the U.S.; a poll in Fortune magazine in late 1945 showed a significant minority of Americans (22.7%) wishing that more atomic bombs could have been dropped on Japan.', u'On August 10, 1945 the day after the Nagasaki bombing, Y\u014dsuke Yamahata, correspondent Higashi and artist Yamada arrived in the city with orders to record the destruction for maximum propaganda purposes, Yamahata took scores of photographs and on August 21 they appeared in Mainichi Shimbun, a popular Japanese newspaper.', u'His Morse code dispatch was printed by the Daily Express newspaper in London on September 5, 1945, entitled "The Atomic Plague", the first public report to mention the effects of radiation and nuclear fallout.', u'A member of the U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey, Lieutenant Daniel McGovern, used a film crew to document the results in early 1946.', u"The total of 90,000 ft (27,000 m) of film shot by McGovern's cameramen had not been fully aired as of 2009.", u'According to Greg Mitchell, with the 2004 documentary film Original Child Bomb, a small part of that footage managed to reach part of the American public "in the unflinching and powerful form its creators intended".', u'Motion picture company Nippon Eigasha started sending cameramen to Nagasaki and Hiroshima in September 1945.', u'On October 24, 1945, a U.S. military policeman stopped a Nippon Eigasha cameraman from continuing to film in Nagasaki.', u'Some black-and-white motion pictures were released and shown for the first time to Japanese and American audiences in the years from 1968 to 1970.', u'The public release of film footage of the city post attack, and some research about the human effects of the attack, was restricted during the occupation of Japan, and much of this information was censored until the signing of the San Francisco Peace Treaty in 1951, restoring control to the Japanese.', u'For example, the book Hiroshima written by Pulitzer Prize winner John Hersey, which was originally published in article form in the popular magazine The New Yorker, on August 31, 1946, is reported to have reached Tokyo in English by January 1947, and the translated version was released in Japan in 1949.', u'Beginning in 1974 a compilation of drawings and artwork made by the survivors of the bombings began to be compiled, with completion in 1977 and under both book and exhibition format, it was titled The Unforgettable Fire.', u'== Post-attack casualties ==\n\nIn the spring of 1948, the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission (ABCC) was established in accordance with a presidential directive from Truman to the National Academy of Sciences \u2013 National Research Council to conduct investigations of the late effects of radiation among the survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki.', u"In 1985, Johns Hopkins University human geneticist James F. Crow examined Neel's research and confirmed that the number of birth defects was not significantly higher in Hiroshima and Nagasaki.", u'Neel also studied the longevity of the children who survived the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, reporting that between 90 and 95 percent were still living 50 years later.', u'An epidemiology study by the RERF states that from 1950 to 2000, 46% of leukemia deaths and 11% of solid cancer deaths among the bomb survivors were due to radiation from the bombs, the statistical excess being estimated at 200 leukemia and 1,700 solid cancers.', u'=== Double survivors ===\nOn March 24, 2009, the Japanese government officially recognized Tsutomu Yamaguchi as a double hibakusha.', u'He died on January 4, 2010, at the age of 93, after a battle with stomach cancer.', u'The 2006 documentary Twice Survived: The Doubly Atomic Bombed of Hiroshima and Nagasaki documented 165 nij\u016b hibakusha (lit.', u'Most issues were eventually addressed in 2008 through lawsuits.', u'J. Samuel Walker wrote in an April 2005 overview of recent historiography on the issue, "the controversy over the use of the bomb seems certain to continue."', u'In Truman\'s 1955 Memoirs, "he states that the atomic bomb probably saved half a million U.S. lives\u2014anticipated casualties in an Allied invasion of Japan planned for November.', u'Supporters also point to an order given by the Japanese War Ministry on August 1, 1944, ordering the execution of Allied prisoners of war when the POW camp was in the combat zone.', u'Another popular view among critics of the bombings, originating with Gar Alperovitz in 1965 and becoming the default position in Japanese school history textbooks, is the idea of atomic diplomacy: that the United States used nuclear weapons in order to intimidate the Soviet Union in the early stages of the Cold War.', u'At the time the United States dropped its atomic bomb on Nagasaki on August 9, 1945, the Soviet Union launched a surprise attack with 1.6 million troops against the Kwantung Army in Manchuria.', u'2015.', u'Retrieved January 3, 2012.', u'Retrieved February 8, 2014.', u'Retrieved January 3, 2012.', u'1946.', u'Retrieved January 3, 2012.', u'Retrieved January 3, 2012.', u'Retrieved January 3, 2012.', u'1946.', u'Retrieved January 3, 2012.', u'Retrieved January 3, 2012.', u'Retrieved February 8, 2014.', u'Retrieved January 3, 2012.', u'Retrieved January 3, 2012.', u'Retrieved January 3, 2012.', u'Hiroshima & Nagasaki Remembered 2005 website commemorating 60th anniversary']}
{'title': 'Oregon admitted as 33rd State', 'year': '1859-02-14', 'sentences': [u'An autonomous government was formed in the Oregon Country in 1843 before the Oregon Territory was created in 1848.', u'The capital of Oregon is Salem, the second most populous of its cities, with 164,549 residents (2015 estimate).', u"Portland is Oregon's most populous city, with 632,309 residents (2015 estimate), and ranks as the 26th most populous city in the United States.", u"Portland's metro population of 2,389,228 (2015 estimate) ranks the 23rd largest metro in the nation.", u'Another early use of the name, spelled Ouragon, was in a 1765 petition by Major Robert Rogers to the Kingdom of Great Britain.', u'By 1778 the spelling had shifted to Oregon.', u'In his 1765 petition, Rogers wrote:\n\nThe rout [sic]...is from the Great Lakes towards the Head of the Mississippi, and from thence to the River called by the Indians Ouragon...\n\nOne theory is the name comes from the French word ouragan ("windstorm" or "hurricane"), which was applied to the River of the West based on Native American tales of powerful Chinook winds of the lower Columbia River, or perhaps from firsthand French experience with the Chinook winds of the Great Plains.', u"Joaquin Miller explained in Sunset magazine, in 1904, how Oregon's name was derived:\n\nThe name, Oregon, is rounded down phonetically, from Aure il agua\u2014Oragua, Or-a-gon, Oregon\u2014given probably by the same Portuguese navigator that named the Farallones after his first officer, and it literally, in a large way, means cascades: 'Hear the waters.'", u'Another account, endorsed as the "most plausible explanation" in the book Oregon Geographic Names, was advanced by George R. Stewart in a 1944 article in American Speech.', u'After being drafted by the Detroit Lions in 2002, former Oregon Ducks quarterback Joey Harrington distributed "Orygun" stickers to members of the media as a reminder of how to pronounce the name of his home state.', u'During the 18th and 19th centuries, European powers \u2013 and later the United States \u2013 quarreled over possession of the region until 1846, when the U.S. and Great Britain finalized division of the region.', u'Oregon became a state in 1859 and is now home to over 3.97 million residents.', u'These massive floods occurred during the last ice age and filled the valley with 300 to 400 feet (91 to 122 m) of water.', u'=== European exploration ===\n\nThe first Europeans to visit Oregon were Spanish explorers led by Juan Rodr\xedguez Cabrillo who sighted southern Oregon off the Pacific Coast in 1543.', u'Francis Drake made his way to Nehalem Bay in 1579 and spent 5 weeks in the middle of summer repairing his ship and claimed the land between 38-48 degrees N latitude as a Symbolic Sovereign Act for England.', u'Exploration was retaken routinely in 1774, starting with the expedition of the frigate Santiago by Juan Jos\xe9 P\xe9rez Hern\xe1ndez (see Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest), and the coast of Oregon became a valuable trading route to Asia.', u'In 1778, British captain James Cook also explored the coast.', u'French Canadian and m\xe9tis trappers and missionaries arrived in the eastern part of the state in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, many having travelled as members of Lewis and Clark and the 1811 Astor expeditions.', u'In 1811, while working for the North West Company, Thompson became the first European to navigate the entire Columbia River.', u'Also in 1811, New Yorker John Jacob Astor financed the establishment of Fort Astoria at the mouth of the Columbia River as a western outpost to his Pacific Fur Company; this was the first permanent European settlement in Oregon.', u'In the War of 1812, the British gained control of all Pacific Fur Company posts.', u'The Treaty of 1818 established joint British and American occupancy of the region west of the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean.', u"By the 1820s and 1830s, the Hudson's Bay Company dominated the Pacific Northwest from its Columbia District headquarters at Fort Vancouver (built in 1825 by the district's chief factor, John McLoughlin, across the Columbia from present-day Portland).", u'In 1841, the expert trapper and entrepreneur Ewing Young died leaving considerable wealth and no apparent heir, and no system to probate his estate.', u"Babcock chaired two meetings in 1842 at Champoeg, (half way between Lee's mission and Oregon City), to discuss wolves and other animals of contemporary concern.", u'These meetings were precursors to an all-citizen meeting in 1843, which instituted a provisional government headed by an executive committee made up of David Hill, Alanson Beers, and Joseph Gale.', u"Also in 1841, Sir George Simpson, governor of the Hudson's Bay Company, reversed the Hudson's Bay Company's long-standing policy of discouraging settlement because it interfered with the lucrative fur trade.", u'For some time, it seemed that Britain and the United States would go to war for a third time in 75 years (see Oregon boundary dispute), but the border was defined peacefully in 1846 by the Oregon Treaty.', u'The Oregon Territory was officially organized in 1848.', u'Settlement increased with the Donation Land Claim Act of 1850 and the forced relocation of the native population to Indian reservations in Oregon.', u'In December 1844, Oregon passed its Black Exclusion Law, which prohibited African Americans from entering the territory while simultaneously prohibiting slavery.', u'In fact, in 1852 Robin Holmes was forced to file a lawsuit against his former owner, Nathaniel Ford.', u'=== After statehood ===\n\nOregon was admitted to the Union on February 14, 1859.', u'The First Oregon Cavalry served until June 1865.', u"=== 20th and 21st centuries ===\nIn 1902, Oregon introduced direct legislation by the state's citizens through initiatives and referenda, known as the Oregon System.", u'On May 5, 1945, six people were killed by a Japanese bomb that exploded on Gearhart Mountain near Bly.', u'This is the only fatal attack on the United States mainland committed by a foreign nation since the Mexican\u2013American War, making Oregon the only U.S. state that has experienced fatal casualties by a foreign army since 1848, as Hawaii was not yet a state when Pearl Harbor was attacked in 1941.', u'Portland in particular experienced a population boom between 1900 and 1930, tripling in size; the arrival of World War II also provided the northwest region of the state with an industrial boom, where Liberty ships and aircraft carriers were constructed.', u'During the 1970s, the Pacific Northwest was particularly affected by the 1973 oil crisis, with Oregon suffering a substantial shortage.', u'In 1994, Oregon became the first U.S. state to legalize physician-assisted suicide through the Oregon Death with Dignity Act.', u'A measure to legalize recreational use of marijuana in Oregon was approved on November 4, 2014, making Oregon only the second state to have legalized gay marriage, physician-assisted suicide, and recreational marijuana.', u'The most recent major activity was the 1700 Cascadia earthquake.', u"Washington's Mount St. Helens erupted in 1980, an event that was visible from northern Oregon and affected some areas there.", u"Oregon City, at the end of the Oregon Trail, was the Oregon Territory's first incorporated city, and was its first capital from 1848 until 1852, when the capital was moved to Salem.", u"Most of the state does get significant snowfall, but 70 percent of Oregon's population lives in the Willamette Valley, which has exceptionally mild winters for its latitude and typically only sees a few light snows each year.", u"Oregon's highest recorded temperature is 119 \xb0F (48 \xb0C) at Pendleton on August 10, 1898, and the lowest recorded temperature is \u221254 \xb0F (\u221248 \xb0C) at Seneca on February 10, 1933.", u'Gray wolves were extirpated from Oregon around 1930 but have since found their way back; there are now two packs living in the south-central part of the state.', u'== Governance ==\n\nA writer in the Oregon Country book A Pacific Republic, written in 1839, predicted the territory was to become an independent republic.', u'Four years later, in 1843, settlers of the Willamette Valley voted in majority for a republic government.', u'The Oregon Country functioned in this way until August 13, 1848, when Oregon was annexed by the United States and a territorial government was established.', u'Oregon maintained a territorial government until February 14, 1859, when it was granted statehood.', u'Oregon Initiative 71, passed in 2010, mandates the Legislature to begin meeting every year, for 160 days in odd-numbered years, and 35 days in even-numbered years.', u'The state maintains formal relationships with the nine federally recognized tribes in Oregon:\nBurns Paiute Tribe\nConfederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua and Siuslaw Indians\nConfederated Tribes of Grand Ronde\nConfederated Tribes of Siletz Indians\nConfederated Tribes of Warm Springs\nConfederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation\nCow Creek Band of Umpqua Tribe of Indians\nKlamath Tribes\nCoquille Indian Tribe\nOregonians have voted for the Democratic Presidential candidate in every election since 1988.', u'In 2004 and 2006, Democrats won control of the state Senate and then the House.', u'Since 2009, the state has had two Democratic Senators, Ron Wyden and Jeff Merkley.', u'Oregon voters have elected Democratic governors in every election since 1986, most recently electing John Kitzhaber over Republican Dennis Richardson in 2014.', u'The eastern two-thirds of the state beyond the Cascade Mountains typically votes Republican; in 2000 and 2004, George W. Bush carried every county east of the Cascades.', u'In the 2002 general election, Oregon voters approved a ballot measure to increase the state minimum wage automatically each year according to inflationary changes, which are measured by the consumer price index (CPI).', u'In the 2004 general election, Oregon voters passed ballot measures banning same-sex marriage, and restricting land use regulation.', u"In the 2006 general election, voters restricted the use of eminent domain and extended the state's discount prescription drug coverage.", u'Since the 1980 census, Oregon has had five Congressional districts.', u'Congressional apportionment increased the size of the delegation following the censuses of 1890, 1910, 1940, and 1980.', u"One of the court's meeting places is at the Pioneer Courthouse in downtown Portland, a National Historic Landmark built in 1869.", u'In a 2008 analysis of the 2004 presidential election, a political analyst found that according to the application of a Likert scale, Oregon boasted both the most liberal Kerry voters and the most conservative Bush voters, making it the most politically polarized state in the country.', u'In 2008, for instance, Republican Senate incumbent Gordon H. Smith lost his bid for a third term even though he carried all but six counties.', u'Under his leadership, the state overwhelmingly approved a ballot measure in 1902 that created the initiative and referendum for citizens to introduce or approve proposed laws or amendments to the state constitution directly, making Oregon the first state to adopt such a system.', u'In following years, the primary election to select party candidates was adopted in 1904, and in 1908 the Oregon Constitution was amended to include recall of public officials.', u"More recent amendments include the nation's first doctor-assisted suicide law, called the Death with Dignity Act (which was challenged, unsuccessfully, in 2005 by the Bush administration in a case heard by the U.S. Supreme Court), legalization of medical cannabis, and among the nation's strongest anti-urban sprawl and pro-environment laws.", u"More recently, 2004's Measure 37 reflects a backlash against such land-use laws.", u'However, a further ballot measure in 2007, Measure 49, curtailed many of the provisions of 37.', u'Of the measures placed on the ballot since 1902, the people have passed 99 of the 288 initiatives and 25 of the 61 referendums on the ballot, though not all of them survived challenges in courts (see Pierce v. Society of Sisters, for an example).', u'Oregon pioneered the American use of postal voting, beginning with experimentation approved by the Oregon Legislative Assembly in 1981 and culminating with a 1998 ballot measure mandating that all counties conduct elections by mail.', u'In 1994, Oregon adopted the Oregon Health Plan, which made health care available to most of its citizens without private health insurance.', u'Democratic incumbent Barack Obama won the state by a margin of twelve percentage points, with over 54% of the popular vote in 2012.', u'=== Crime ===\nAccording to 2015 data, there were a total of 123,529 reported crimes in the state of Oregon; 9,224 of these were violent crimes, while 114,305 were classified as property crimes.', u'Of the violent crimes, there were approximately 81 murders, 1,458 cases of rape, 2,093 cases of robbery, and 5,592 cases of assault.', u'== Economy ==\n\nThe gross domestic product (GDP) of Oregon in 2013 was $219.6 billion, a 2.7% increase from 2012; Oregon is the 25th wealthiest state by GDP.', u'In 2003, Oregon was 28th in the U.S. by GDP.', u"The state's per capita personal income (PCPI) in 2013 was $39,848, a 1.5% increase from 2012.", u'Oregon ranks 33rd in the U.S. by PCPI, compared to 31st in 2003.', u'The national PCPI in 2013 was $44,765.', u'In 2005, Oregon ranked third among U.S. states with 303 wineries.', u'In 2014, 71 wineries opened in the state.', u'The total is currently 676, which represents growth of 12% over 2013.', u'Between 1989 and 2011, the amount of timber harvested from federal lands in Oregon dropped about 90%, although harvest levels on private land have remained relatively constant.', u"The effects of this decline have included Weyerhaeuser's acquisition of Portland-based Willamette Industries in January 2002, the relocation of Louisiana-Pacific's corporate headquarters from Portland to Nashville, and the decline of former lumber company towns such as Gilchrist.", u'Despite these changes, Oregon still leads the United States in softwood lumber production; in 2011, 4,134 million board feet (9,760,000 m3) was produced in Oregon, compared with 3,685 million board feet (8,700,000 m3) in Washington, 1,914 million board feet (4,520,000 m3) in Georgia, and 1,708 million board feet (4,030,000 m3) in Mississippi.', u'In Southern Oregon, the Oregon Shakespeare Festival, held in Ashland, is also a tourist draw, as is the Oregon Vortex and the Wolf Creek Inn State Heritage Site, an historic inn where Jack London wrote his 1913 novel Valley of the Moon.', u'The recession and dot-com bust of 2001 hit the region hard; many high technology employers reduced the number of their employees or went out of business.', u'Open Source Development Labs made news in 2004 when they hired Linus Torvalds, developer of the Linux kernel.', u'In 2010, biotechnology giant Genentech opened a $400-million facility in Hillsboro to expand its production capabilities.', u'In 2011, Amazon began operating a datacenter in northeastern Oregon near Boardman.', u'Nike, located just outside Portland in nearby Beaverton employs roughly 5,000 full-time employees at its 200-acre (81 ha) campus.', u'Intel has been a top employer in Oregon since 1974.', u'In 2015, a total of 7 companies headquartered in Oregon landed in the Fortune 1000: Nike, at 106; Precision Castparts Corp. at 302; Lithia Motors at 482; StanCorp Financial Group at 804; Schnitzer Steel Industries at 853; The Greenbrier Companies at 948; and Columbia Sportswear at 982.', u"=== Employment ===\nAs of December 2014, the state's official unemployment rate was 5.5%.", u'Intel was the largest employer in Oregon until 2008.', u'As of January 2009, the largest employer in Oregon is Providence Health & Services, a non-profit.', u"=== Taxes and budgets ===\nOregon's biennial state budget, $42.4 billion as of 2007, comprises General Funds, Federal Funds, Lottery Funds, and Other Funds.", u'The Lottery Fund, which has grown steadily since the lottery was approved in 1984, exceeded expectations in the 2007 fiscal years, at $604 million.', u"The last vote, for 1993's Measure 1, was defeated by a 75\u201325% margin.", u'According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Oregon ranked 41st out of the 50 states in taxes per capita in 2005 with an average amount paid of 1,791.45.', u'Since the enactment of the law in 1979, refunds have been issued for seven of the eleven biennia.', u'In 2000, Ballot Measure 86 converted the "kicker" law from statute to the Oregon Constitution, and changed some of its provisions.', u'== Demographics ==\n\n\n=== Population ===\n\nThe United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Oregon was 4,028,977 on July 1, 2015, a 5.17% increase over the 2010 United States Census.', u'Oregon was the U.S.\'s "Top Moving Destination" in 2014 with two families moving into the state for every one moving out of state (66.4% to 33.6%).', u'Oregon was also the top moving destination in 2013, and second most popular destination in 2010 through 2012.', u'As of the census of 2010, Oregon had a population of 3,831,074, which is an increase of 409,675, or 12%, since the year 2000.', u'There were 1,675,562 housing units, a 15.3% increase over 2000.', u'In 2010, 78.5% of the population was white alone (meaning of no other race and non-Hispanic), 1.7% was black or African American alone, 1.1% was Native American or Alaska native alone, 3.6% was Asian alone, 0.3% was Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander alone, 0.1% was another race alone, and 2.9% was multiracial.', u"The state's most populous ethnic group, non-Hispanic white, has declined from 95.8% in 1970 to 77.8% in 2012.", u"As of 2011, 38.7% of Oregon's children under one year of age belonged to minority groups, meaning they had at least one parent who was not a non-Hispanic white.", u"As of 2004, Oregon's population included 309,700 foreign-born residents (accounting for 8.7% of the state population).", u"==== Future projections ====\nProjections from the U.S. Census Bureau show Oregon's population increasing to 4,833,918 by 2030, an increase of 41.3% compared to the state's population of 3,421,399 in 2000.", u'=== Religious and secular communities ===\n\nThe largest denominations by number of adherents in 2010 were the Roman Catholic Church with 398,738; The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with 147,965; and the Assemblies of God with 45,492.', u'In a 2009 Gallup poll, 69% of Oregonians identified themselves as being Christian.', u'Most of the remainder of the population had no religious affiliation; the 2008 American Religious Identification Survey (ARIS) placed Oregon as tied with Nevada in fifth place of U.S. states having the highest percentage of residents identifying themselves as "non-religious", at 24 percent.', u"OSU is the state's only land-grant university, has the state's largest enrollment for fall 2014, and is the state's highest ranking university according to Academic Ranking of World Universities, Washington Monthly, and QS World University Rankings.", u'Especially since the 1990 passage of Measure 5, which set limits on property tax levels, Oregon has struggled to fund higher education.', u"However, 2007 legislation forced tuition increases to cap at 3% per year, and funded the university system far beyond the governor's requested budget.", u'Reed College, a rigorous liberal arts college in Portland, was ranked by Forbes as the 52nd best college in the country in 2015.', u'Until 2011, the only major professional sports team in Oregon was the Portland Trail Blazers of the National Basketball Association.', u'The Timbers repurposed the formerly multi-use stadium into a soccer-specific stadium in fall 2010, increasing the seating in the process.', u"The Timbers operate Portland Thorns FC, a women's soccer team that has played in the National Women's Soccer League since the league's first season in 2013.", u"Both schools have had recent success in other sports as well: Oregon State won back-to-back college baseball championships in 2006 and 2007, and the University of Oregon won back-to-back NCAA men's cross country championships in 2007 and 2008.", u"== Sister regions ==\n People's Republic of China, Fujian Province \u2013 1984\n Republic of China (Taiwan), Taiwan Province \u2013 1985\n Japan, Toyama Prefecture \u2013 1991\n Republic of Korea (South Korea), Jeollanam-do Province \u2013 1996\n Iraq, Iraqi Kurdistan \u2013 2005\n\n\n== See also ==\n\nOutline of Oregon \u2013 organized list of topics about Oregon\nIndex of Oregon-related articles\nList of companies based in Oregon\nList of Oregon state symbols\nList of people from Oregon\nList of films shot in Oregon\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n=== Bibliography ===\n\n\n== Further reading ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nState of Oregon (official website)\nOregon Blue Book, the online version of the state's official directory and fact book\nTravelOregon.com an official website of the Oregon Tourism Commission\nOregon Historical Society\nOregon State Databases, an annotated list, in wiki form, of searchable databases produced by Oregon state agencies and compiled by the Government Documents Roundtable of the American Library Association\nReal-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Oregon from the United States Geological Survey\nOregon Quickfacts from the U.S. Census Bureau\nOregon State Facts from the United States Department of Agriculture\nOregon at DMOZ\n Geographic data related to Oregon at OpenStreetMap"]}
{'title': "St Valentine\\'s Day Massacre in Chicago - 7 gangsters killed", 'year': '1929-02-14', 'sentences': [u'Because so little is known of him, in 1969 the Catholic Church removed his name from the General Roman Calendar, leaving his liturgical celebration to local calendars.', u'Use of the pre-1970 liturgical calendar is also authorized under the conditions indicated in the motu proprio Summorum Pontificum of 2007.', u"Saint Valentine's Church in Rome, built in 1960 for the needs of the Olympic Village, continues as a modern, well-visited parish church.", u'The Roman martyrology lists only seven who died on days other than February 14: a priest from Viterbo (November 3); a bishop from Raetia who died in about 470 (January 7); a fifth-century priest and hermit (July 4); a Spanish hermit who died in about 715 (October 25); Valentine Berrio Ochoa, martyred in 1861 (November 24); and Valentine Jaunzar\xe1s G\xf3mez, martyred in 1936 (September 18).', u'The Legenda Aurea of Jacobus de Voragine, compiled about 1260 and one of the most-read books of the High Middle Ages, gives sufficient details of the saints for each day of the liturgical year to inspire a homily on each occasion.', u'In 1836, some relics that were exhumed from the catacombs of Saint Hippolytus on the Via Tiburtina, then near (rather than inside) Rome, were identified with St Valentine; placed in a casket, and transported to the procession to the high altar for a special Mass dedicated to young people and all those in love.', u'Also in 1836, Fr.', u"The relics can be found in St Anton's Church, where they lie since late 1700's.", u'The relics are displayed publicly since 1984.', u'Another relic was found in 2003 in Prague in Church of St Peter and Paul at Vy\u0161ehrad.', u"Saint Valentine remains in the Roman Catholic Church's official list of saints, the Roman Martyrology, but, in view of the scarcity of information about him, his commemoration was removed from the General Roman Calendar, when this was revised in 1969.", u"Some Traditionalist Catholics observe earlier calendars of the Roman Rite, in which Saint Valentine was celebrated as a Simple Feast until 1955, when Pope Pius XII reduced the mention of him to a commemoration in the Mass of the day, a position it kept in the General Roman Calendar of 1960 incorporated in the 1962 edition of the Roman Missal, use of which, as an extraordinary form of the Roman Rite, is still authorized in accordance with Pope Benedict XVI's 2007 motu proprio Summorum Pontificum.", u'Bruxellis 1894. lxxxii, 195 p. S. Valentinus, p. 20.', u'In Legenda Aurea, compiled around 1275\nThurston, Herbert.', u'1912.', u'1927.', u'1933.', u'1953.', u'Paris 1953.', u'1966.', u'1972.', u'1972, pp.', u'1975.', u'Roma, Antonianum, 1975.', u'322 p.\nKelly, Henry Ansgar 1986.', u'185 p.\nMartyrologium Romanum 2001.', u'Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2001, p. 141 (February 14).', u'Scotsman.com blog, 14 February 2005.', u'1981.', u'2000.', u'Morena (Roma), 2000.', u'2007.', u'Washington Post, February 15, 2007.', u'2009.']}
{'title': 'SF Public Library [Main Branch at Civic center] dedicated', 'year': '1917-02-15', 'sentences': [u"The town of Oro Valley's library joined the Pima County Public Library system in July 2012.", u'== History ==\n\nTucson\u2019s first public library, originally called the Carnegie Free Library, was founded in 1883.', u'Architect Henry Charles Trost was hired to build the new library, which was completed in June 1901.', u'This area was added after funds were raised in 1924.', u'The library began with 2,000 volumes in 1891, but had grown to over 60,000 in 1942.', u'A new 90,000-square-foot (8,400 m2) facility opened downtown in May 1990.', u'On January 7, 1957 the name of the Carnegie Free Library was changed to "Tucson Public Library" by the Tucson city council.', u'This name was changed to the Tucson-Pima Public Library in 1990 when Pima County became more involved in the library\u2019s operations.', u'Finally, when Pima County took control of the library system in 2006, the library became the Pima County Public Library.', u'== Challenge To The Accepted History ==\nOn July 8, 2014, in the Arizona Daily Star newspaper, historian David Leighton challenged the accepted history of the public libraries of Tucson:\nHe wrote that the first known public library in Tucson was the Territorial Library, which had arrived with the territorial government, when Tucson became the capital of the Arizona Territory in 1867.', u'By January 1877, the Territorial Library had 1,900 legal books and 300 non-legal volumes, which could be checked out by the public during regular hours.', u'In 1879, a group of women in Tucson began the Tucson Library Association, which was a private organization where members paid a subscription fee to help buy the books that they could borrow.', u'In March 1883, they offered to give their whole private collection to the City of Tucson, if the city council would provide a room and other needed items for a free library.', u"On June 5, 1883, the city council dedicated the second floor of the new city hall for the purpose of a library, but didn't set aside any money to buy things like book shelves, furniture, etc.", u"It wasn't until July 6, 1886, after money was raised for the needed items, that the Tucson Public Library first opened its doors.", u'In 1899, philanthropist Andrew Carnegie offered $25,000 to build a public library building in Tucson, if the city council would set aside land and guarantee a fund of $2,000 a year for its upkeep.', u'The city council passed Resolution #20 in 1899, which provided land that was part of the Military Plaza for the site and set up the Library Fund.', u'The new Carnegie Free Library opened in 1901 and the original Tucson Public Library faded into history.', u"== Controversies ==\nIn 2012, the Tucson Unit of the National Writers Union (NWU) publicly raised objections to the library's collection development policy.", u'In its reply to the piece, the PCPL stated that its collection development policy is geared toward "making room on the shelves for high-demand and popular books and materials in other formats" and pointed out that library circulation had increased from 6.2 million items in 2006 to more than 7.5 million items in 2010.', u'In 2014, KVOA News did two special reports on the library.', u'On March 25, 2015, the Pima County Public Library posted the following announcement on their "Suggest a Purchase" page: "Purchasing of library materials has been temporarily suspended, and we have removed the Suggest a Purchase form for the time being.', u'On July 6, 2015, the library indicated on the same page that books were once again being purchased.', u'Pima County Public Library website, 12-5-2012\n"City library director plans to resign, cites burnout."', u'June 19, 1991\n"Councilmen rechristen the library."', u'January 8, 1957.', u'November 15, 2006.', u'David Leighton, "Street Smarts: Books a hot commodity in early Tucson," Arizona Daily Star, July 8, 2014\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nPima County Public Library\nLibrary Locations & Hours\nDavid Leighton, "Street Smarts: Books a hot commodity in early Tucson," Arizona Daily Star, July 8, 2014']}
{'title': 'Ladies Home Journal begins publication', 'year': '1883-02-16', 'sentences': [u"It first appeared on February 16, 1883, and eventually became one of the leading women's magazines of the 20th century in the United States.", u'It was the first American magazine to reach 1 million subscribers in 1903.', u'On April 24, 2014, Meredith announced it would stop publishing the magazine as a monthly with the July issue, stating it was "transitioning Ladies\' Home Journal to a special interest publication".', u'Its original name was The Ladies Home Journal and Practical Housekeeper, but she dropped the last three words in 1886.', u'Edward W. Bok took over the editorship in late 1889 until 1919.', u'In 1901 it published two articles highlighting the early architectural designs of Frank Lloyd Wright.', u"In March 1970, feminists held an 11-hour sit-in at the Ladies' Home Journal's office, which resulted in them getting the opportunity to produce a section of the magazine that August.", u"For decades, the Journal had the greatest circulation of this group, but it fell behind McCall's in 1961.", u"In 1968, its circulation was 6.8 million compared to McCall's 8.5 million.", u'Between 1969 and 1974 Downe was acquired by Charter Company, which sold the magazine to Family Media Inc., publishers of Health magazine, in 1982 when the company decided to divest its publishing interests.', u'In 1986, the Meredith Corporation acquired the magazine from Family Media for $96 million.', u"By 1998, the Journal's circulation had dropped to 4.5 million.", u'The magazine debuted an extensive visual and editorial redesign in its March 2012 issue.', u"== Features ==\nKnapp continued as the magazine's editor till Edward William Bok succeeded her as LHJ editor in 1889.", u'In 1892, the LHJ became the first magazine to refuse patent medicine advertisements.', u"In 1896, Bok became Louisa Knapp's son-in-law when he married her daughter, Mary Louise Curtis.", u"The most famous cooking teacher of her time, Sarah Tyson Rorer, served as LHJ's first food editor from 1897 to 1911, when she moved to Good Housekeeping.", u"In 1936, Mary Cookman, wife of New York Post editor Joseph Cookman, began working at the Ladies' Home Journal.", u'In time, she was named its Executive Editor, and she remained with LHJ till 1963.', u'Cookman died in 1991.', u'In 1946, the Journal adopted the slogan, "Never underestimate the power of a woman," which it continues to use today.', u'It was written for 30 years, starting in 1953, by Dorothy D. MacKaye under the name of Dorothy Cameron Disney.', u'The two jointly wrote a book of the same title in 1960.', u'MacKaye died in 1992 at the age of 88.', u'The illustrations of William Ladd Taylor were featured between 1895 and 1926; the magazine also sold reproductions of his works in oil and water-color.']}
{'title': 'Howard Carter finds the Pharoah Tutankhamun', 'year': '1923-02-16', 'sentences': [u'Howard Carter (9 May 1874 \u2013 2 March 1939) was an English archaeologist and Egyptologist who became world-famous after discovering the intact tomb (designated KV62) of the 18th Dynasty Pharaoh, Tutankhamun (colloquially known as "King Tut" and "the boy king") in November 1922.', u'== Early life ==\nHoward Carter was born in Kensington on 9 May 1874, the son of Samuel Carter, an artist, and Martha Joyce Carter (n\xe9e Sands).', u'In 1891 the Egypt Exploration Fund (EEF), on the prompting of Mary Cecil, sent Carter to assist an Amherst family friend, Percy Newberry, in the excavation and recording of Middle Kingdom tombs at Beni Hasan.', u'In 1892, he worked under the tutelage of Flinders Petrie for one season at Amarna, the capital founded by the pharaoh Akhenaten.', u'From 1894 to 1899, he worked with \xc9douard Naville at Deir el-Bahari, where he recorded the wall reliefs in the temple of Hatshepsut.', u'In 1899, Carter was appointed to the position of Chief Inspector of the Egyptian Antiquities Service (EAS).', u'In 1904, he was transferred to the Inspectorate of Lower Egypt.', u'Carter resigned from the Antiquities Service in 1905 after a formal inquiry into what became known as the Saqqara Affair, a noisy confrontation between Egyptian site guards and a group of French tourists.', u"== Tutankhamun's tomb ==\n\nIn 1907, after three hard years for Carter, Lord Carnarvon employed him to supervise Carnarvon's Egyptian excavations in the Valley of the Kings.", u"Carnarvon financed Carter's work in the Valley of the Kings to 1914, but until 1917 excavations and study were interrupted by the First World War.", u'After several years of finding little, Lord Carnarvon became dissatisfied with the lack of results, and in 1922 informed Carter that he had one more season of funding to search the Valley of the Kings and find the tomb.', u"On 4 November 1922, Howard Carter's excavation group found steps that Carter hoped led to Tutankhamun's tomb (subsequently designated KV62) (the tomb that would be considered the best preserved and most intact pharaonic tomb ever found in the Valley of the Kings).", u'He wired Lord Carnarvon to come, and on 26 November 1922, with Carnarvon, Carnarvon\'s daughter and others in attendance, Carter made the "tiny breach in the top left hand corner" of the doorway (with a chisel his grandmother had given him for his 17th birthday.)', u'On 16 February 1923, Carter opened the sealed doorway, and found that it did indeed lead to a burial chamber, and he got his first glimpse of the sarcophagus of Tutankhamun.', u'== Later work and death ==\n\nThe clearance of the tomb with its thousands of objects continued until 1932.', u'He visited the United States in 1924 and gave a series of illustrated lectures in New York City and other cities in the United States that were attended by very large and enthusiastic audiences, sparking Egyptomania in America.', u'He died of lymphoma in Kensington, London, on 2 March 1939 at the age of 64 years.', u"== In popular culture ==\n\n\n=== Internet ===\nOn 9 May 2012 Google commemorated Carter's 138th birthday with a Google doodle.", u"=== Art ===\nA paraphrased extract from Carter's diary of 26 November 1922 is used as the plaintext for Part 3 of the encrypted Kryptos sculpture at the CIA Headquarters in Langley, Virginia.", u'Retrieved 19 January 2010.']}
{'title': 'Giordano Bruno burned in Rome as a heretic', 'year': '1600-02-17', 'sentences': [u'Giordano Bruno (Italian: [d\u0292or\u02c8dano \u02c8bruno]; Latin: Iordanus Brunus Nolanus; 1548 \u2013 17 February 1600), born Filippo Bruno, was an Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, mathematician, poet, and astrologer.', u'Beginning in 1593, Bruno was tried for heresy by the Roman Inquisition on charges including denial of several core Catholic doctrines, including eternal damnation, the Trinity, the divinity of Christ, the virginity of Mary, and transubstantiation.', u"The Inquisition found him guilty, and he was burned at the stake in Rome's Campo de' Fiori in 1600.", u'== Life ==\n\n\n=== Early years, 1548\u20131576 ===\nBorn Filippo Bruno in Nola (in Campania, then part of the Kingdom of Naples) in 1548, he was the son of Giovanni Bruno, a soldier, and Fraulissa Savolino.', u'He continued his studies there, completing his novitiate, and became an ordained priest in 1572 at age 24.', u'In 1579 he arrived in Geneva.', u"Things apparently went well for Bruno for a time, as he entered his name in the Rector's Book of the University of Geneva in May 1579.", u'When religious strife broke out in the summer of 1581, he moved to Paris.', u'=== England, 1583\u20131585 ===\n\nIn April 1583, Bruno went to England with letters of recommendation from Henry III as a guest of the French ambassador, Michel de Castelnau.', u'Bruno is sometimes cited as being the first to propose that the universe is infinite, which he did during his time in England, but an English scientist, Thomas Digges, put forth this idea in a published work in 1576, some eight years earlier than Bruno.', u'=== Last years of wandering, 1585\u20131592 ===\nIn October 1585, after the French embassy in London was attacked by a mob, Bruno returned to Paris with Castelnau, finding a tense political situation.', u"In 1586, following a violent quarrel about Mordente's invention, the differential compass, he left France for Germany.", u'However, with a change of intellectual climate there, he was no longer welcome, and went in 1588 to Prague, where he obtained 300 taler from Rudolf II, but no teaching position.', u'All these were apparently transcribed or recorded by Besler (or Bisler) between 1589 and 1590.', u'In 1591 he was in Frankfurt.', u"Bruno accepted Mocenigo's invitation and moved to Venice in March 1592.", u'When Bruno announced his plan to leave Venice to his host, the latter, who was unhappy with the teachings he had received and had apparently come to dislike Bruno, denounced him to the Venetian Inquisition, which had Bruno arrested on 22 May 1592.', u'After several months of argument, the Venetian authorities reluctantly consented and Bruno was sent to Rome in February 1593.', u'Some important documents about the trial are lost, but others have been preserved, among them a summary of the proceedings that was rediscovered in 1940.', u'On 20 January 1600, Pope Clement VIII declared Bruno a heretic and the Inquisition issued a sentence of death.', u'On 17 February 1600, in the Campo de\' Fiori (a central Roman market square), with his "tongue imprisoned because of his wicked words", he was burned at the stake.', u"All of Bruno's works were placed on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum in 1603.", u'=== Physical appearance ===\nThe earliest likeness of Bruno is an engraving published in 1715 and cited by Salvestrini as "the only known portrait of Bruno".', u'The records of Bruno\'s imprisonment by the Venetian inquisition in May 1592 describe him as a man "of average height, with a hazel-coloured beard and the appearance of being about forty years of age".', u"=== Bruno's cosmological claims ===\nIn 1584, Bruno published two important philosophical dialogues (La Cena de le Ceneri and De l'infinito universo et mondi) in which he argued against the planetary spheres (Christoph Rothmann did the same in 1586 as did Tycho Brahe in 1587) and affirmed the Copernican principle.", u'Margaret Cavendish, for example, wrote an entire series of poems against "atoms" and "infinite worlds" in Poems and Fancies in 1664.', u"In 1942, Cardinal Giovanni Mercati, who discovered a number of lost documents relating to Bruno's trial, stated that the Church was perfectly justified in condemning him.", u'On the 400th anniversary of Bruno\'s death, in 2000, Cardinal Angelo Sodano declared Bruno\'s death to be a "sad episode" but, despite his regret, he defended Bruno\'s prosecutors, maintaining that the Inquisitors "had the desire to serve freedom and promote the common good and did everything possible to save his life."', u'=== A martyr of science ===\nSome authors have characterized Bruno as a "martyr of science," suggesting parallels with the Galileo affair which began around 1610.', u'According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "in 1600 there was no official Catholic position on the Copernican system, and it was certainly not a heresy.', u"== Artistic depictions ==\nFollowing the 1870 Capture of Rome by the newly created Kingdom of Italy and the end of the Church's temporal power over the city, the erection of a monument to Bruno on the site of his execution became feasible.", u'The monument was sharply opposed by the clerical party, but was finally erected by the Rome Municipality and inaugurated in 1889.', u"A statue of a stretched human figure standing on its head, designed by Alexander Polzin and depicting Bruno's death at the stake, was placed in Potsdamer Platz station 52\xb030\u203235.4\u2033N 13\xb022\u203233.5\u2033E in Berlin on 2 March 2008.", u'Edward Gosselin has suggested that it is likely Bruno kept his tonsure at least until 1579, and it is possible that he wore it again thereafter.', u'An idealized animated version of Bruno appears in the first episode of the 2014 television series Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey.', u'== References in poetry ==\nAlgernon Charles Swinburne wrote a poem honouring Giordano Bruno in 1889, when the statue of Bruno was constructed in Rome.', u'Poet Heather McHugh in the year 2000 depicts Bruno as the principal of a story told (at dinner, by an "underestimated" travel guide) to a group of contemporary American poets in Rome.', u'In 1973 the biographical drama Giordano Bruno was released, an Italian/French movie directed by Giuliano Montaldo, starring Gian Maria Volont\xe8 as Bruno.', u'It was founded by entrepreneur Herbert Steffen in 2004.', u"The award was proposed by sociologist Donald Tarter in 1995 on the 395th anniversary of Bruno's death.", u"== Works ==\nDe umbris idearum (The Shadows of Ideas, Paris, 1582)\nCantus Circaeus (The Incantation of Circe, 1582) \nDe compendiosa architectura et complento artis Lulli (A Compendium of Architecture and Lulli's Art, 1582) \nCandelaio (The Torchbearer or The Candle Bearer, 1582; play)\nArs reminiscendi (The Art of Memory, 1583)\nExplicatio triginta sigillorum (Explanation of Thirty Seals, 1583) \nSigillus sigillorum (The Seal of Seals, 1583) \nLa Cena de le Ceneri (The Ash Wednesday Supper, 1584)\nDe la causa, principio, et uno (Concerning Cause, Principle, and Unity, 1584)\nDe l'infinito universo et mondi (On the Infinite Universe and Worlds, 1584)\nSpaccio de la Bestia Trionfante (The Expulsion of the Triumphant Beast, London, 1584)\nCabala del cavallo Pegaseo (Cabal of the Horse Pegasus, 1585)\nDe gli heroici furori (The Heroic Frenzies, 1585) \nFiguratio Aristotelici Physici auditus (Figures From Aristotle's Physics, 1585)\nDialogi duo de Fabricii Mordentis Salernitani (Two Dialogues of Fabricii Mordentis Salernitani, 1586)\nIdiota triumphans (The Triumphant Idiot, 1586) \nDe somni interpretatione (Dream Interpretation, 1586) \nAnimadversiones circa lampadem lullianam (Amendments regarding Lull's Lantern, 1586) \nLampas triginta statuarum (The Lantern of Thirty Statues, 1586) \nCentum et viginti articuli de natura et mundo adversus peripateticos (One Hundred and Twenty Articles on Nature and the World Against the Peripatetics, 1586) \nDe Lampade combinatoria Lulliana (The Lamp of Combinations according to Lull, 1587) \nDe progressu et lampade venatoria logicorum (Progress and the Hunter's Lamp of Logical Methods, 1587) \nOratio valedictoria (Valedictory Oration, 1588) \nCamoeracensis Acrotismus (The Pleasure of Dispute, 1588) \nDe specierum scrutinio (Of Bonds in General, 1588) \nArticuli centum et sexaginta adversus huius tempestatis mathematicos atque Philosophos (One Hundred and Sixty Theses Against Mathematicians and Philosophers, 1588) \nOratio consolatoria (Consolation Oration, 1589) \nDe vinculis in genere (Of Bonds in General, 1591) \nDe triplici minimo et mensura (On the Threefold Minimum and Measure, 1591) \nDe monade numero et figura (On the Monad, Number, and Figure, Frankfurt, 1591) \nDe innumerabilibus, immenso, et infigurabili (Of Innumerable Things, Vastness and the Unrepresentable, 1591)\nDe imaginum, signorum et idearum compositione (On the Composition of Images, Signs and Ideas, 1591)\nSumma terminorum metaphysicorum (Handbook of Metaphysical Terms, 1595) \nArtificium perorandi (The Art of Communicating, 1612)\n\n\n== Collections ==\nJordani Bruni Nolani opera latine conscripta (Giordano Bruno the Nolan's Works Written in Latin), Dritter Band (1962) / curantibus F. Tocco et H. Vitelli\n\n\n== See also ==\nFermi paradox\nList of Roman Catholic scientist-clerics\nSaints of Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica\n\n\n== Notes ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nBruno's works: text, concordances and frequency list\nWritings of Giordano Bruno\nGiordano Bruno Library of the World's Best Literature Ancient and Modern Charles Dudley Warner Editor\nBruno's Latin and Italian works online: Biblioteca Ideale di Giordano Bruno\nComplete works of Bruno as well as main biographies and studies available for free download in PDF format from the Warburg Institute and the Centro Internazionale di Studi Bruniani Giovanni Aquilecchia\nOnline Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries High resolution images of works by and/or portraits of Giordano Bruno in .jpg and .tiff format."]}
{'title': "Hawaii\\'s 1st telegraph co opens", 'year': '1901-03-02', 'sentences': [u'Hawaii (English pronunciation: /h\u0259\u02c8wa\u026a\u02b2i/ h\u0259-WY-(y)ee; locally, [h\u0259\u02c8w\u0250(\u026a)\u0294i]; Hawaiian: Hawai\u02bbi [h\u0259\u02c8v\u0250j\u0294i]) is the 50th and most recent state to have joined the United States of America, having received statehood on August 21, 1959.', u'Hawaii is the 8th-smallest and the 11th-least populous, but the 13th-most densely populated of the fifty U.S. states.', u'The Hawaiian sovereignty movement, which generally views the overthrow of Kingdom of Hawaii in 1893 and its subsequent annexation by the United States as illegal, seeks some form of greater autonomy for Hawaii, such as free association or independence from the United States.', u'=== Spelling of state name ===\nA somewhat divisive political issue arose in 1978 when the Constitution of the State of Hawaii added Hawaiian as a second official state language.', u'Diacritics were not used because the document, drafted in 1949, predates the use of the okina (\u02bb) and the kahak\u014d in modern Hawaiian orthography.', u'No precedent for changes to U.S. state names exists since the adoption of the United States Constitution in 1789.', u'However, the Constitution of Massachusetts formally changed the Province of Massachusetts Bay to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in 1780, and in the 1819 the Territory of Arkansaw was created but was later admitted to statehood as State of Arkansas.', u'In 1790, K\u012blauea exploded; it was the deadliest eruption known to have occurred in the modern era in what is now the United States.', u'On the flanks of the volcanoes, slope instability has generated damaging earthquakes and related tsunamis, particularly in 1868 and 1975.', u'The Papah\u0101naumoku\u0101kea Marine National Monument was proclaimed by President George W. Bush on June 15, 2006.', u'The monument covers roughly 140,000 square miles (360,000 km2) of reefs, atolls, and shallow and deep sea out to 50 miles (80 km) offshore in the Pacific Ocean\u2014an area larger than all of the national parks in the U.S. combined.', u'Summer highs usually reach around 88 \xb0F (31 \xb0C) during the day, with the temperature reaching a low of 75 \xb0F (24 \xb0C) at night.', u'Winter day temperatures are usually around 83 \xb0F (28 \xb0C); at low elevation they seldom dip below 65 \xb0F (18 \xb0C) at night.', u'The warmest temperature recorded in the state, in Pahala on April 27, 1931, is 100 \xb0F (38 \xb0C), making it tied with Alaska as the lowest record high temperature observed in a U.S. state.', u"Hawaii's record low temperature is 12 \xb0F (\u221211 \xb0C) observed in May 1979 on the summit of Mauna Kea.", u"The Kingdom of Hawai\u02bbi was sovereign from 1810 until 1893 when the monarchy was overthrown by resident American and European capitalists and landholders in a coup d'\xe9tat.", u'Hawaii was an independent republic from 1894 until August 12, 1898, when it officially became a territory of the United States.', u'Hawaii was admitted as a U.S. state on August 21, 1959.', u"=== European arrival ===\n\nIt is possible that Spanish explorers arrived in the Hawaiian Islands in the 16th century\u2014200 years before Captain James Cook's first documented visit in 1778.", u'Ruy L\xf3pez de Villalobos commanded a fleet of six ships that left Acapulco in 1542 bound for the Philippines with a Spanish sailor named Juan Gaetano aboard as pilot.', u'The 1778 arrival of British explorer James Cook was the first documented contact by a European explorer with Hawaii.', u'As he prepared for departure after his second visit in 1779, a quarrel ensued as Cook took temple idols and fencing as "firewood", and a minor chief and his men took a ship\'s boat.', u'By 1820, disease, famine and wars between the chiefs killed more than half of the Native Hawaiian population.', u"Historical records indicated the earliest Chinese immigrants to Hawaii originated from Guangdong Province; a few sailors arrived in 1778 with Captain Cook's journey and more arrived in 1789 with an American trader, who settled in Hawaii in the late 18th century.", u'It appears that leprosy was introduced by Chinese workers by 1830; as with the other new infectious diseases, it proved damaging to the Hawaiians.', u'After a series of battles that ended in 1795, all inhabited islands were subjugated under a single ruler, who became known as King Kamehameha the Great.', u'He established the House of Kamehameha, a dynasty that ruled the kingdom until 1872.', u'After Kamehameha II inherited the throne in 1819, American Protestant missionaries to Hawaii converted many Hawaiians to Christianity.', u'Missionaries from each major group administered to the leper colony at Kalaupapa on Moloka\u02bbi, which was established in 1866 and operated well into the 20th century.', u'In 1874, the election was contested within the legislature between Kal\u0101kaua and Emma, Queen Consort of Kamehameha IV.', u'==== 1887 Constitution and overthrow preparations ====\nIn 1887, Kal\u0101kaua was forced to sign the 1887 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii.', u'Because the 1887 Constitution was signed under threat of violence, it is known as the Bayonet Constitution.', u'King Kal\u0101kaua, reduced to a figurehead, reigned until his death in 1891.', u'In 1893, Queen Lili\u02bbuokalani announced plans for a new constitution.', u"On January 14, 1893, a group of mostly Euro-American business leaders and residents formed the Committee of Safety to stage a coup d'\xe9tat against the kingdom and seek annexation by the United States.", u'=== Overthrow of 1893 \u2013 the Republic of Hawaii (1894\u20131898) ===\n\nIn January 1893, Queen Lili\u02bbuokalani was overthrown and replaced by a provisional government composed of members of the American Committee of Safety.', u'American lawyer Sanford B. Dole became President of the Republic when the Provisional Government of Hawaii ended on July 4, 1894.', u'Congress conducted an independent investigation, and on February 26, 1894, submitted the Morgan Report, which found all parties, including Minister Stevens\u2014with the exception of the Queen\u2014"not guilty" and not responsible for the coup.', u'Partisans on both sides of the debate questioned the accuracy and impartiality of both the Blount and Morgan reports over the events of 1893.', u'In 1993, the US Congress passed a joint Apology Resolution regarding the overthrow; it was signed by President Bill Clinton.', u'=== Annexation \u2013 the Territory of Hawaii (1898\u20131959) ===\n\nAfter William McKinley won the 1896 U.S. presidential election, advocates pressed to annex the Republic of Hawaii.', u'After negotiations in June 1897, Secretary of State John Sherman agreed to a treaty of annexation with these representatives of the Republic of Hawaii.', u'The Newlands Resolution was passed by the House on June 15, 1898, by 209 votes in favor to 91 against, and by the Senate on July 6, 1898, by a vote of 42 to 21.', u'In 1900, Hawaii was granted self-governance and retained \u02bbIolani Palace as the territorial capitol building.', u"Puerto Rican immigration to Hawaii began in 1899 when Puerto Rico's sugar industry was devastated by two hurricanes, causing a worldwide shortage of sugar and a huge demand for sugar from Hawaii.", u'The first wave arrived between 1903 and 1924; the second wave began in 1965 after President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 which removed racial and national barriers and resulted in significantly altering the demographic mix in the U.S.\nO\u02bbahu was the target of a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor by Imperial Japan on December 7, 1941.', u'=== Political changes of 1954 \u2013 the State of Hawaii (1959\u2013present) ===\n\nIn the 1950s, the power of the plantation owners was broken by the descendants of immigrant laborers, who were born in the incorporated U.S. territory and were U.S. citizens.', u'In March 1959, Congress passed the Hawaii Admission Act, which U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed into law.', u'On June 27, 1959, a referendum asked residents of Hawaii to vote on the statehood bill; 94.3% voted in favor of statehood and 5.7% opposed it.', u'The Hawaii State Constitutional Convention of 1978 created institutions such as the Office of Hawaiian Affairs to promote indigenous language and culture.', u'The United States Census Bureau estimates the population of Hawaii was 1,431,603 on July 1, 2015; an increase of 5.24% since the 2010 United States Census.', u'As of 2014, Hawaii had an estimated population of 1,431,603; an increase of 12,042 from the previous year and an increase of 71,302 (5.24%) since 2010.', u'The average projected lifespan of people born in Hawaii in 2000 is 79.8 years; 77.1 years if male, 82.5 if female\u2014longer than the average lifespan of any other U.S. state.', u'As of 2011 the U.S. military reported it had 42,371 personnel on the islands.', u'=== Race and ethnicity ===\n\nAccording to the 2010 United States Census, Hawaii had a population of 1,360,301.', u'In 2011, 14.5% of births were to white, non-Hispanic parents.', u"In 1970, the Census Bureau reported Hawaii's population was 38.8% white and 57.7% Asian and Pacific Islander.", u'It is expected to be one of three states that will not have a non-Hispanic white plurality in 2014; the other two are California and New Mexico.', u'Chinese workers on Western trading ships settled in Hawaii starting in 1789.', u'In 1820, the first American missionaries arrived to preach Christianity and teach the Hawaiians Western ways.', u"As of 2015, a large proportion of Hawaii's population have Asian ancestry\u2014especially Filipino, Japanese and Chinese.", u'The first 153 Japanese immigrants arrived in Hawaii on June 19, 1868.', u"The first Japanese current-government-approved immigrants arrived on February 9, 1885, after Kal\u0101kaua's petition to Emperor Meiji when Kal\u0101kaua visited Japan in 1881.", u'Almost 13,000 Portuguese migrants had arrived by 1899; they also worked on the sugarcane plantations.', u'By 1901, over 5,000 Puerto Ricans were living in Hawaii.', u'=== Languages ===\nEnglish (General American) and Hawaiian are listed as Hawaii\'s "official languages" in the state\'s 1978 constitution.', u'As of the 2000 Census, 73.44% of Hawaii residents aged five and older exclusively speak English at home.', u"According to the 2008 American Community Survey, 74.6% of Hawaii's residents over the age of five speak only English at home.", u'That form was developed mainly by American Protestant |missionaries between 1820 and 1826.', u'Hawaiian-language newspapers (n\u016bpepa) published from 1834 to 1948 and traditional native speakers of Hawaiian generally omit the marks in their own writing.', u'The largest denominations by number of adherents were the Catholic Church with 249,619 adherents in 2010 and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with 68,128 adherents in 2009.', u'According to data provided by religious establishments, religion in Hawaii in 2000 was distributed as follows:\n\nA Pew poll found that the religious composition was as follows:\n\n\n=== LGBT ===\nHawaii has had a long history of queer identities.', u'A 2012 poll by Gallup found that Hawaii had the largest proportion of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) adults in the U.S., at 5.1%, comprising an estimated adult LGBT population of 53,966 individuals.', u'The number of same-sex couple households in 2010 was 3,239; a 35.45% increase of figures from a decade earlier.', u'In 2013, Hawaii became the fifteenth U.S. state to legalize same-sex marriage; a University of Hawaii researcher said the law may boost tourism by $217 million.', u'Since statehood in 1959, tourism has been the largest industry, contributing 24.3% of the gross state product (GSP) in 1997, despite efforts to diversify.', u"The state's gross output for 2003 was US$47 billion; per capita income for Hawaii residents in 2014 was US$54,516.", u'Seeds yielded US$264 million in 2012, supporting 1,400 workers.', u"As of December 2015, the state's unemployment rate was 3.2%.", u'In 2009, the United States military spent US$12.2 billion in Hawaii, accounting for 18% of spending in the state for that year.', u'According to a 2013 study by Phoenix Marketing International, Hawaii had the fourth-largest number of millionaires per capita in the United States, with a ratio of 7.18%.', u'Average electricity prices in October 2014 (36.41 cents per kilowatt-hour) were nearly three times the national average (12.58 cents per kilowatt-hour) and 80% higher than the second-highest state, Connecticut.', u'The median home value in Hawaii in the 2000 U.S. Census was US$272,700, while the national median home value was US$119,600.', u'Research from the National Association of Realtors places the 2010 median sale price of a single family home in Honolulu, Hawaii, at US$607,600 and the U.S. median sales price at US$173,200.', u'The sale price of single family homes in Hawaii was the highest of any U.S. city in 2010, just above that of the Silicon Valley area of California (US$602,000).', u'The situation is compounded even further by what could possibly be the single largest contributor to the high costs of living in Hawaii, a U.S. trade law known as the Jones Act, or the Merchant Marine Act of 1920.', u'It is considered a variant of a more general Polynesian mythology that developed a unique character for several centuries before about 1800.', u'In 2003, according to state government data, there were over 6.4 million visitors, with expenditures of over $10 billion, to the Hawaiian Islands.', u"== Health ==\n\nAs of 2009, Hawaii's health care system insures 92% of residents.", u'This may have unbalanced the results that reported in August 2005 that of 282 schools across the state, 185 failed to reach federal minimum performance standards in mathematics and reading.', u"The ACT college placement tests show that in 2005, seniors scored slightly above the national average (21.9 compared with 20.9), but in the widely accepted SAT examinations, Hawaii's college-bound seniors tend to score below the national average in all categories except mathematics.", u'Pacific Buddhist Academy, the second Buddhist high school in the U.S. and first such school in Hawaii, was founded in 2003.', u'In 2005, Kamehameha enrolled 5,398 students, 8.4% of the Native Hawaiian children in the state.', u'=== P\u016bnana Leo ===\n\nFirst opened in 1984 illegally in Kekaha, Kaua\'i, the P\u016bnana Leo or "Language Nest" (lit.', u'As of 2006, there were a total of eleven P\u016bnana Leo preschools, with locations on five of the islands.', u'The Hawaii Superferry operated between O\u02bbahu and Maui between December 2007 and March 2009, with additional routes planned for other islands.', u'The main line was officially abandoned in 1947, although part of it was bought by the U.S. Navy and operated until 1970.', u'He was appointed to the office on December 26, 2012, by Governor Neil Abercrombie, following the death of former senator Daniel Inouye.', u'=== National politics ===\nSince gaining statehood and participating in its first election in 1960, Hawaii has supported Democrats in all but two presidential elections; 1972 and 1984, both of which were landslide victories for Republicans Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan respectively.', u"Hawaii hasn't elected a Republican to represent the state in the U.S. Senate since Hiram Fong in 1970; since 1977, both of the state's U.S.", u"In 2004, John Kerry won the state's four electoral votes by a margin of nine percentage points with 54% of the vote.", u'In 1964, favorite son candidate senator Hiram Fong of Hawaii sought the Republican presidential nomination, while Patsy Mink ran in the Oregon primary in 1972.', u'Honolulu-born Barack Obama, then serving as United States Senator from Illinois, was elected the 44th President of the United States on November 4, 2008 and was re-elected for a second term on November 6, 2012.', u'Obama had won the Hawaii Democratic caucus on February 19, 2008, with 76% of the vote.', u'On September 29, 2015 the Department of the Interior announced a procedure to recognize a Native Hawaiian government.', u'A 2005 Grassroot Institute poll found the majority of Hawaiian residents opposed the Akaka Bill.', u'Some groups also advocate some form of redress from the United States for the 1893 overthrow of Queen Lili\u02bbuokalani, and for what is described as a prolonged military occupation beginning with the 1898 annexation.', u'The movement generally views both the overthrow and annexation as illegal, with the Apology Resolution passed by US Congress in 1993 cited as a major impetus by the movement for Hawaiian sovereignty.', u'Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1993.', u'Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1994.', u'Selinsgrove, PA: Susquehanna University Press, 1961.', u'"The 1897 Petition Against the Annexation of Hawai\u02bbi."']}
{'title': 'Congress creates Court of Customs & Patent Appeals', 'year': '1929-03-02', 'sentences': [u'== Political congress ==\n\n\n=== Congresses of nations ===\nThe following congresses were formal meetings of representatives of different nations:\nThe Congress of Berlin (1878)\nThe Congress of Gniezno (1000)\nThe Congress of Panama, an 1826 meeting organized by Simon Bolivar.', u'The National Congress of Belgium was a temporary legislative assembly in 1830, which created a constitution for the new state.', u"The Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union was the legislature and nominal supreme institution of state power in the Soviet Union from 1989 to 1991.", u"The predecessors to the United States Bowling Congress, formed in 1995, were the male-only American Bowling Congress founded in 1895, and the female-only Women's International Bowling Congress founded in 1927, which combined in 1995 to form the USBC."]}
{'title': '1st surface crossing of the Antarctic continent is completed', 'year': '1958-03-02', 'sentences': [u'The brigade was created on August 1, 1973, by gathering together the 18th and 19th SAM regiments.', u'In 1995, it received the honorific name "General Nicolae D\u0103sc\u0103lescu" and a new battle flag.', u'The unit currently operates S-75 M3 "Volhov", S-125 missiles, and MIM-23 Hawk missile systems.', u'Between 2007-08, the 3rd Battalion converted from ZSU-23-4 Shilka and SA-8 anti-aircraft systems to the US-made MIM-23 Hawk system.', u'SAM Battalion - S-75 and MIM-23 Hawk\n??', u'SAM Battalion - S-75 and S-125\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nOfficial site of the Romanian Air Force']}
{'title': "Walt Disney World\\'s 50-millionth guest", 'year': '1976-03-02', 'sentences': [u'Opened on October 1, 1971, Walt Disney World is the most visited vacation resort in the world, with an attendance of over 52 million people annually.', u'Magic Kingdom was the first theme park to open in the complex, in 1971, followed by Epcot in 1982, Hollywood Studios in 1989, and the most recent, Animal Kingdom in 1998.', u'Designed to supplement Disneyland in Anaheim, California, which had opened in 1955, the complex was developed by Walt Disney in the 1960s.', u'Walt Disney died on December 15, 1966, before construction began.', u'== History ==\n\n\n=== Planning and construction ===\n\n\n==== Conception ====\nIn 1959, Walt Disney Productions began looking for land to house a second resort to supplement Disneyland in Anaheim, California, which had opened in 1955.', u'Walt Disney flew over a potential site in Orlando, Florida \u2013 one of many \u2013 in November 1963.', u'In May 1965, some of these major land transactions were recorded a few miles southwest of Orlando in Osceola County.', u'They were 5-acre (2 ha) lots platted in 1912 by the Munger Land Company and sold to investors.', u"Working strictly in secrecy, real estate agents unaware of their client's identity began making offers to landowners in April 1964 in parts of southwest Orange and northwest Osceola counties.", u'An Orlando Sentinel news article published weeks later on May 20, 1965, acknowledged a popular rumor that Disney was building an "East Coast" version of Disneyland.', u"In October 1965, editor Emily Bavar from the Sentinel visited Disneyland during the park's 10th anniversary celebration.", u'His reaction, combined with other research obtained during her Anaheim visit, led Bavar to author a story on October 21, 1965, where she predicted that Disney was building a second theme park in Florida.', u'Walt Disney had originally planned to publicly reveal Disney World on November 15, 1965, but in light of the Sentinel story, Disney asked Florida Governor Haydon Burns to confirm the story on October 25.', u"==== Roy Disney's oversight of construction ====\nWalt Disney died from lung cancer on December 15, 1966, before his vision was realized.", u'On February 2, 1967, Roy O. Disney held a press conference at the Park Theatres in Winter Park, Florida.', u'The legislation forming the district and the two cities was signed into law by Florida Governor Claude R. Kirk, Jr. on May 12, 1967.', u'The Supreme Court of Florida then ruled in 1968 that the district was allowed to issue tax-exempt bonds for public projects within the district, despite the sole beneficiary being Walt Disney Productions.', u"The Contemporary Resort Hotel and Polynesian Village were also completed in time for the park's opening on October 1, 1971.", u'Roy Disney died at age 78 on December 20, 1971, less than three months after the property opened.', u'Admission prices 45 years ago in 1971 were $3.50 for adults, $2.50 for juniors under age 18, and one dollar for children under twelve.', u"The concept evolved into the resort's second theme park, EPCOT Center (renamed Epcot in 1996), which opened in 1982.", u"The resort's third theme park, Disney-MGM Studios (renamed Disney's Hollywood Studios in 2008), opened in 1989, and is inspired by show business.", u"The resort's fourth theme park, Disney's Animal Kingdom, opened in 1998.", u'George Kalogridis was named president of the resort in December 2012, replacing Meg Crofton, who had overseen the site since 2006.', u"The 27,258 acres (43 sq mi; 110 km2) site is accessible from Central Florida's Interstate 4 via Exits 62B (World Drive), 64B (US 192 West), 65B (Osceola Parkway West), 67B (SR 536 West), and 68 (SR 535 North), and Exit 8 on SR 429, the Western Expressway.", u"== Attractions ==\n\n\n=== Theme parks ===\nMagic Kingdom, opened October 1, 1971\nEpcot, opened October 1, 1982\nDisney's Hollywood Studios, opened May 1, 1989\nDisney's Animal Kingdom, opened April 22, 1998\n\n\n=== Water parks ===\nDisney's Typhoon Lagoon, opened June 1, 1989\nDisney's Blizzard Beach, opened April 1, 1995\n\n\n=== Other attractions ===\nDisney Springs, opened March 22, 1975 (Previously known as Lake Buena Vista Shopping Village, Disney Village Marketplace, and Downtown Disney)DisneyQuest, opened June 19, 1998, and is rumored to close in 2016.", u"La Nouba by Cirque du Soleil, opened December 23, 1998\n\nDisney's Wedding Pavilion, opened July 15, 1995\nESPN Wide World of Sports Complex, opened March 28, 1997\n\n\n=== Golf and recreation ===\nDisney's property includes four golf courses.", u'It opened on April 8, 1974 and closed on April 8, 1999.', u'It opened on June 20, 1976 and closed on November 2, 2001.', u'It opened November 28, 1995 and closed on August 9, 2015.', u'Until early 2008, they were used for International Program Cast Member housing.', u'In February 2008, Disney submitted plans to the South Florida Water Management District to replace the 60 existing villas with 60 new villas.', u'The Treehouse Villas opened during the summer of 2009.', u"== Attendance ==\n\nIn 2014, the resort's four theme parks all ranked in the top 8 on the list of the 25 most visited theme parks in the world; (1st) Magic Kingdom - 19,332,000 visitors, (6th) Epcot - 11,454,000 visitors, (7th) Disney's Animal Kingdom - 10,402,000 visitors, and (8th) Disney's Hollywood Studios - 10,312,000 visitors.", u'== Operations ==\n\n\n=== Employment ===\nWhen the Magic Kingdom opened in 1971, the site employed about 5,500 "cast members".', u'== Twin town ==\nAs part of a competition run by Disney for 2010, Walt Disney World has an unofficial twinning (sister city) with Swindon, England, since 2009.']}
{'title': '60th hat trick in Islander history - Bryan Trottier', 'year': '1982-03-02', 'sentences': [u'The first hat-trick was scored by Arthur Friedenreich of Brazil, playing against Chile in the 1919 South American Championship; the most recent was by the Argentinian Lionel Messi, playing against Panama in the 2016 Copa Am\xe9rica Centenario.', u'The only editions not to have at least one hat-trick scored was 1916, 1917, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1937, 1956, 1979, 1983, 1989, 1991, 1993, 1995, 1997, 1999 and 2001.', u'The record number of hat-tricks in a single Copa Am\xe9rica tournament is five, which occurred during the following tournaments: 1926 South American Championship in Chile, 1942 South American Championship in Uruguay, 1945 South American Championship in Chile, and 1957 South American Championship in Peru.', u'== Notable Copa Am\xe9rica hat-tricks ==\nArthur Friedenreich was the first player to score a hat-trick in a Copa Am\xe9rica match, on 11 May 1919 against Chile.', u'Ten players have scored two hat-tricks in Copa Am\xe9rica matches: Ademir (1945 and 1949), Javier Ambrois (1957), David Arellano (1926), Teodoro Fern\xe1ndez (1939 and 1941), Herminio Masantonio (1935 and 1942), Pedro Petrone (1924 and 1927), Sylvio Pirillo (1942), Jos\xe9 Sanfilippo (1959 (Ecuador)), Severino Varela (1939 and 1942) and Paolo Guerrero (2011 and 2015).', u'There have been three occasions when two hat-tricks have been scored in the same match; when Uruguay defeated Bolivia in 1927, Pedro Petrone and Roberto Figueroa, both playing for Uruguay, scored three goals.', u'Another occurred during the 1942 South American Championship: when Argentina defeated Ecuador, Jos\xe9 Manuel Moreno scored five goals and Herminio Masantonio scored four, both for Argentina.', u"The quickest hat-trick to be completed is Jos\xe9 Manuel Moreno's three goals during the 1942 edition.", u'The only players to have scored a hat-trick coming from the bench are Paulo Valentim in 1959 and Lionel Messi in 2016.']}
{'title': 'Congress passes 1st foreign aid bill', 'year': '1812-03-03', 'sentences': [u'== Political congress ==\n\n\n=== Congresses of nations ===\nThe following congresses were formal meetings of representatives of different nations:\nThe Congress of Berlin (1878)\nThe Congress of Gniezno (1000)\nThe Congress of Panama, an 1826 meeting organized by Simon Bolivar.', u'The National Congress of Belgium was a temporary legislative assembly in 1830, which created a constitution for the new state.', u"The Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union was the legislature and nominal supreme institution of state power in the Soviet Union from 1989 to 1991.", u"The predecessors to the United States Bowling Congress, formed in 1995, were the male-only American Bowling Congress founded in 1895, and the female-only Women's International Bowling Congress founded in 1927, which combined in 1995 to form the USBC."]}
{'title': 'Abraham Lincoln approves charter for National Academy of Sciences', 'year': '1863-03-03', 'sentences': [u'Abraham Lincoln (/\u02c8e\u026abr\u0259h\xe6m \u02c8l\u026a\u014bk\u0259n/; February 12, 1809 \u2013 April 15, 1865) was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 16th President of the United States from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865.', u'Elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1846, Lincoln promoted rapid modernization of the economy through banks, tariffs, and railroads.', u'Reentering politics in 1854, he became a leader in building the new Republican Party, which had a statewide majority in Illinois.', u'In 1858, while taking part in a series of highly publicized debates with his opponent and rival, Democrat Stephen A. Douglas, Lincoln spoke out against the expansion of slavery, but lost the U.S. Senate race to Douglas.', u'In 1860, Lincoln secured the Republican Party presidential nomination as a moderate from a swing state.', u'Though he gained very little support in the slaveholding states of the South, he swept the North and was elected president in 1860.', u'Subsequently, on April 12, 1861, a Confederate attack on Fort Sumter inspired the North to enthusiastically rally behind the Union.', u'He suspended habeas corpus, leading to the controversial ex parte Merryman decision, and he averted potential British intervention in the war by defusing the Trent Affair in late 1861.', u'As the war progressed, his complex moves toward ending slavery included the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863; Lincoln used the U.S. Army to protect escaped slaves, encouraged the border states to outlaw slavery, and pushed through Congress the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which permanently outlawed slavery.', u'An exceptionally astute politician deeply involved with power issues in each state, Lincoln reached out to the War Democrats and managed his own re-election campaign in the 1864 presidential election.', u'On April 14, 1865, five days after the April 9th surrender of Confederate commanding general Robert E. Lee, Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth, a Confederate sympathizer.', u'== Family and childhood ==\n\n\n=== Early life and family ancestry ===\n\nAbraham Lincoln was born February 12, 1809, the second child of Thomas and Nancy Hanks Lincoln, in a one-room log cabin on the Sinking Spring Farm in Hardin County, Kentucky (now LaRue County).', u'He was a descendant of Samuel Lincoln, who migrated from Norfolk, England to Hingham, Massachusetts, in 1638.', u'Captain Lincoln was killed in an Indian raid in 1786.', u'Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks were married on June 12, 1806, in Washington County, and moved to Elizabethtown, Kentucky, following their marriage.', u'They became the parents of three children: Sarah, born on February 10, 1807; Abraham, on February 12, 1809; and another son, Thomas, who died in infancy.', u'In 1811 the family moved eight miles (13 km) north, to Knob Creek Farm, where Thomas acquired title to 230 acres (93 ha) of land.', u'In 1815 a claimant in another land dispute sought to eject the family from the farm.', u'Of the 816.5 acres (330 ha) that Thomas held in Kentucky, he lost all but 200 acres (81 ha) of his land in court disputes over property titles.', u'Frustrated over the lack of security provided by Kentucky courts, Thomas sold the remaining land he held in Kentucky in 1814, and began planning a move to Indiana, where the land survey process was more reliable and the ability for an individual to retain land titles was more secure.', u'In 1816 the family moved north across the Ohio River to Indiana, a free, non-slaveholding territory, where they settled in an "unbroken forest" in Hurricane Township, Perry County.', u'In 1860 Lincoln noted that the family\'s move to Indiana was "partly on account of slavery"; but mainly due to land title difficulties in Kentucky.', u'Despite some financial challenges he eventually obtained clear title to 80 acres (32 ha) of land in what became known as the Little Pigeon Creek Community in Spencer County.', u"Prior to the family's move to Illinois in 1830, Thomas had acquired an additional twenty acres of land adjacent to his property.", u"On October 5, 1818, Nancy Lincoln died of milk sickness, leaving eleven-year-old Sarah in charge of a household that included her father, nine-year-old Abraham, and Dennis Hanks, Nancy's nineteen-year-old orphaned cousin.", u'On December 2, 1819, Lincoln\'s father married Sarah "Sally" Bush Johnston, a widow from Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with three children of her own.', u"Those who knew Lincoln as a teenager later recalled him being very distraught over his sister Sarah's death on January 20, 1828, while giving birth to a stillborn son.", u'In early March 1830, fearing a milk sickness outbreak along the Ohio River, the Lincoln family moved west to Illinois, a non-slaveholding state.', u'In 1831, as Thomas and other members of the family prepared to move to a new homestead in Coles County, Illinois, Abraham was old enough to make his own decisions and struck out on his own.', u"=== Marriage and children ===\n\nLincoln's first romantic interest was Ann Rutledge, whom he met when he first moved to New Salem; by 1835, they were in a relationship but not formally engaged.", u'Late in 1836, Lincoln agreed to a match with Mary if she returned to New Salem.', u'Mary did return in November 1836, and Lincoln courted her for a time; however, they both had second thoughts about their relationship.', u'On August 16, 1837, Lincoln wrote Mary a letter suggesting he would not blame her if she ended the relationship.', u'In 1840, Lincoln became engaged to Mary Todd, who was from a wealthy slave-holding family in Lexington, Kentucky.', u'They met in Springfield, Illinois, in December 1839 and were engaged the following December.', u"A wedding set for January 1, 1841, was canceled when the two broke off their engagement at Lincoln's initiative.", u"They later met again at a party and married on November 4, 1842, in the Springfield mansion of Mary's married sister.", u"In 1844, the couple bought a house in Springfield near Lincoln's law office.", u'Robert Todd Lincoln was born in 1843 and Edward Baker Lincoln (Eddie) in 1846.', u'Edward died on February 1, 1850, in Springfield, probably of tuberculosis.', u'"Willie" Lincoln was born on December 21, 1850, and died of a fever on February 20, 1862.', u'The Lincolns\' fourth son, Thomas "Tad" Lincoln, was born on April 4, 1853, and died of heart failure at the age of 18 on July 16, 1871.', u"The Lincolns' last descendant, great-grandson Robert Todd Lincoln Beckwith, died in 1985.", u'Later in life, Mary struggled with the stresses of losing her husband and sons, and Robert Lincoln committed her temporarily to a mental health asylum in 1875.', u'== Early career and militia service ==\n\nIn 1832, at age 23, Lincoln and a partner bought a small general store on credit in New Salem, Illinois.', u'His second campaign in 1834 was successful.', u"Admitted to the bar in 1836, he moved to Springfield, Illinois, and began to practice law under John T. Stuart, Mary Todd's cousin.", u'He partnered with Stephen T. Logan from 1841 until 1844.', u'He first articulated this in 1837, saying, "[The] Institution of slavery is founded on both injustice and bad policy, but the promulgation of abolition doctrines tends rather to increase than abate its evils."', u'== U.S. House of Representatives, 1847\u201349 ==\n\nFrom the early 1830s, Lincoln was a steadfast Whig and professed to friends in 1861 to be "an old line Whig, a disciple of Henry Clay".', u'In 1846, Lincoln was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, where he served one two-year term.', u'Realizing Clay was unlikely to win the presidency, Lincoln, who had pledged in 1846 to serve only one term in the House, supported General Zachary Taylor for the Whig nomination in the 1848 presidential election.', u'In 1849, he received a patent for a flotation device for the movement of boats in shallow water.', u'In 1851, he represented the Alton & Sangamon Railroad in a dispute with one of its shareholders, James A. Barret, who had refused to pay the balance on his pledge to buy shares in the railroad on the grounds that the company had changed its original train route.', u"From 1853 to 1860, another of Lincoln's largest clients was the Illinois Central Railroad.", u'Lincoln\'s most notable criminal trial occurred in 1858 when he defended William "Duff" Armstrong, who was on trial for the murder of James Preston Metzker.', u"Lincoln rarely raised objections in the courtroom; but in an 1859 case, where he defended a cousin, Peachy Harrison, who was accused of stabbing another to death, Lincoln angrily protested the judge's decision to exclude evidence favorable to his client.", u'== Republican politics 1854\u201360 ==\n\n\n=== Slavery and a "House Divided" ===\n\nBy the 1850s, slavery was still legal in the southern United States, but had been outlawed in all the northern states since 1803, including Illinois, whose original 1818 Constitution forbade slavery.', u'On October 16, 1854, in his "Peoria Speech", Lincoln declared his opposition to slavery, which he repeated en route to the presidency.', u'I hate it because it deprives our republican example of its just influence in the world ..."\nIn late 1854, Lincoln ran as a Whig for the U.S. Senate.', u'Lincoln was one of those instrumental in forging the shape of the new party; at the 1856 Republican National Convention, he placed second in the contest to become its candidate for vice president.', u'Some eastern Republicans even favored the reelection of Douglas for the Senate in 1858, since he had led the opposition to the Lecompton Constitution, which would have admitted Kansas as a slave state.', u'In March 1857, the Supreme Court issued its decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford; Chief Justice Roger B. Taney opined that blacks were not citizens, and derived no rights from the Constitution.', u'After the state Republican party convention nominated him for the U.S. Senate in 1858, Lincoln delivered his House Divided Speech, drawing on Mark 3:25, "A house divided against itself cannot stand.', u'=== Lincoln\u2013Douglas debates and Cooper Union speech ===\n\nThe Senate campaign featured the seven Lincoln\u2013Douglas debates of 1858, the most famous political debates in American history.', u"In May 1859, Lincoln purchased the Illinois Staats-Anzeiger, a German-language newspaper which was consistently supportive; most of the state's 130,000 German Americans voted Democratic but there was Republican support that a German-language paper could mobilize.", u'On February 27, 1860, New York party leaders invited Lincoln to give a speech at Cooper Union to a group of powerful Republicans.', u'=== 1860 Presidential nomination and campaign ===\n\nOn May 9\u201310, 1860, the Illinois Republican State Convention was held in Decatur.', u'In 1860 Lincoln described himself : "I am in height, six feet, four inches, nearly; lean in flesh, weighing, on an average, one hundred and eighty pounds; dark complexion, with coarse black hair, and gray eyes."', u'The Wide Awake Parade was formed in 1860 by Republicans in the Northern states to help nominate Abraham Lincoln as the President of the United States.', u'== Presidency ==\n\n\n=== 1860 election and secession ===\n\nOn November 6, 1860, Lincoln was elected the 16th president of the United States, beating Democrat Stephen A. Douglas, John C. Breckinridge of the Southern Democrats, and John Bell of the new Constitutional Union Party.', u'Turnout was 82.2 percent, with Lincoln winning the free Northern states, as well as California and Oregon.', u'On December 20, 1860, South Carolina took the lead by adopting an ordinance of secession; by February 1, 1861, Florida, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas followed.', u'The Confederacy selected Jefferson Davis as its provisional President on February 9, 1861.', u"The Crittenden Compromise would have extended the Missouri Compromise line of 1820, dividing the territories into slave and free, contrary to the Republican Party's free-soil platform.", u'On February 23, 1861, he arrived in disguise in Washington, D.C., which was placed under substantial military guard.', u'The failure of the Peace Conference of 1861 signaled that legislative compromise was impossible.', u'By March 1861, no leaders of the insurrection had proposed rejoining the Union on any terms.', u'On April 12, 1861, Confederate forces fired on Union troops at Fort Sumter, forcing them to surrender, and began the war.', u'On August 6, 1861, Lincoln signed the Confiscation Act that authorized judiciary proceedings to confiscate and free slaves who were used to support the Confederate war effort.', u'In late August 1861, General John C. Fr\xe9mont, the 1856 Republican presidential nominee, issued, without consulting his superiors in Washington, a proclamation of martial law in Missouri.', u'The Trent Affair of late 1861 threatened war with Great Britain.', u'In January 1862, after many complaints of inefficiency and profiteering in the War Department, Lincoln replaced Simon Cameron with Edwin Stanton as War Secretary.', u'In terms of war strategy, Lincoln articulated two priorities: to ensure that Washington was well-defended, and to conduct an aggressive war effort that would satisfy the demand in the North for prompt, decisive victory; major Northern newspaper editors expected victory within 90 days.', u'=== General McClellan ===\nAfter the Union defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run and the retirement of the aged Winfield Scott in late 1861, Lincoln appointed Major General George B. McClellan general-in-chief of all the Union armies.', u'Lincoln removed McClellan as general-in-chief in March 1862, after McClellan\'s "Harrison\'s Landing Letter", in which he offered unsolicited political advice to Lincoln urging caution in the war effort.', u'However, lacking requested reinforcements from McClellan, now commanding the Army of the Potomac, Pope was soundly defeated at the Second Battle of Bull Run in the summer of 1862, forcing the Army of the Potomac to defend Washington for a second time.', u'The war also expanded with naval operations in 1862 when the CSS Virginia, formerly the USS Merrimack, damaged or destroyed three Union vessels in Norfolk, Virginia, before being engaged and damaged by the USS Monitor.', u"Two days after McClellan's return to command, General Robert E. Lee's forces crossed the Potomac River into Maryland, leading to the Battle of Antietam in September 1862.", u'As a result, Lincoln replaced Buell with William Rosecrans; and, after the 1862 midterm elections, he replaced McClellan with Republican Ambrose Burnside.', u'Desertions during 1863 were in the thousands and they increased after Fredericksburg.', u'The mid-term elections in 1862 brought the Republicans severe losses due to sharp disfavor with the administration over its failure to deliver a speedy end to the war, as well as rising inflation, new high taxes, rumors of corruption, the suspension of habeas corpus, the military draft law, and fears that freed slaves would undermine the labor market.', u"In the spring of 1863, Lincoln was optimistic about upcoming military campaigns to the point of thinking the end of the war could be near if a string of victories could be put together; these plans included Hooker's attack on Lee north of Richmond, Rosecrans' on Chattanooga, Grant's on Vicksburg, and a naval assault on Charleston.", u"=== Emancipation Proclamation ===\n\nLincoln understood that the Federal government's power to end slavery was limited by the Constitution, which before 1865, committed the issue to individual states.", u'President Lincoln rejected two geographically limited emancipation attempts by Major General John C. Fr\xe9mont in August 1861 and by Major General David Hunter in May 1862, on the grounds that it was not within their power, and it would upset the border states loyal to the Union.', u'On June 19, 1862, endorsed by Lincoln, Congress passed an act banning slavery on all federal territory.', u'In July, the Confiscation Act of 1862 was passed, which set up court procedures that could free the slaves of anyone convicted of aiding the rebellion.', u'In it, he stated that "as a fit and necessary military measure, on January 1, 1863, all persons held as slaves in the Confederate states will thenceforward, and forever, be free".', u'Republican editor Horace Greeley of the highly influential New York Tribune fell for the ploy, and Lincoln refuted it directly in a shrewd letter of August 22, 1862.', u'The Emancipation Proclamation, issued on September 22, 1862, and put into effect on January 1, 1863, declared free the slaves in 10 states not then under Union control, with exemptions specified for areas already under Union control in two states.', u'Lincoln spent the next 100 days preparing the army and the nation for emancipation, while Democrats rallied their voters in the 1862 off-year elections by warning of the threat freed slaves posed to northern whites.', u'By the spring of 1863, Lincoln was ready to recruit black troops in more than token numbers.', u"By the end of 1863, at Lincoln's direction, General Lorenzo Thomas had recruited 20 regiments of blacks from the Mississippi Valley.", u'=== Gettysburg Address (1863) ===\n\nWith the great Union victory at the Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863, and the defeat of the Copperheads in the Ohio election in the fall, Lincoln maintained a strong base of party support and was in a strong position to redefine the war effort, despite the New York City draft riots.', u'The stage was set for his address at the Gettysburg battlefield cemetery on November 19, 1863.', u'In 272 words, and three minutes, Lincoln asserted the nation was born not in 1789, but in 1776, "conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal".', u'Nevertheless, Lincoln was concerned that Grant might be considering a candidacy for President in 1864, as McClellan was.', u'Grant waged his bloody Overland Campaign in 1864.', u"The damage caused by Sherman's March to the Sea through Georgia in 1864 was limited to a 60-mile (97 km) swath, but neither Lincoln nor his commanders saw destruction as the main goal, but rather defeat of the Confederate armies.", u'During Early\'s raid on Washington, D.C. in 1864, Lincoln was watching the combat from an exposed position; Captain Oliver Wendell Holmes shouted at him, "Get down, you damn fool, before you get shot!"', u"On April 1, 1865, Grant successfully outflanked Lee's forces in the Battle of Five Forks and nearly encircled Petersburg, and the Confederate government evacuated Richmond.", u'=== 1864 re-election ===\n\nWhile the war was still being waged, Lincoln faced reelection in 1864.', u'Lincoln spent many hours a week talking to politicians from across the land and using his patronage powers\u2014greatly expanded over peacetime\u2014to hold the factions of his party together, build support for his own policies, and fend off efforts by Radicals to drop him from the 1864 ticket.', u'At its 1864 convention, the Republican Party selected Johnson, a War Democrat from the Southern state of Tennessee, as his running mate.', u"When Grant's 1864 spring campaigns turned into bloody stalemates and Union casualties mounted, the lack of military success wore heavily on the President's re-election prospects, and many Republicans across the country feared that Lincoln would be defeated.", u"On November 8, Lincoln was re-elected in a landslide, carrying all but three states, and receiving 78 percent of the Union soldiers' vote.", u'On March 4, 1865, Lincoln delivered his second inaugural address.', u'His Amnesty Proclamation of December 8, 1863, offered pardons to those who had not held a Confederate civil office, had not mistreated Union prisoners, and would sign an oath of allegiance.', u'On the other hand, the Radicals denounced his policy as too lenient, and passed their own plan, the Wade-Davis Bill, in 1864.', u'By December 1863, a proposed constitutional amendment that would outlaw slavery was brought to Congress for passage.', u'This first attempt at an amendment failed to pass, falling short of the required two-thirds majority on June 15, 1864, in the House of Representatives.', u'Passage of the proposed amendment became part of the Republican/Unionist platform in the election of 1864.', u'After a long debate in the House, a second attempt passed Congress on January 31, 1865, and was sent to the state legislatures for ratification.', u'Upon ratification, it became the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution on December 6, 1865.', u'He believed, as most Republicans did in April 1865, that the voting requirements should be determined by the states.', u'As Diggins concludes regarding the highly influential Cooper Union speech of early 1860, "Lincoln presented Americans a theory of history that offers a profound contribution to the theory and destiny of republicanism itself."', u'Nevertheless, in 1861, Lincoln justified the war in terms of legalisms (the Constitution was a contract, and for one party to get out of a contract all the other parties had to agree), and then in terms of the national duty to guarantee a republican form of government in every state.', u"In March 1861, in Lincoln's first inaugural address, he explored the nature of democracy.", u'He signed the Homestead Act in 1862, making millions of acres of government-held land in the West available for purchase at very low cost.', u'The Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act, also signed in 1862, provided government grants for agricultural colleges in each state.', u"The Pacific Railway Acts of 1862 and 1864 granted federal support for the construction of the United States' First Transcontinental Railroad, which was completed in 1869.", u'In 1861, Lincoln signed the second and third Morrill Tariff, the first having become law under James Buchanan.', u'Also in 1861, Lincoln signed the Revenue Act of 1861, creating the first U.S. income tax.', u'This created a flat tax of 3 percent on incomes above $800 ($21,100 in current dollar terms), which was later changed by the Revenue Act of 1862 to a progressive rate structure.', u"In 1862, Congress created, with Lincoln's approval, the Department of Agriculture.", u'In 1862, Lincoln sent a senior general, John Pope, to put down the "Sioux Uprising" in Minnesota.', u'In 1863, Lincoln declared the final Thursday in November of that year to be a day of Thanksgiving.', u'In June 1864, Lincoln approved the Yosemite Grant enacted by Congress, which provided unprecedented federal protection for the area now known as Yosemite National Park.', u'=== Judicial appointments ===\n\n\n==== Supreme Court appointments ====\nNoah Haynes Swayne \u2013 1862\nSamuel Freeman Miller \u2013 1862\nDavid Davis \u2013 1862\nStephen Johnson Field \u2013 1863\nSalmon Portland Chase \u2013 1864 (Chief Justice)\n\nLincoln\'s declared philosophy on court nominations was that "we cannot ask a man what he will do, and if we should, and he should answer us, we should despise him for it.', u'Noah Haynes Swayne, nominated January 21, 1862 and appointed January 24, 1862, was chosen as an anti-slavery lawyer who was committed to the Union.', u'Samuel Freeman Miller, nominated and appointed on July 16, 1862, supported Lincoln in the 1860 election and was an avowed abolitionist.', u"David Davis, Lincoln's campaign manager in 1860, nominated December 1, 1862 and appointed December 8, 1862, had also served as a judge in Lincoln's Illinois court circuit.", u'Stephen Johnson Field, a previous California Supreme Court justice, was nominated March 6, 1863 and appointed March 10, 1863, and provided geographic balance, as well as political balance to the court as a Democrat.', u"Finally, Lincoln's Treasury Secretary, Salmon P. Chase, was nominated as Chief Justice, and appointed the same day, on December 6, 1864.", u'=== States admitted to the Union ===\nWest Virginia, admitted to the Union June 20, 1863, contained the former north-westernmost counties of Virginia that seceded from Virginia after that commonwealth declared its secession from the Union.', u'Nevada, which became the third State in the far-west of the continent, was admitted as a free state on October 31, 1864.', u"== Assassination and funeral ==\n\nAbraham Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth on Good Friday, April 14, 1865, while attending a play at Ford's Theatre as the American Civil War was drawing to a close.", u'In 1864, Booth formulated a plan (very similar to one of Thomas N. Conrad previously authorized by the Confederacy) to kidnap Lincoln in exchange for the release of Confederate prisoners.', u'After attending an April 11, 1865, speech in which Lincoln promoted voting rights for blacks, an incensed Booth changed his plans and became determined to assassinate the president.', u'After being on the run for 12 days, Booth was tracked down and found on a farm in Virginia, some 70 miles (110 km) south of Washington.', u'However he did believe in an all-powerful God that shaped events and, by 1865, was expressing those beliefs in major speeches.', u'The death of his son Willie in February 1862 may have caused Lincoln to look toward religion for answers and solace.', u'As of 2009, DNA analysis was being refused by the Grand Army of the Republic museum in Philadelphia.', u'A 2004 study found that scholars in the fields of history and politics ranked Lincoln number one, while legal scholars placed him second after Washington.', u'In presidential ranking polls conducted in the United States since 1948, Lincoln has been rated at the very top in the majority of polls: Schlesinger 1948, Schlesinger 1962, 1982 Murray Blessing Survey, Chicago Tribune 1982 poll, Schlesinger 1996, CSPAN 1996, Ridings-McIver 1996, Time 2008, and CSPAN 2009.', u'The high point came in 1922 with the dedication of the Lincoln Memorial on the National Mall in Washington, D.C.', u'Bennett won wide attention when he called Lincoln a white supremacist in 1968.', u'Historian Barry Schwartz wrote in 2009 that Lincoln\'s image suffered "erosion, fading prestige, benign ridicule" in the late 20th century.', u'On the other hand, Donald opined in his 1996 biography that Lincoln was distinctly endowed with the personality trait of negative capability, defined by the poet John Keats and attributed to extraordinary leaders who were "content in the midst of uncertainties and doubts, and not compelled toward fact or reason".', u'== See also ==\nList of Presidents of the United States\nList of Presidents of the United States, sortable by previous experience\nBlab school\nDakota War of 1862\nLincoln Tower\nList of photographs of Abraham Lincoln\nList of civil rights leaders\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== Bibliography ==\n\n\n=== Cited in footnotes ===\n\n\n=== Historiography ===\nBarr, John M. "Holding Up a Flawed Mirror to the American Soul: Abraham Lincoln in the Writings of Lerone Bennett Jr.," Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association 35 (Winter 2014), 43-65.', u'Other\nAbraham Lincoln: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress\n"Life Portrait of Abraham Lincoln", from C-SPAN\'s American Presidents: Life Portraits, June 28, 1999\n"Writings of Abraham Lincoln" from C-SPAN\'s American Writers: A Journey Through History\nAbraham Lincoln: Original Letters and Manuscripts - Shapell Manuscript Foundation\nLincoln/Net: Abraham Lincoln Historical Digitization Project - Northern Illinois University Libraries\nTeaching Abraham Lincoln - National Endowment for the Humanities\nWorks by or about Abraham Lincoln at Internet Archive\nWorks by Abraham Lincoln at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) \nIn Popular Song:Our Noble Chief Has Passed Away by Cooper/Thomas']}
{'title': "Time mag\\'s 1st issue", 'year': '1923-03-03', 'sentences': [u'The game was released in North America on January 26, 2010, mainland Europe on January 27 and the United Kingdom on January 29.', u'It was released in Australia and New Zealand on February 11, 2010.', u'On January 28, 2014, the online servers for MAG shut down.', u'In game, the player can level up to 70 on any faction.', u'After achieving level 70, players may enter the Veteran mode and select a new faction (or, if a player chooses so, Veteran in the same faction as before).', u'The number of the stars indicate how many times the player has reached level 70.', u'Up to 96 players, 32 per PMC can play.', u"The game was announced at Sony's E3 2008 press conference.", u'An open beta was made available on the PlayStation Store for download on January 4, 2010 and ended on January 10, 2010.', u'A new open beta was downloadable from the PlayStation Store starting August 24, 2010.', u'The demo was released to the North American store on March 29, 2011.', u'According to Metacritic, the game stands at a 76.']}
{'title': 'Pioneer 10 launched thru asteroid belt & Jupiter', 'year': '1972-03-03', 'sentences': [u'It was launched on March 2, 1972, by an Atlas-Centaur expendable vehicle from Cape Canaveral, Florida.', u'Between July 15, 1972, and February 15, 1973, it became the first spacecraft to traverse the asteroid belt.', u'Photography of Jupiter began November 6, 1973, at a range of 25,000,000 kilometers (16,000,000 mi), and a total of about 500 images were transmitted.', u'The closest approach to the planet was on December 4, 1973, at a range of 132,252 kilometers (82,178 mi).', u'Radio communications were lost with Pioneer 10 on January 23, 2003, because of the loss of electric power for its radio transmitter, with the probe at a distance of 12 billion kilometers (80 AU) from Earth.', u'This mission would ultimately be accomplished in the late 1970s by the two Voyager probes, but in order to prepare for it, NASA decided in 1964 to experiment with launching a pair of probes to the outer Solar System.', u'These were to be launched in 1972 and 1973 during favorable windows that occurred only a few weeks every 13 months.', u'Approved by NASA in February 1969, the twin spacecraft were designated Pioneer F and Pioneer G before launch; later they were named Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11.', u'They formed part of the Pioneer program, a series of United States unmanned space missions launched between 1958 and 1978.', u'The experiments to be carried on the spacecraft were selected in a series of planning sessions during the 1960s, then were finalized by early 1970.', u'In February 1970, Ames awarded a combined $380 million contract to TRW for building both of the Pioneer 10 and 11 vehicles, bypassing the usual bidding process to save time.', u'To meet the schedule, the first launch would need to take place between February 29 and March 17 so that it could arrive at Jupiter in November 1974.', u'This was later revised to an arrival date of December 1973 in order to avoid conflicts with other missions over the use of the Deep Space Network for communications, and to miss the period when Earth and Jupiter would be at opposite sides of the Sun.', u'Heat was generated by the dissipation of 70 to 120 watts (W) from the electrical components inside the compartment.', u'At launch, the spacecraft carried 36 kilograms (79 lb) of liquid hydrazine monopropellant in a 42-centimeter (17 in) diameter spherical tank.', u'The plutonium-238 has a half-life of 87.74 years, so that after 29 years the radiation being generated by the RTGs was at 80% of its intensity at launch.', u'However, steady deterioration of the thermocouple junctions led to a more rapid decay in electrical power generation, and by 2001 the total power output was 65 W. As a result, later in the mission only selected instruments could be operated at any one time.', u'==== Scientific instruments ====\n\n\n== Mission profile ==\n\n\n=== Launch and trajectory ===\n\nPioneer 10 was launched on March 3, 1972 at 01:49:00 UTC (March 2 local time) by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration from Space Launch Complex 36A in Florida, aboard an Atlas-Centaur launch vehicle.', u'On July 15, 1972, Pioneer 10 was the first spacecraft to enter the asteroid belt, located between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.', u'One of the nearest approaches was to the asteroid 307 Nike on December 2, 1972.', u'As the spacecraft did not collide with any particles of substantial size, it passed safely through the belt, emerging on the other side about February 15, 1973.', u'=== Encounter with Jupiter ===\n\nOn November 6, 1973, the Pioneer 10 spacecraft was at a distance of 25 million kilometers (16\xd710^6 mi) from Jupiter.', u'=== Deep space ===\nPioneer 10 crossed the orbit of Saturn in 1976 and the orbit of Uranus in 1979.', u'On June 13, 1983, the craft crossed the orbit of Neptune, the outermost planet, and so became the first human-made object to leave the proximity of the major planets of the Solar System.', u'The mission came to an official end on March 31, 1997, when it had reached a distance of 67 AU from the Sun, though the spacecraft was still able to transmit coherent data after this date.', u"After March 31, 1997, Pioneer 10's weak signal continued to be tracked by the Deep Space Network to aid the training of flight controllers in the process of acquiring deep space radio signals.", u'The final, very weak signal from Pioneer 10 was received on January 23, 2003 when it was 12 billion kilometers (80 AU) from Earth.', u'A final attempt was made on the evening of March 4, 2006, the last time the antenna would be correctly aligned with Earth.', u'Voyager 2 is projected to pass Pioneer 10 by April 2019.', u'The Pioneer 10 trajectory is expected to take it in the general direction of the star Aldebaran, currently located at a distance of about 68 light years.', u'== See also ==\nExploration of Jupiter\nPioneer 11, Jupiter and Saturn fly-by\nVoyager 1 & Voyager 2, Jupiter fly-by en route to other outer Solar System fly-bys\nGalileo, Jupiter orbiter\nCassini\u2013Huygens, Jupiter fly-by for Saturn orbiter and Titan lander, respectively\nNew Horizons, Jupiter flyby en route to Pluto fly-by\nJuno, Jupiter polar orbiter\n\nList of artificial objects escaping from the Solar System\nList of missions to the outer planets\nPioneer anomaly\nRobotic spacecraft\nTimeline of artificial satellites and space probes\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n=== Bibliography ===\n\n\n== External links ==\nPioneer Project Archive Page\nPioneer 10 Profile by NASA\'s Solar System Exploration\nNSSDC Pioneer 10 page\nA distant Pioneer whispers to Earth \u2013 CNN article, December 19, 2002\n2005 Pioneer Anomaly Conference \u2013 Mentions March 4, 2006 Contact Attempt\n"Jupiter Odyssey - NASA documentary - 1974" on YouTube\nHans Mark: Origin Story of Carl Sagan\'s Plaque on Pioneer 10 on YouTube \u2013 recording from 1994 interview']}
{'title': 'Last day of Julian civil calendar in Greece', 'year': '1920-03-04', 'sentences': [u"== Biography ==\nSoon after forming in 2003 in Seattle, On the Last Day started touring the local club scene, with the likes of Boys Don't Bleed, Up Falls Down, Aiden, Atreyu, and Deftones.", u"As fate would have it, Victory Records (Aiden's label) signed the band in 2006.", u'Prior to the release of the 2006 album Meaning in the Static, On the Last Day released Wars Like Whispers, an EP featuring Francis.', u"On the Last Day's first North American tour was in the summer of 2006 (10 August \u2013 12 September) with New Jersey's pop-punk band Crash Romeo.", u'The group toured Europe early in 2007.', u"Frank Gross and Aiden's Nick Wiggins were in a band together when they were younger called Bent Kactus\nGeoff Walker left the band on May 24, 2007.", u'As of February 13, 2008, On the Last Day is no longer a part of Victory Records.', u'On September 2, 2009, On The Last Day announced they were no longer together and on an "indefinite hiatus."']}
{'title': '1st CRAY 1 supercomputer shipped - to Los Alamos Laboratories - NM', 'year': '1977-03-04', 'sentences': [u"The company's predecessor, Cray Research, Inc. (CRI), was founded in 1972 by computer designer Seymour Cray.", u'Seymour Cray went on to form the spin-off Cray Computer Corporation (CCC), in 1989, which went bankrupt in 1995, while Cray Research was bought by SGI the next year.', u'Cray Inc. was formed in 2000 when Tera Computer Company purchased the Cray Research Inc. business from SGI and adopted the name of its acquisition.', u'== Company history ==\n\n\n=== Background: 1950 to 1972 ===\nSeymour Cray began working in the computing field in 1950 when he joined Engineering Research Associates (ERA) in Saint Paul, Minnesota.', u'There, he helped to create the ERA 1103.', u'He left the company in 1960, a few years after former ERA employees set up Control Data Corporation (CDC).', u'He eventually set up a lab at his home town in Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin, about 85 miles to the east.', u'=== Cray Research Inc. and Cray Computer Corporation: 1972 to 1996 ===\n\nWhen CDC ran into financial difficulties in the late 1960s, development funds for his follow-on CDC 8600 became scarce, and when he was told the project would have to be put "on hold" in 1972, Cray left to form his own company, Cray Research Inc.', u'He started a new VLSI technology lab for the Cray-2 in Boulder, Colorado, Cray Laboratories, in 1979, which closed in 1982; undaunted, Cray later headed a similar spin-off in 1989, Cray Computer Corporation (CCC) in Colorado Springs, where he worked on the Cray-3 project\u2014the first attempt at major use of gallium arsenide (GaAs) semiconductors in computing.', u'The company filed for bankruptcy in 1995.', u"After Chen's departure, the Cray Y-MP, Cray C90 and Cray T90 were developed on the original Cray-1 architecture but achieved much greater performance via multiple additional processors, faster clocks, and wider vector pipes.", u"Cray eventually realized that the approach was likely the only way forward and started a five-year project to capture the lead in this area: the plan's result was the DEC Alpha-based Cray T3D and Cray T3E series, which left Cray as the only remaining supercomputer vendor in the market besides NEC by 2000.", u'Cray purchased Supertek in 1990 and sold the S-1 as the Cray XMS, but the machine proved problematic; meanwhile, their not-yet-completed S-2, a Y-MP clone, was later offered as the Cray Y-MP EL (later becoming the EL90 series) which started to sell in reasonable numbers in 1991-92\u2014to mostly smaller companies, notably in the oil exploration business.', u'This line evolved into the Cray J90 and eventually the Cray SV1 in 1998.', u'In December 1991, Cray purchased some of the assets of Floating Point Systems, another minisuper vendor that had moved into the file server market with its SPARC-based Model 500 line.', u'CCC was building the Cray-3/SSS when it went into Chapter 11 in March 1995.', u'=== Silicon Graphics: 1996 to 2000 ===\nCray Research merged with Silicon Graphics (SGI) in February 1996.', u'The SN1 was intended to replace the T3E and SGI Origin 2000 systems and later became the SN-MIPS or SGI Origin 3000 architecture.', u'The SN2 was originally intended to unify all high-end/supercomputer product lines including the T90 into a single architecture.', u'Under SGI ownership, one new Cray model line, the SV1, was launched in 1998.', u'This was a clustered SMP vector processor architecture, developed from J90 technology.', u'SGI set up a separate Cray Research Business Unit in August 1999 in preparation for detachment.', u'On March 2, 2000, the unit was sold to Tera Computer Company.', u'=== Cray Inc.: 2000 to present ===\nAfter the Tera merger, the Tera MTA system was relaunched as the Cray MTA-2.', u'Cray Inc. also unsuccessfully badged the NEC SX-6 supercomputer as the Cray SX-6 and acquired exclusive rights to sell the SX-6 in the U.S., Canada and Mexico.', u'In 2002, Cray Inc. announced their first new model, the Cray X1 combined architecture vector / MPP supercomputer.', u'Previously known as the SV2, the X1 is the end result of the earlier SN2 concept originated during the SGI years.', u"In May 2004, Cray was announced to be one of the partners in the U.S. Department of Energy's fastest-computer-in-the-world project to build a 50 teraflops machine for the Oak Ridge National Laboratory.", u'Cray was sued in 2002 by Isothermal Systems Research for patent infringement.', u'The lawsuit was settled in 2003.', u'As of November 2004, the Cray X1 had a maximum measured performance of 5.9 teraflops, being the 29th fastest supercomputer in the world.', u'On October 4, 2004, the company announced the Cray XD1 range of entry-level supercomputers which use dual-core 64-bit AMD Opteron CPUs running Linux.', u'In 2004, Cray completed the Red Storm system for Sandia National Laboratories.', u'Red Storm had processors clustered in 96 unit cabinets, a theoretical maximum of 300 cabinets in a machine, and a design speed of 41.5 teraflops.', u'The Cray XT4, introduced in 2006 added support for DDR2 memory, newer dual-core and future quad-core Opteron processors and utilized a second generation SeaStar2 communication coprocessor.', u"On August 8, 2005, Peter Ungaro was appointed CEO, Ungaro had joined Cray in August 2003 as Vice President of Sales and Marketing and had been made Cray's President in March 2005.", u'On November 13, 2006, Cray announced a new system, the Cray XMT, based on the MTA series of machines.', u'A second generation of the XMT is scheduled for release in 2011, with the first system ordered by the Swiss National Supercomputing Center (CSCS).', u"In 2006, Cray announced a vision of products dubbed 'Adaptive Supercomputing'.", u'In April 2008, Cray and Intel announced they would collaborate on future supercomputer systems.', u'This was a deskside blade server system, comprising up to 16 dual- or quad-core Intel Xeon processors, with either Microsoft Windows HPC Server 2008 or Red Hat Enterprise Linux installed.', u'In early 2010, Cray also introduced the Cray CX1000, a rack-mounted system with a choice of compute-based, GPU-based, or SMP-based chassis.', u'The CX1 and CX1000 product lines were sold until late 2011.', u'By 2009, the largest computer system Cray had delivered was the XT5 system at National Center for Computational Sciences at Oak Ridge National Laboratories.', u'This system, with over 224,000 processing cores, was dubbed Jaguar and was the fastest computer in the world as measured by the LINPACK benchmark at the speed of 1.75 petaflops until being surpassed by the Tianhe-1A in October 2010.', u'In May 2010, the Cray XE6 supercomputer was announced.', u'This product was a successful follow-on the XT3,XT4 and XT5 products.', u'The first multi-cabinet XE6 system was shipped in July 2010.', u'Cascade is scheduled to be introduced in early 2013 and designed to use the next-generation network chip and follow-on to Gemini, code named Aries.', u'In 2011, Cray announced the Cray XK6 hybrid supercomputer.', u'In October 2012 Cray announced the Cray XK7 which supports the NVIDIA Kepler GPGPU and announced that the ORNL Jaguar system would be upgraded to an XK7 (renamed Titan) and capable of over 20 petaflops.', u"Titan was the world's fastest supercomputer as measured by the LINPACK benchmark until the introduction of the Tianhe-2 in 2013, which is substantially faster.", u'In 2011 Cray also announced it had been awarded the $188M US Blue Waters contract with the University of Illinois, after IBM had pulled out of the delivery.', u'This system was delivered in 2012 and was the largest system to date, in terms of cabinets and general-purpose x86 processors, that Cray had ever delivered.', u'In November 2011, the Cray Sonexion 1300 Data Storage System was introduced and signaled Cray entry into the high performance storage business.', u'In April 2012, Cray Inc. announced the sale of its interconnect hardware development program and related intellectual property to Intel Corporation for $140 million.', u'On November 9, 2012, Cray announced the acquisition of Appro International, Inc., a California-based privately held developer of advanced scalable supercomputing solutions.', u'On November 1, 2013, Cray announced the acquisition of the Gnodal IP and team in Europe.']}
{'title': '2nd double hat trick in Islander history - Bossy & D Potvin', 'year': '1982-03-04', 'sentences': [u"== Origin ==\nThe term first appeared in 1858 in cricket, to describe HH Stephenson's taking three wickets with three consecutive deliveries.", u'The term was used in print for the first time in 1868.', u'The fastest recorded time to score a hat-trick is 70 seconds, a record set by Alex Torr in a Sunday league game in 2013.', u'The previous Guinness world record of 90 seconds was held by Tommy Ross playing for Ross County against Nairn County on 28 November 1964.', u'The first hat-trick in an international game was by Scottish player John McDougall, against England on 2 March 1878.', u"Two hat-tricks have been scored in a final, by Geoff Hurst for England in the 1966 final during extra time against West Germany, and Carli Lloyd against Japan in the 2015 Women's World Cup final.", u"For example, on 29 August 2015, Toronto Blue Jays fans celebrated Edwin Encarnacion's third home run of the game by throwing hats onto the field, similar to the tradition in ice hockey.", u'In Test cricket history there have been just 42 hat-tricks, the first achieved by Fred Spofforth for Australia against England in 1879.', u'In 1912, Australian Jimmy Matthews achieved the feat twice in one game against South Africa.', u"The only other players to achieve two hat-tricks are Australia's Hugh Trumble, against England in 1902 and 1904, Pakistan's Wasim Akram, in separate games against Sri Lanka in 1999, and England's Stuart Broad.", u'In One Day International cricket there have been 36 hat-tricks, the first by Jalal-ud-Din for Pakistan against Australia in 1982, and the most recent by James Faulkner (cricketer) of Australia, playing in the World Cup quarter final against Sri Lanka on 18 March 2015 at the Sydney Cricket Ground.', u'Lasith Malinga achieved a hat-trick while playing for Sri Lanka against Australia on 22 August 2011 in the last match of the five-ODI series in Colombo.', u'In Twenty20 International Cricket, Brett Lee of Australia had a hat-trick against Bangladesh in the Super Eight of the Twenty20 World Cup on 16 September 2007 in South Africa.', u'Jacob Oram of New Zealand made a hat-trick against Sri Lanka on 2 September 2009 in Colombo, And Tim Southee, also from New Zealand, made a hat-trick against Pakistan, and ended up with a 5-For at the end of the match.', u"The feat of taking four wickets in four balls has occurred only once in international one-day cricket, in the 2007 World Cup, when Sri Lanka's Lasith Malinga managed the feat against South Africa by dismissing Shaun Pollock, Andrew Hall, Jacques Kallis and Makhaya Ntini, though it has occurred on other occasions in first-class cricket.", u'Kevan James of Hampshire took four wickets in four balls and scored a century in the same county game against India in 1996.', u'In 2006 Irfan Pathan of India achieved a hat-trick in the first over of the test match, off the last three balls, when dismissing Salman Butt, Younis Khan and Mohammad Yousuf of Pakistan.', u'Chaminda Vaas is the only one to achieve a hat-trick of the very first deliveries in one day internationals, against Bangladesh in the tenth match of 2003 ICC World Cup at City Oval, Pietermaritzburg.', u"One of Trott's two hat-tricks, for Middlesex against Somerset at Lords in 1907, was a four in four.", u'On 2 December 1988, Merv Hughes, playing for Australia, dismissed Curtly Ambrose with the last ball of his penultimate over and Patrick Patterson with the first ball of his next over, wrapping up the West Indies first innings.', u'In 1844, underarm bowler William Clark, playing for "England" against Kent, achieved a hat-trick spread over two innings, dismissing Kent batsman John Fagge twice within the hat-trick.', u'A triple hat-trick was achieved by Scott Babot of Wainuiomata Cricket Club playing in the Senior 3 competition in New Zealand in 2008.', u'Montreal hatter Henri Henri makes a similar claim, that between 1950 and 1970 they would reward any NHL player who scored three or more goals in a game at the Montreal Forum with a free hat.', u'That night, on 26 January 1946, Kaleta scored four goals against the Maple Leafs and Taft made good on his offer.', u'The NHL record for the fastest natural hat trick is 21 seconds, set by Bill Mosienko in 1952 for the Chicago Blackhawks.', u'In December 1995, Florida Panthers captain Scott Mellanby scored a rat trick, the term coined by teammate John Vanbiesbrouck.', u"When Mellanby scored a hat trick in a later game, some Florida fans threw plastic rats on the ice, a tradition that continued for all Panthers' goals throughout the 1996 playoffs.", u'Ken Irvine and Frank Burge both scored 16 hat-tricks in Australian first grade rugby league\nShaun Johnson scored a hat-trick in under 6 minutes against the Canberra Raiders in 2013.']}
{'title': 'US marines land in China to protect American property', 'year': '1927-03-05', 'sentences': [u'They are the only non-military academy allowed to use the hymn the university has had permission to use the official nickname, mascot, and hymn of the Corps since 1927.', u'The line "To the shores of Tripoli" refers to the First Barbary War, and specifically the Battle of Derne in 1805.', u'"The Halls of Montezuma" refers to the Battle of Chapultepec on 12/13 September 1847 during the Mexican-American War, where a force of Marines stormed Chapultepec Castle.', u'The music is from the Gendarmes\' Duet (the "bold gendarmes") from the revision in 1867 of the Jacques Offenbach opera Genevi\xe8ve de Brabant, which debuted in Paris in 1859.', u'Correspondence between Colonel Albert S. McLemore and Walter F. Smith (the second leader of the United States Marine Band) traces the tune:\nThe name of the opera and a part of the chorus was secured from Major Wallach and forwarded to Mr. Smith, who replied:\nJohn Philip Sousa once wrote:\nThe lyrics are also contained in the book Rhymes of the Rookies published in 1917.', u'Some websites, including the official USMC website, claim that the U.S. Marine Corps secured a copyright on the song either 19 August 1891 or 18 August 1919; however, US Copyright Law prohibits the US Federal government, including subordinate agencies, from holding domestic copyrights, and as such, the song falls into the public domain.', u"In 1929, the Commandant of the Marine Corps authorized the three verses of the Marines' Hymn as the official version, but changed the fifth through eighth lines:\nThis older version can be heard in the 1950 film Halls of Montezuma.", u'On 21 November 1942, Commandant Thomas Holcomb approved a change in the words of the first verse\'s fourth line from "On the land as on the sea" to "In the air, on land, and sea" to reflect the addition of aviation to the Corps\' arsenal.', u"== Lyrics ==\n\n\n== Extra verses ==\nVarious people over the years wrote unofficial or semi-unofficial extra verses to commemorate later battles and actions, for example, this verse commemorating the occupation of Iceland (when, in 1941, US forces took over from British ones of the previous year) during World War II:\nAgain in 1941, we sailed a north'ard course\nand found beneath the midnight sun, the Viking and the Norse.", u'HarperResource, 2003.', u"ISBN 0060513047\nLondon, Joshua E. Victory in Tripoli: How America's War with the Barbary Pirates Established the U.S. Navy and Shaped a Nation New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2005."]}
{'title': "Bkln\\'s Clarence Birdseye developes quick freezing food method", 'year': '1930-03-06', 'sentences': [u'On December 11, 2008 it acquired the subsidiary name Polar Bear Club Walk, named for the Coney Island Polar Bear Club.', u'Plans for Stillwell Avenue began in October 1926.', u'The New York Sun newspaper released a story on November 13, 2006 about plans to reinvigorate Coney Island.', u'Stillwell Avenue passes Scarangella Park and intersects 86th Street at 1.6 miles (2.6 km).', u'The station, originally opened in 1919, rebuilt and re-opened in 2004 provides access to the D F N Q trains.']}
{'title': "Soviet Vega 1 probe passes within 10 -000 km of Halley\\'s comet", 'year': '1986-03-06', 'sentences': [u'== Venus mission ==\nThe descent module arrived at Venus on 11 June 1985, two days after being released from the Vega 1 flyby probe.', u'The module, a 1500 kg, 240 cm diameter sphere, contained a surface lander and a balloon explorer.', u'=== Balloon ===\n\nThe Vega 1 Lander/Balloon capsule entered the Venus atmosphere (125 km altitude) at 2:06:10 UT (Earth received time; Moscow time 5:06:10 a.m.) on 11 June 1985 at roughly 11 km/s.', u'The balloon drifted westward in the zonal wind flow with an average speed of about 69 m/s (248 km/hr) at nearly constant latitude.', u'The probe continued to operate in the daytime until the final transmission was received at 00:38 UT on 13 June from 8.1 N, 68.8 E after a total traverse distance of 11,600 km or about 30% of the circumference of the planet.', u"Images started to be returned on March 4, 1986, and were used to help pinpoint Giotto's close flyby of the comet.", u'After subsequent imaging sessions on 7 and 8 March 1986, Vega 1 headed out to deep space.', u'In total Vega 1 and Vega 2 returned about 1500 images of Comet Halley.', u'Vega 1 ran out of attitude control propellant on 30 January 1987, and contact with Vega 2 continued until 24 March 1987.', u"== See also ==\nList of missions to Venus\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nVega 1 Measuring Mission Profile by NASA's Solar System Exploration\nVega mission images from the Space Research Institute (IKI)\nRaw data from Vega 1 and Vega 2 on board instruments\nSoviet Exploration of Venus"]}