diff --git a/.github/workflows/build.yml b/.github/workflows/build.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d3ace6c19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/build.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+name: Jobs
+
+on: [push]
+
+env:
+ CARGO_TERM_COLOR: always
+ rust_toolchain: nightly
+
+jobs:
+ build-doc:
+ if: github.repository == 'LearningOS/rCore-Camp-Code-2024A'
+ runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+ steps:
+ - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+ - name: Build doc
+ run: |
+ git clone https://github.com/LearningOS/rCore-Tutorial-Test-2024A.git user
+ cd os
+ make
+ cargo doc --no-deps --verbose
+ - name: Push to gh-pages
+ uses: peaceiris/actions-gh-pages@v3
+ with:
+ github_token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+ publish_dir: ./os/target/riscv64gc-unknown-none-elf/doc
+ destination_dir: ${{ github.ref_name }}
+ basic-test:
+ runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+ outputs:
+ points: ${{ steps.end.outputs.points}}
+ container:
+ image: duskmoon/dev-env:rcore-ci
+ steps:
+ - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+ - name: Run tests
+ run: |
+ qemu-system-riscv64 --version
+ rustup target add riscv64gc-unknown-none-elf
+ git config --global --add safe.directory /__w/${{ github.event.repository.name }}/${{ github.event.repository.name }}
+ git clone https://github.com/LearningOS/rCore-Tutorial-Checker-2024A.git ci-user
+ git clone https://github.com/LearningOS/rCore-Tutorial-Test-2024A.git ci-user/user
+ ID=`git rev-parse --abbrev-ref HEAD | grep -oP 'ch\K[0-9]'`
+ # cd ci-user && make test CHAPTER=$ID passwd=${{ secrets.BASE_TEST_TOKEN }}
+ cd ci-user && make test CHAPTER=$ID passwd=${{ secrets.BASE_TEST_TOKEN }} > ../output.txt
+ cat ../output.txt
+ - name: end
+ id: end
+ run: |
+ cat output.txt | grep -a "Test passed" | grep -oP "\d{1,}/\d{1,}" | xargs -i echo "points={}"
+ cat output.txt | grep -a "Test passed" | grep -oP "\d{1,}/\d{1,}" | xargs -i echo "points={}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+ deploy:
+ if: github.repository != 'LearningOS/rCore-Camp-Code-2024A'
+ name: Deploy to pages
+ needs: basic-test
+ runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+ permissions: write-all
+ steps:
+ - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+ continue-on-error: true
+ with:
+ ref: 'gh-pages'
+ - name: Save Log File
+ uses: yfblock/multi-rank-log@main
+ with:
+ public-dir: classroom
+ points: ${{ needs.basic-test.outputs.points }}
+ - name: GitHub Pages
+ uses: crazy-max/ghaction-github-pages@v3
+ with:
+ target_branch: gh-pages
+ build_dir: ./classroom
+ keep_history: true
+ env:
+ GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+ - name: check score
+ env:
+ course_id: ${{ secrets.RCORE_2024_AUTUMN_COURSE_ID }}
+ post_api: ${{ secrets.RUSTLINGS_2024_AUTUMN_POST_API }}
+ run: |
+ score=$(( $(grep -o 'ch' classroom/latest.json | wc -l) * 100))
+ cat classroom/latest.json
+ echo $score
+
+ github_user="${{ github.actor }}"
+
+ # 生成 JSON 结果
+ score_json=$(jq -n \
+ --arg channel "github" \
+ --argjson courseId "$course_id" \
+ --arg name "$github_user" \
+ --argjson score "$score" \
+ --argjson totalScore 500 \
+ '{channel: $channel, courseId: $courseId, name: $name, score: $score, totalScore: $totalScore}')
+
+ curl -X POST https://"$post_api" \
+ -H "accept: application/json;charset=utf-8" \
+ -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+ -d "$score
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..89ff90c04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+.*/*
+!.github/*
+!.vscode/settings.json
+.idea
+Cargo.lock
+target
+os/src/link_app.S
+os/last-*
+os/Cargo.lock
+os/.gdb_history
+easy-fs/Cargo.lock
+easy-fs/target/*
+easy-fs-fuse/Cargo.lock
+easy-fs-fuse/target/*
+tools/
+pushall.sh
+*.bak
+
+user/
+ci-user/
diff --git a/.gitlab-ci.yml b/.gitlab-ci.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..047f2a383
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitlab-ci.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+default:
+ image: tkf2023/env:rcore-ci
+
+stages:
+ - test
+
+test-code-job:
+ stage: test
+ script:
+ - git clone https://token:${rCoreCheckToken}@git.tsinghua.edu.cn/os-lab/2024a/ta/rcore-tutorial-checker-2024a.git ci-user
+ - git clone https://token:${rCoreTestToken}@git.tsinghua.edu.cn/os-lab/2024a/public/rcore-tutorial-test-2024a.git ci-user/user
+ - cd ci-user && make test CHAPTER=`echo $CI_COMMIT_REF_NAME | grep -oP 'ch\K[0-9]'` passwd=$BASE_TEST_TOKEN OFFLINE=1
diff --git a/.vscode/settings.json b/.vscode/settings.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6a406554b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.vscode/settings.json
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+{
+ // Prevent "can't find crate for `test`" error on no_std
+ // Ref: https://github.com/rust-lang/vscode-rust/issues/729
+ // For vscode-rust plugin users:
+ "rust.target": "riscv64gc-unknown-none-elf",
+ "rust.all_targets": false,
+ // For Rust Analyzer plugin users:
+ "rust-analyzer.cargo.target": "riscv64gc-unknown-none-elf",
+ "rust-analyzer.checkOnSave.allTargets": false,
+ // "rust-analyzer.cargo.features": [
+ // "board_qemu"
+ // ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Dockerfile b/Dockerfile
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5aea6ff1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Dockerfile
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+# syntax=docker/dockerfile:1
+# This Dockerfile is adapted from https://github.com/LearningOS/rCore-Tutorial-v3/blob/main/Dockerfile
+# with the following major updates:
+# - ubuntu 18.04 -> 20.04
+# - qemu 5.0.0 -> 7.0.0
+# - Extensive comments linking to relevant documentation
+FROM ubuntu:20.04
+
+ARG QEMU_VERSION=7.0.0
+ARG HOME=/root
+
+# 0. Install general tools
+ARG DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive
+RUN apt-get update && \
+ apt-get install -y \
+ curl \
+ git \
+ python3 \
+ wget
+
+# 1. Set up QEMU RISC-V
+# - https://learningos.github.io/rust-based-os-comp2022/0setup-devel-env.html#qemu
+# - https://www.qemu.org/download/
+# - https://wiki.qemu.org/Documentation/Platforms/RISCV
+# - https://risc-v-getting-started-guide.readthedocs.io/en/latest/linux-qemu.html
+
+# 1.1. Download source
+WORKDIR ${HOME}
+RUN wget https://download.qemu.org/qemu-${QEMU_VERSION}.tar.xz && \
+ tar xvJf qemu-${QEMU_VERSION}.tar.xz
+
+# 1.2. Install dependencies
+# - https://risc-v-getting-started-guide.readthedocs.io/en/latest/linux-qemu.html#prerequisites
+RUN apt-get install -y \
+ autoconf automake autotools-dev curl libmpc-dev libmpfr-dev libgmp-dev \
+ gawk build-essential bison flex texinfo gperf libtool patchutils bc \
+ zlib1g-dev libexpat-dev git \
+ ninja-build pkg-config libglib2.0-dev libpixman-1-dev libsdl2-dev
+
+# 1.3. Build and install from source
+WORKDIR ${HOME}/qemu-${QEMU_VERSION}
+RUN ./configure --target-list=riscv64-softmmu,riscv64-linux-user && \
+ make -j$(nproc) && \
+ make install
+
+# 1.4. Clean up
+WORKDIR ${HOME}
+RUN rm -rf qemu-${QEMU_VERSION} qemu-${QEMU_VERSION}.tar.xz
+
+# 1.5. Sanity checking
+RUN qemu-system-riscv64 --version && \
+ qemu-riscv64 --version
+
+# 2. Set up Rust
+# - https://learningos.github.io/rust-based-os-comp2022/0setup-devel-env.html#qemu
+# - https://www.rust-lang.org/tools/install
+# - https://github.com/rust-lang/docker-rust/blob/master/Dockerfile-debian.template
+
+# 2.1. Install
+ENV RUSTUP_HOME=/usr/local/rustup \
+ CARGO_HOME=/usr/local/cargo \
+ PATH=/usr/local/cargo/bin:$PATH \
+ RUST_VERSION=nightly
+RUN set -eux; \
+ curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs -o rustup-init; \
+ chmod +x rustup-init; \
+ ./rustup-init -y --no-modify-path --profile minimal --default-toolchain $RUST_VERSION; \
+ rm rustup-init; \
+ chmod -R a+w $RUSTUP_HOME $CARGO_HOME;
+
+# 2.2. Sanity checking
+RUN rustup --version && \
+ cargo --version && \
+ rustc --version
+
+# 2.3 Env
+RUN cargo install cargo-binutils; \
+ rustup target add riscv64gc-unknown-none-elf; \
+ rustup component add rust-src; \
+ rustup component add llvm-tools-preview; \
+ rustup component add rustfmt; \
+ rustup component add clippy;
+
+# 3. Cargo vendor
+WORKDIR ${HOME}
+COPY os/vendor ./os-vendor
+COPY user/vendor ./user-vendor
+
+# Ready to go
+WORKDIR ${HOME}
diff --git a/LICENSE b/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f288702d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,674 @@
+ GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
+ Version 3, 29 June 2007
+
+ Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+ Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
+ of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
+
+ Preamble
+
+ The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for
+software and other kinds of works.
+
+ The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed
+to take away your freedom to share and change the works. By contrast,
+the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to
+share and change all versions of a program--to make sure it remains free
+software for all its users. We, the Free Software Foundation, use the
+GNU General Public License for most of our software; it applies also to
+any other work released this way by its authors. You can apply it to
+your programs, too.
+
+ When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
+price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
+have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
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+certain responsibilities if you distribute copies of the software, or if
+you modify it: responsibilities to respect the freedom of others.
+
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+
+ Developers that use the GNU GPL protect your rights with two steps:
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+
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+ The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
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+ TERMS AND CONDITIONS
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+ "This License" refers to version 3 of the GNU General Public License.
+
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+ 9. Acceptance Not Required for Having Copies.
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+patent license for this particular work, or (3) arrange, in a manner
+consistent with the requirements of this License, to extend the patent
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+actual knowledge that, but for the patent license, your conveying the
+covered work in a country, or your recipient's use of the covered work
+in a country, would infringe one or more identifiable patents in that
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+
+ A patent license is "discriminatory" if it does not include within
+the scope of its coverage, prohibits the exercise of, or is
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+in the business of distributing software, under which you make payment
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+or that patent license was granted, prior to 28 March 2007.
+
+ Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting
+any implied license or other defenses to infringement that may
+otherwise be available to you under applicable patent law.
+
+ 12. No Surrender of Others' Freedom.
+
+ If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
+otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
+excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot convey a
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+License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may
+not convey it at all. For example, if you agree to terms that obligate you
+to collect a royalty for further conveying from those to whom you convey
+the Program, the only way you could satisfy both those terms and this
+License would be to refrain entirely from conveying the Program.
+
+ 13. Use with the GNU Affero General Public License.
+
+ Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have
+permission to link or combine any covered work with a work licensed
+under version 3 of the GNU Affero General Public License into a single
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+
+ 14. Revised Versions of this License.
+
+ The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of
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+be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
+address new problems or concerns.
+
+ Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the
+Program specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU General
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+Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of the
+GNU General Public License, you may choose any version ever published
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+
+ If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future
+versions of the GNU General Public License can be used, that proxy's
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+to choose that version for the Program.
+
+ Later license versions may give you additional or different
+permissions. However, no additional obligations are imposed on any
+author or copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a
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+ 15. Disclaimer of Warranty.
+
+ THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY
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+ 16. Limitation of Liability.
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+ IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
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+SUCH DAMAGES.
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+ 17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.
+
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+above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms,
+reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates
+an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the
+Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a
+copy of the Program in return for a fee.
+
+ END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
+
+ How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
+
+ If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
+possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
+free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
+
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+to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
+state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
+the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
+
+
+ Copyright (C)
+
+ This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ (at your option) any later version.
+
+ This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+ You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ along with this program. If not, see .
+
+Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
+
+ If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short
+notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:
+
+ Copyright (C)
+ This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
+ This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
+ under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
+
+The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
+parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program's commands
+might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an "about box".
+
+ You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school,
+if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary.
+For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see
+.
+
+ The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program
+into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you
+may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with
+the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General
+Public License instead of this License. But first, please read
+.
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ede5291d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+DOCKER_NAME ?= rcore-tutorial-v3
+.PHONY: docker build_docker
+
+docker:
+ docker run --rm -it -v ${PWD}:/mnt -w /mnt ${DOCKER_NAME} bash
+
+build_docker:
+ docker build -t ${DOCKER_NAME} .
+
+fmt:
+ cd os ; cargo fmt; cd ..
+
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..03a7f9c3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+# rCore-Camp-Code-2024A
+
+### Code
+- [Soure Code of labs for 2024A](https://github.com/LearningOS/rCore-Camp-Code-2024A)
+### Documents
+
+- Concise Manual: [rCore-Camp-Guide-2024A](https://LearningOS.github.io/rCore-Camp-Guide-2024A/)
+
+- Detail Book [rCore-Tutorial-Book-v3](https://rcore-os.github.io/rCore-Tutorial-Book-v3/)
+
+
+### OS API docs
+- [ch1](https://learningos.github.io/rCore-Camp-Code-2024A/ch1/os/index.html) [ch2](https://learningos.github.io/rCore-Camp-Code-2024A/ch2/os/index.html) [ch3](https://learningos.github.io/rCore-Camp-Code-2024A/ch3/os/index.html) [ch4](https://learningos.github.io/rCore-Camp-Code-2024A/ch4/os/index.html)
+- [ch5](https://learningos.github.io/rCore-Camp-Code-2024A/ch5/os/index.html) [ch6](https://learningos.github.io/rCore-Camp-Code-2024A/ch6/os/index.html) [ch7](https://learningos.github.io/rCore-Camp-Code-2024A/ch7/os/index.html) [ch8](https://learningos.github.io/rCore-Camp-Code-2024A/ch8/os/index.html)
+
+
+### Related Resources
+- [Learning Resource](https://github.com/LearningOS/rust-based-os-comp2022/blob/main/relatedinfo.md)
+
+
+### Build & Run
+
+Replace `` with your github ID, and replace `` with the chapter ID.
+
+Notice: `` is chosen from `[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]`
+
+```bash
+#
+$ git clone git@github.com:LearningOS/2024a-rcore-
+$ cd 2024a-rcore-
+$ git clone git@github.com:LearningOS/rCore-Tutorial-Test-2024A user
+$ git checkout ch
+$ cd os
+$ make run
+```
+
+### Grading
+
+Replace `` with your github ID, and replace `` with the chapter ID.
+
+Notice: `` is chosen from `[3,4,5,6,8]`
+
+```bash
+# Replace with your github ID
+$ git clone git@github.com:LearningOS/2024a-rcore-
+$ cd 2024a-rcore-
+$ rm -rf ci-user
+$ git clone git@github.com:LearningOS/rCore-Tutorial-Checker-2024A ci-user
+$ git clone git@github.com:LearningOS/rCore-Tutorial-Test-2024A ci-user/user
+$ git checkout ch
+$ cd ci-user
+$ make test CHAPTER=
+```
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/bootloader/rustsbi-qemu.bin b/bootloader/rustsbi-qemu.bin
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..8960e1709
Binary files /dev/null and b/bootloader/rustsbi-qemu.bin differ
diff --git a/os/.cargo/config.toml b/os/.cargo/config.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4275fcad6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/.cargo/config.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+[build]
+target = "riscv64gc-unknown-none-elf"
+
+[target.riscv64gc-unknown-none-elf]
+rustflags = [
+ "-Clink-arg=-Tsrc/linker.ld", "-Cforce-frame-pointers=yes"
+]
diff --git a/os/Cargo.toml b/os/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d610c69d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+[package]
+name = "os"
+version = "0.1.0"
+authors = ["Yifan Wu "]
+edition = "2021"
+
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
+
+[dependencies]
+buddy_system_allocator = "0.6"
+lazy_static = { version = "1.4.0", features = ["spin_no_std"] }
+log = "0.4"
+riscv = { git = "https://github.com/rcore-os/riscv", features = ["inline-asm"] }
diff --git a/os/Makefile b/os/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aed0c96df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+# Building
+TARGET := riscv64gc-unknown-none-elf
+MODE := release
+KERNEL_ELF := target/$(TARGET)/$(MODE)/os
+KERNEL_BIN := $(KERNEL_ELF).bin
+DISASM_TMP := target/$(TARGET)/$(MODE)/asm
+OFFLINE :=
+
+# BOARD
+BOARD := qemu
+SBI ?= rustsbi
+BOOTLOADER := ../bootloader/$(SBI)-$(BOARD).bin
+
+# Building mode argument
+ifeq ($(MODE), release)
+ MODE_ARG := --release
+endif
+
+# KERNEL ENTRY
+KERNEL_ENTRY_PA := 0x80200000
+
+# Binutils
+OBJDUMP := rust-objdump --arch-name=riscv64
+OBJCOPY := rust-objcopy --binary-architecture=riscv64
+
+CHAPTER ?= $(shell git rev-parse --abbrev-ref HEAD | sed -E 's/ch([0-9])/\1/')
+TEST ?= $(CHAPTER)
+BASE ?= 1
+
+# Disassembly
+DISASM ?= -x
+
+build: env $(KERNEL_BIN)
+
+env:
+ifeq ($(OFFLINE),)
+ (rustup target list | grep "riscv64gc-unknown-none-elf (installed)") || rustup target add $(TARGET)
+ cargo install cargo-binutils
+ rustup component add rust-src
+ rustup component add llvm-tools-preview
+endif
+
+$(KERNEL_BIN): kernel
+ @$(OBJCOPY) $(KERNEL_ELF) --strip-all -O binary $@
+
+kernel:
+ @make -C ../user build TEST=$(TEST) CHAPTER=$(CHAPTER) BASE=$(BASE)
+ @echo Platform: $(BOARD)
+ @cargo build $(MODE_ARG)
+
+clean:
+ @cargo clean
+
+disasm: kernel
+ @$(OBJDUMP) $(DISASM) $(KERNEL_ELF) | less
+
+disasm-vim: kernel
+ @$(OBJDUMP) $(DISASM) $(KERNEL_ELF) > $(DISASM_TMP)
+ @vim $(DISASM_TMP)
+ @rm $(DISASM_TMP)
+
+run: run-inner
+
+run-inner: build
+ @qemu-system-riscv64 \
+ -machine virt \
+ -nographic \
+ -bios $(BOOTLOADER) \
+ -device loader,file=$(KERNEL_BIN),addr=$(KERNEL_ENTRY_PA)
+
+debug: build
+ @tmux new-session -d \
+ "qemu-system-riscv64 -machine virt -nographic -bios $(BOOTLOADER) -device loader,file=$(KERNEL_BIN),addr=$(KERNEL_ENTRY_PA) -s -S" && \
+ tmux split-window -h "riscv64-unknown-elf-gdb -ex 'file $(KERNEL_ELF)' -ex 'set arch riscv:rv64' -ex 'target remote localhost:1234'" && \
+ tmux -2 attach-session -d
+
+gdbserver: build
+ @qemu-system-riscv64 -machine virt -nographic -bios $(BOOTLOADER) -device loader,file=$(KERNEL_BIN),addr=$(KERNEL_ENTRY_PA) -s -S
+
+gdbclient:
+ @riscv64-unknown-elf-gdb -ex 'file $(KERNEL_ELF)' -ex 'set arch riscv:rv64' -ex 'target remote localhost:1234'
+
+.PHONY: build env kernel clean disasm disasm-vim run-inner gdbserver gdbclient
diff --git a/os/build.rs b/os/build.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..92953d58b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/build.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+//! Building applications linker
+
+use std::fs::{read_dir, File};
+use std::io::{Result, Write};
+
+fn main() {
+ println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=../user/src/");
+ println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed={}", TARGET_PATH);
+ insert_app_data().unwrap();
+}
+
+static TARGET_PATH: &str = "../user/build/bin/";
+
+/// get app data and build linker
+fn insert_app_data() -> Result<()> {
+ let mut f = File::create("src/link_app.S").unwrap();
+ let mut apps: Vec<_> = read_dir("../user/build/bin/")
+ .unwrap()
+ .into_iter()
+ .map(|dir_entry| {
+ let mut name_with_ext = dir_entry.unwrap().file_name().into_string().unwrap();
+ name_with_ext.drain(name_with_ext.find('.').unwrap()..name_with_ext.len());
+ name_with_ext
+ })
+ .collect();
+ apps.sort();
+
+ writeln!(
+ f,
+ r#"
+ .align 3
+ .section .data
+ .global _num_app
+_num_app:
+ .quad {}"#,
+ apps.len()
+ )?;
+
+ for i in 0..apps.len() {
+ writeln!(f, r#" .quad app_{}_start"#, i)?;
+ }
+ writeln!(f, r#" .quad app_{}_end"#, apps.len() - 1)?;
+
+ for (idx, app) in apps.iter().enumerate() {
+ println!("app_{}: {}", idx, app);
+ writeln!(
+ f,
+ r#"
+ .section .data
+ .global app_{0}_start
+ .global app_{0}_end
+app_{0}_start:
+ .incbin "{2}{1}.bin"
+app_{0}_end:"#,
+ idx, app, TARGET_PATH
+ )?;
+ }
+ Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/os/src/config.rs b/os/src/config.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6b134afd1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/src/config.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+//! Constants in the kernel
+
+#[allow(unused)]
+
+/// user app's stack size
+pub const USER_STACK_SIZE: usize = 4096;
+/// kernel stack size
+pub const KERNEL_STACK_SIZE: usize = 4096 * 2;
+/// kernel heap size
+pub const KERNEL_HEAP_SIZE: usize = 0x20000;
+/// the max number of apps
+pub const MAX_APP_NUM: usize = 16;
+/// base_addr(changed) of app
+pub const APP_BASE_ADDRESS: usize = 0x80400000;
+/// size limit of app
+pub const APP_SIZE_LIMIT: usize = 0x20000;
+
+/// the max number of syscall
+pub const MAX_SYSCALL_NUM: usize = 500;
+/// clock frequency
+pub const CLOCK_FREQ: usize = 12500000;
+/// the physical memory end
+pub const MEMORY_END: usize = 0x88000000;
diff --git a/os/src/console.rs b/os/src/console.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f7d13ac81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/src/console.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+//! SBI console driver, for text output
+use crate::sbi::console_putchar;
+use core::fmt::{self, Write};
+
+struct Stdout;
+
+impl Write for Stdout {
+ fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> fmt::Result {
+ for c in s.chars() {
+ console_putchar(c as usize);
+ }
+ Ok(())
+ }
+}
+
+pub fn print(args: fmt::Arguments) {
+ Stdout.write_fmt(args).unwrap();
+}
+
+/// Print! to the host console using the format string and arguments.
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! print {
+ ($fmt: literal $(, $($arg: tt)+)?) => {
+ $crate::console::print(format_args!($fmt $(, $($arg)+)?))
+ }
+}
+
+/// Println! to the host console using the format string and arguments.
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! println {
+ ($fmt: literal $(, $($arg: tt)+)?) => {
+ $crate::console::print(format_args!(concat!($fmt, "\n") $(, $($arg)+)?))
+ }
+}
diff --git a/os/src/entry.asm b/os/src/entry.asm
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3a9990f9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/src/entry.asm
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+ .section .text.entry
+ .globl _start
+_start:
+ la sp, boot_stack_top
+ call rust_main
+
+ .section .bss.stack
+ .globl boot_stack_lower_bound
+boot_stack_lower_bound:
+ .space 4096 * 16
+ .globl boot_stack_top
+boot_stack_top:
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/os/src/heap_alloc.rs b/os/src/heap_alloc.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..199b353dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/src/heap_alloc.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+//! The global allocator
+
+use crate::config::KERNEL_HEAP_SIZE;
+use buddy_system_allocator::LockedHeap;
+
+#[global_allocator]
+/// heap allocator instance
+static HEAP_ALLOCATOR: LockedHeap = LockedHeap::empty();
+
+/// heap space ([u8; KERNEL_HEAP_SIZE])
+static mut HEAP_SPACE: [u8; KERNEL_HEAP_SIZE] = [0; KERNEL_HEAP_SIZE];
+
+/// initiate heap allocator
+pub fn init_heap() {
+ unsafe {
+ HEAP_ALLOCATOR
+ .lock()
+ .init(HEAP_SPACE.as_ptr() as usize, KERNEL_HEAP_SIZE);
+ }
+}
+
+#[alloc_error_handler]
+/// panic when heap allocation error occurs
+pub fn handle_alloc_error(layout: core::alloc::Layout) -> ! {
+ panic!("Heap allocation error, layout = {:?}", layout);
+}
diff --git a/os/src/lang_items.rs b/os/src/lang_items.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e8cf681a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/src/lang_items.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+//! The panic handler
+
+use crate::sbi::shutdown;
+use core::panic::PanicInfo;
+
+#[panic_handler]
+/// panic handler
+fn panic(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {
+ if let Some(location) = info.location() {
+ println!(
+ "[kernel] Panicked at {}:{} {}",
+ location.file(),
+ location.line(),
+ info.message().unwrap()
+ );
+ } else {
+ println!("[kernel] Panicked: {}", info.message().unwrap());
+ }
+ shutdown()
+}
diff --git a/os/src/linker.ld b/os/src/linker.ld
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8bcce1a78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/src/linker.ld
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+OUTPUT_ARCH(riscv)
+ENTRY(_start)
+BASE_ADDRESS = 0x80200000;
+
+SECTIONS
+{
+ . = BASE_ADDRESS;
+ skernel = .;
+
+ stext = .;
+ .text : {
+ *(.text.entry)
+ *(.text .text.*)
+ }
+
+ . = ALIGN(4K);
+ etext = .;
+ srodata = .;
+ .rodata : {
+ *(.rodata .rodata.*)
+ *(.srodata .srodata.*)
+ }
+
+ . = ALIGN(4K);
+ erodata = .;
+ sdata = .;
+ .data : {
+ *(.data .data.*)
+ *(.sdata .sdata.*)
+ }
+
+ . = ALIGN(4K);
+ edata = .;
+ .bss : {
+ *(.bss.stack)
+ sbss = .;
+ *(.bss .bss.*)
+ *(.sbss .sbss.*)
+ }
+
+ . = ALIGN(4K);
+ ebss = .;
+ ekernel = .;
+
+ /DISCARD/ : {
+ *(.eh_frame)
+ }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/os/src/loader.rs b/os/src/loader.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..af9e508d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/src/loader.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+//! Loading user applications into memory
+//!
+//! For chapter 3, user applications are simply part of the data included in the
+//! kernel binary, so we only need to copy them to the space allocated for each
+//! app to load them. We also allocate fixed spaces for each task's
+//! [`KernelStack`] and [`UserStack`].
+
+use crate::config::*;
+use crate::trap::TrapContext;
+use core::arch::asm;
+
+#[repr(align(4096))]
+#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
+struct KernelStack {
+ data: [u8; KERNEL_STACK_SIZE],
+}
+
+#[repr(align(4096))]
+#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
+struct UserStack {
+ data: [u8; USER_STACK_SIZE],
+}
+
+static KERNEL_STACK: [KernelStack; MAX_APP_NUM] = [KernelStack {
+ data: [0; KERNEL_STACK_SIZE],
+}; MAX_APP_NUM];
+
+static USER_STACK: [UserStack; MAX_APP_NUM] = [UserStack {
+ data: [0; USER_STACK_SIZE],
+}; MAX_APP_NUM];
+
+impl KernelStack {
+ fn get_sp(&self) -> usize {
+ self.data.as_ptr() as usize + KERNEL_STACK_SIZE
+ }
+ pub fn push_context(&self, trap_cx: TrapContext) -> usize {
+ let trap_cx_ptr = (self.get_sp() - core::mem::size_of::()) as *mut TrapContext;
+ unsafe {
+ *trap_cx_ptr = trap_cx;
+ }
+ trap_cx_ptr as usize
+ }
+}
+
+impl UserStack {
+ fn get_sp(&self) -> usize {
+ self.data.as_ptr() as usize + USER_STACK_SIZE
+ }
+}
+
+/// Get base address of app i.
+fn get_base_i(app_id: usize) -> usize {
+ APP_BASE_ADDRESS + app_id * APP_SIZE_LIMIT
+}
+
+/// Get the total number of applications.
+pub fn get_num_app() -> usize {
+ extern "C" {
+ fn _num_app();
+ }
+ unsafe { (_num_app as usize as *const usize).read_volatile() }
+}
+
+/// Load nth user app at
+/// [APP_BASE_ADDRESS + n * APP_SIZE_LIMIT, APP_BASE_ADDRESS + (n+1) * APP_SIZE_LIMIT).
+pub fn load_apps() {
+ extern "C" {
+ fn _num_app();
+ }
+ let num_app_ptr = _num_app as usize as *const usize;
+ let num_app = get_num_app();
+ let app_start = unsafe { core::slice::from_raw_parts(num_app_ptr.add(1), num_app + 1) };
+ // clear i-cache first
+ unsafe {
+ asm!("fence.i");
+ }
+ // load apps
+ for i in 0..num_app {
+ let base_i = get_base_i(i);
+ // clear region
+ (base_i..base_i + APP_SIZE_LIMIT)
+ .for_each(|addr| unsafe { (addr as *mut u8).write_volatile(0) });
+ // load app from data section to memory
+ let src = unsafe {
+ core::slice::from_raw_parts(app_start[i] as *const u8, app_start[i + 1] - app_start[i])
+ };
+ let dst = unsafe { core::slice::from_raw_parts_mut(base_i as *mut u8, src.len()) };
+ dst.copy_from_slice(src);
+ }
+}
+
+/// get app info with entry and sp and save `TrapContext` in kernel stack
+pub fn init_app_cx(app_id: usize) -> usize {
+ KERNEL_STACK[app_id].push_context(TrapContext::app_init_context(
+ get_base_i(app_id),
+ USER_STACK[app_id].get_sp(),
+ ))
+}
diff --git a/os/src/logging.rs b/os/src/logging.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f6f0b6967
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/src/logging.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+//! Global logger
+
+use log::{Level, LevelFilter, Log, Metadata, Record};
+
+/// a simple logger
+struct SimpleLogger;
+
+impl Log for SimpleLogger {
+ fn enabled(&self, _metadata: &Metadata) -> bool {
+ true
+ }
+ fn log(&self, record: &Record) {
+ if !self.enabled(record.metadata()) {
+ return;
+ }
+ let color = match record.level() {
+ Level::Error => 31, // Red
+ Level::Warn => 93, // BrightYellow
+ Level::Info => 34, // Blue
+ Level::Debug => 32, // Green
+ Level::Trace => 90, // BrightBlack
+ };
+ println!(
+ "\u{1B}[{}m[{:>5}] {}\u{1B}[0m",
+ color,
+ record.level(),
+ record.args(),
+ );
+ }
+ fn flush(&self) {}
+}
+
+/// initiate logger
+pub fn init() {
+ static LOGGER: SimpleLogger = SimpleLogger;
+ log::set_logger(&LOGGER).unwrap();
+ log::set_max_level(match option_env!("LOG") {
+ Some("ERROR") => LevelFilter::Error,
+ Some("WARN") => LevelFilter::Warn,
+ Some("INFO") => LevelFilter::Info,
+ Some("DEBUG") => LevelFilter::Debug,
+ Some("TRACE") => LevelFilter::Trace,
+ _ => LevelFilter::Off,
+ });
+}
diff --git a/os/src/main.rs b/os/src/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..33cbbeaa2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/src/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+//! The main module and entrypoint
+//!
+//! Various facilities of the kernels are implemented as submodules. The most
+//! important ones are:
+//!
+//! - [`trap`]: Handles all cases of switching from userspace to the kernel
+//! - [`task`]: Task management
+//! - [`syscall`]: System call handling and implementation
+//!
+//! The operating system also starts in this module. Kernel code starts
+//! executing from `entry.asm`, after which [`rust_main()`] is called to
+//! initialize various pieces of functionality. (See its source code for
+//! details.)
+//!
+//! We then call [`task::run_first_task()`] and for the first time go to
+//! userspace.
+
+#![deny(missing_docs)]
+#![deny(warnings)]
+#![no_std]
+#![no_main]
+#![feature(panic_info_message)]
+#![feature(alloc_error_handler)]
+
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate log;
+
+extern crate alloc;
+
+#[macro_use]
+mod console;
+pub mod config;
+mod heap_alloc;
+pub mod lang_items;
+mod loader;
+pub mod logging;
+pub mod sbi;
+pub mod sync;
+pub mod syscall;
+pub mod task;
+pub mod timer;
+pub mod trap;
+
+core::arch::global_asm!(include_str!("entry.asm"));
+core::arch::global_asm!(include_str!("link_app.S"));
+
+/// clear BSS segment
+fn clear_bss() {
+ extern "C" {
+ fn sbss();
+ fn ebss();
+ }
+ unsafe {
+ core::slice::from_raw_parts_mut(sbss as usize as *mut u8, ebss as usize - sbss as usize)
+ .fill(0);
+ }
+}
+
+/// kernel log info
+fn kernel_log_info() {
+ extern "C" {
+ fn stext(); // begin addr of text segment
+ fn etext(); // end addr of text segment
+ fn srodata(); // start addr of Read-Only data segment
+ fn erodata(); // end addr of Read-Only data ssegment
+ fn sdata(); // start addr of data segment
+ fn edata(); // end addr of data segment
+ fn sbss(); // start addr of BSS segment
+ fn ebss(); // end addr of BSS segment
+ fn boot_stack_lower_bound(); // stack lower bound
+ fn boot_stack_top(); // stack top
+ }
+ logging::init();
+ println!("[kernel] Hello, world!");
+ trace!(
+ "[kernel] .text [{:#x}, {:#x})",
+ stext as usize,
+ etext as usize
+ );
+ debug!(
+ "[kernel] .rodata [{:#x}, {:#x})",
+ srodata as usize, erodata as usize
+ );
+ info!(
+ "[kernel] .data [{:#x}, {:#x})",
+ sdata as usize, edata as usize
+ );
+ warn!(
+ "[kernel] boot_stack top=bottom={:#x}, lower_bound={:#x}",
+ boot_stack_top as usize, boot_stack_lower_bound as usize
+ );
+ error!("[kernel] .bss [{:#x}, {:#x})", sbss as usize, ebss as usize);
+}
+
+#[no_mangle]
+/// the rust entry-point of os
+pub fn rust_main() -> ! {
+ clear_bss();
+ kernel_log_info();
+ heap_alloc::init_heap();
+ trap::init();
+ loader::load_apps();
+ trap::enable_timer_interrupt();
+ timer::set_next_trigger();
+ task::run_first_task();
+ panic!("Unreachable in rust_main!");
+}
diff --git a/os/src/sbi.rs b/os/src/sbi.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..67c245e38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/src/sbi.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+//! SBI call wrappers
+
+use core::arch::asm;
+
+const SBI_SET_TIMER: usize = 0;
+const SBI_CONSOLE_PUTCHAR: usize = 1;
+const SBI_SHUTDOWN: usize = 8;
+
+/// general sbi call
+#[inline(always)]
+fn sbi_call(which: usize, arg0: usize, arg1: usize, arg2: usize) -> usize {
+ let mut ret;
+ unsafe {
+ asm!(
+ "ecall",
+ inlateout("x10") arg0 => ret,
+ in("x11") arg1,
+ in("x12") arg2,
+ in("x16") 0,
+ in("x17") which,
+ );
+ }
+ ret
+}
+
+/// use sbi call to set timer
+pub fn set_timer(timer: usize) {
+ sbi_call(SBI_SET_TIMER, timer, 0, 0);
+}
+
+/// use sbi call to putchar in console (qemu uart handler)
+pub fn console_putchar(c: usize) {
+ sbi_call(SBI_CONSOLE_PUTCHAR, c, 0, 0);
+}
+
+/// use sbi call to shutdown the kernel
+pub fn shutdown() -> ! {
+ sbi_call(SBI_SHUTDOWN, 0, 0, 0);
+ panic!("It should shutdown!");
+}
diff --git a/os/src/sync/mod.rs b/os/src/sync/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4743e31e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/src/sync/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+//! Synchronization and interior mutability primitives
+
+mod up;
+
+pub use up::UPSafeCell;
diff --git a/os/src/sync/up.rs b/os/src/sync/up.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d64ae1ff5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/src/sync/up.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+//! Uniprocessor interior mutability primitives
+use core::cell::{RefCell, RefMut};
+
+/// Wrap a static data structure inside it so that we are
+/// able to access it without any `unsafe`.
+///
+/// We should only use it in uniprocessor.
+///
+/// In order to get mutable reference of inner data, call
+/// `exclusive_access`.
+pub struct UPSafeCell {
+ /// inner data
+ inner: RefCell,
+}
+
+unsafe impl Sync for UPSafeCell {}
+
+impl UPSafeCell {
+ /// User is responsible to guarantee that inner struct is only used in
+ /// uniprocessor.
+ pub unsafe fn new(value: T) -> Self {
+ Self {
+ inner: RefCell::new(value),
+ }
+ }
+ /// Panic if the data has been borrowed.
+ pub fn exclusive_access(&self) -> RefMut<'_, T> {
+ self.inner.borrow_mut()
+ }
+}
diff --git a/os/src/syscall/fs.rs b/os/src/syscall/fs.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..96e22a96f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/src/syscall/fs.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+//! File and filesystem-related syscalls
+
+const FD_STDOUT: usize = 1;
+
+/// write buf of length `len` to a file with `fd`
+pub fn sys_write(fd: usize, buf: *const u8, len: usize) -> isize {
+ trace!("kernel: sys_write");
+ match fd {
+ FD_STDOUT => {
+ let slice = unsafe { core::slice::from_raw_parts(buf, len) };
+ let str = core::str::from_utf8(slice).unwrap();
+ print!("{}", str);
+ len as isize
+ }
+ _ => {
+ panic!("Unsupported fd in sys_write!");
+ }
+ }
+}
diff --git a/os/src/syscall/mod.rs b/os/src/syscall/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e6e8f9816
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/src/syscall/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+//! Implementation of syscalls
+//!
+//! The single entry point to all system calls, [`syscall()`], is called
+//! whenever userspace wishes to perform a system call using the `ecall`
+//! instruction. In this case, the processor raises an 'Environment call from
+//! U-mode' exception, which is handled as one of the cases in
+//! [`crate::trap::trap_handler`].
+//!
+//! For clarity, each single syscall is implemented as its own function, named
+//! `sys_` then the name of the syscall. You can find functions like this in
+//! submodules, and you should also implement syscalls this way.
+
+/// write syscall
+const SYSCALL_WRITE: usize = 64;
+/// exit syscall
+const SYSCALL_EXIT: usize = 93;
+/// yield syscall
+const SYSCALL_YIELD: usize = 124;
+/// gettime syscall
+const SYSCALL_GET_TIME: usize = 169;
+/// taskinfo syscall
+const SYSCALL_TASK_INFO: usize = 410;
+
+mod fs;
+mod process;
+
+use fs::*;
+use process::*;
+/// handle syscall exception with `syscall_id` and other arguments
+pub fn syscall(syscall_id: usize, args: [usize; 3]) -> isize {
+ match syscall_id {
+ SYSCALL_WRITE => sys_write(args[0], args[1] as *const u8, args[2]),
+ SYSCALL_EXIT => sys_exit(args[0] as i32),
+ SYSCALL_YIELD => sys_yield(),
+ SYSCALL_GET_TIME => sys_get_time(args[0] as *mut TimeVal, args[1]),
+ SYSCALL_TASK_INFO => sys_task_info(args[0] as *mut TaskInfo),
+ _ => panic!("Unsupported syscall_id: {}", syscall_id),
+ }
+}
diff --git a/os/src/syscall/process.rs b/os/src/syscall/process.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f1cd4249e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/src/syscall/process.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+//! Process management syscalls
+use crate::{
+ config::MAX_SYSCALL_NUM,
+ task::{exit_current_and_run_next, suspend_current_and_run_next, TaskStatus},
+ timer::get_time_us,
+};
+
+#[repr(C)]
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct TimeVal {
+ pub sec: usize,
+ pub usec: usize,
+}
+
+/// Task information
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+pub struct TaskInfo {
+ /// Task status in it's life cycle
+ status: TaskStatus,
+ /// The numbers of syscall called by task
+ syscall_times: [u32; MAX_SYSCALL_NUM],
+ /// Total running time of task
+ time: usize,
+}
+
+/// task exits and submit an exit code
+pub fn sys_exit(exit_code: i32) -> ! {
+ trace!("[kernel] Application exited with code {}", exit_code);
+ exit_current_and_run_next();
+ panic!("Unreachable in sys_exit!");
+}
+
+/// current task gives up resources for other tasks
+pub fn sys_yield() -> isize {
+ trace!("kernel: sys_yield");
+ suspend_current_and_run_next();
+ 0
+}
+
+/// get time with second and microsecond
+pub fn sys_get_time(ts: *mut TimeVal, _tz: usize) -> isize {
+ trace!("kernel: sys_get_time");
+ let us = get_time_us();
+ unsafe {
+ *ts = TimeVal {
+ sec: us / 1_000_000,
+ usec: us % 1_000_000,
+ };
+ }
+ 0
+}
+
+/// YOUR JOB: Finish sys_task_info to pass testcases
+pub fn sys_task_info(_ti: *mut TaskInfo) -> isize {
+ trace!("kernel: sys_task_info");
+ -1
+}
diff --git a/os/src/task/context.rs b/os/src/task/context.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9b84649ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/src/task/context.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+//! Implementation of [`TaskContext`]
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
+#[repr(C)]
+/// task context structure containing some registers
+pub struct TaskContext {
+ /// Ret position after task switching
+ ra: usize,
+ /// Stack pointer
+ sp: usize,
+ /// s0-11 register, callee saved
+ s: [usize; 12],
+}
+
+impl TaskContext {
+ /// Create a new empty task context
+ pub fn zero_init() -> Self {
+ Self {
+ ra: 0,
+ sp: 0,
+ s: [0; 12],
+ }
+ }
+ /// Create a new task context with a trap return addr and a kernel stack pointer
+ pub fn goto_restore(kstack_ptr: usize) -> Self {
+ extern "C" {
+ fn __restore();
+ }
+ Self {
+ ra: __restore as usize,
+ sp: kstack_ptr,
+ s: [0; 12],
+ }
+ }
+}
diff --git a/os/src/task/mod.rs b/os/src/task/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c1636ef47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/src/task/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+//! Task management implementation
+//!
+//! Everything about task management, like starting and switching tasks is
+//! implemented here.
+//!
+//! A single global instance of [`TaskManager`] called `TASK_MANAGER` controls
+//! all the tasks in the operating system.
+//!
+//! Be careful when you see `__switch` ASM function in `switch.S`. Control flow around this function
+//! might not be what you expect.
+
+mod context;
+mod switch;
+#[allow(clippy::module_inception)]
+mod task;
+
+use crate::config::MAX_APP_NUM;
+use crate::loader::{get_num_app, init_app_cx};
+use crate::sync::UPSafeCell;
+use lazy_static::*;
+use switch::__switch;
+pub use task::{TaskControlBlock, TaskStatus};
+
+pub use context::TaskContext;
+
+/// The task manager, where all the tasks are managed.
+///
+/// Functions implemented on `TaskManager` deals with all task state transitions
+/// and task context switching. For convenience, you can find wrappers around it
+/// in the module level.
+///
+/// Most of `TaskManager` are hidden behind the field `inner`, to defer
+/// borrowing checks to runtime. You can see examples on how to use `inner` in
+/// existing functions on `TaskManager`.
+pub struct TaskManager {
+ /// total number of tasks
+ num_app: usize,
+ /// use inner value to get mutable access
+ inner: UPSafeCell,
+}
+
+/// Inner of Task Manager
+pub struct TaskManagerInner {
+ /// task list
+ tasks: [TaskControlBlock; MAX_APP_NUM],
+ /// id of current `Running` task
+ current_task: usize,
+}
+
+lazy_static! {
+ /// Global variable: TASK_MANAGER
+ pub static ref TASK_MANAGER: TaskManager = {
+ let num_app = get_num_app();
+ let mut tasks = [TaskControlBlock {
+ task_cx: TaskContext::zero_init(),
+ task_status: TaskStatus::UnInit,
+ }; MAX_APP_NUM];
+ for (i, task) in tasks.iter_mut().enumerate() {
+ task.task_cx = TaskContext::goto_restore(init_app_cx(i));
+ task.task_status = TaskStatus::Ready;
+ }
+ TaskManager {
+ num_app,
+ inner: unsafe {
+ UPSafeCell::new(TaskManagerInner {
+ tasks,
+ current_task: 0,
+ })
+ },
+ }
+ };
+}
+
+impl TaskManager {
+ /// Run the first task in task list.
+ ///
+ /// Generally, the first task in task list is an idle task (we call it zero process later).
+ /// But in ch3, we load apps statically, so the first task is a real app.
+ fn run_first_task(&self) -> ! {
+ let mut inner = self.inner.exclusive_access();
+ let task0 = &mut inner.tasks[0];
+ task0.task_status = TaskStatus::Running;
+ let next_task_cx_ptr = &task0.task_cx as *const TaskContext;
+ drop(inner);
+ let mut _unused = TaskContext::zero_init();
+ // before this, we should drop local variables that must be dropped manually
+ unsafe {
+ __switch(&mut _unused as *mut TaskContext, next_task_cx_ptr);
+ }
+ panic!("unreachable in run_first_task!");
+ }
+
+ /// Change the status of current `Running` task into `Ready`.
+ fn mark_current_suspended(&self) {
+ let mut inner = self.inner.exclusive_access();
+ let current = inner.current_task;
+ inner.tasks[current].task_status = TaskStatus::Ready;
+ }
+
+ /// Change the status of current `Running` task into `Exited`.
+ fn mark_current_exited(&self) {
+ let mut inner = self.inner.exclusive_access();
+ let current = inner.current_task;
+ inner.tasks[current].task_status = TaskStatus::Exited;
+ }
+
+ /// Find next task to run and return task id.
+ ///
+ /// In this case, we only return the first `Ready` task in task list.
+ fn find_next_task(&self) -> Option {
+ let inner = self.inner.exclusive_access();
+ let current = inner.current_task;
+ (current + 1..current + self.num_app + 1)
+ .map(|id| id % self.num_app)
+ .find(|id| inner.tasks[*id].task_status == TaskStatus::Ready)
+ }
+
+ /// Switch current `Running` task to the task we have found,
+ /// or there is no `Ready` task and we can exit with all applications completed
+ fn run_next_task(&self) {
+ if let Some(next) = self.find_next_task() {
+ let mut inner = self.inner.exclusive_access();
+ let current = inner.current_task;
+ inner.tasks[next].task_status = TaskStatus::Running;
+ inner.current_task = next;
+ let current_task_cx_ptr = &mut inner.tasks[current].task_cx as *mut TaskContext;
+ let next_task_cx_ptr = &inner.tasks[next].task_cx as *const TaskContext;
+ drop(inner);
+ // before this, we should drop local variables that must be dropped manually
+ unsafe {
+ __switch(current_task_cx_ptr, next_task_cx_ptr);
+ }
+ // go back to user mode
+ } else {
+ panic!("All applications completed!");
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+/// Run the first task in task list.
+pub fn run_first_task() {
+ TASK_MANAGER.run_first_task();
+}
+
+/// Switch current `Running` task to the task we have found,
+/// or there is no `Ready` task and we can exit with all applications completed
+fn run_next_task() {
+ TASK_MANAGER.run_next_task();
+}
+
+/// Change the status of current `Running` task into `Ready`.
+fn mark_current_suspended() {
+ TASK_MANAGER.mark_current_suspended();
+}
+
+/// Change the status of current `Running` task into `Exited`.
+fn mark_current_exited() {
+ TASK_MANAGER.mark_current_exited();
+}
+
+/// Suspend the current 'Running' task and run the next task in task list.
+pub fn suspend_current_and_run_next() {
+ mark_current_suspended();
+ run_next_task();
+}
+
+/// Exit the current 'Running' task and run the next task in task list.
+pub fn exit_current_and_run_next() {
+ mark_current_exited();
+ run_next_task();
+}
diff --git a/os/src/task/switch.S b/os/src/task/switch.S
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3f985d24d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/src/task/switch.S
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+.altmacro
+.macro SAVE_SN n
+ sd s\n, (\n+2)*8(a0)
+.endm
+.macro LOAD_SN n
+ ld s\n, (\n+2)*8(a1)
+.endm
+ .section .text
+ .globl __switch
+__switch:
+ # __switch(
+ # current_task_cx_ptr: *mut TaskContext,
+ # next_task_cx_ptr: *const TaskContext
+ # )
+ # save kernel stack of current task
+ sd sp, 8(a0)
+ # save ra & s0~s11 of current execution
+ sd ra, 0(a0)
+ .set n, 0
+ .rept 12
+ SAVE_SN %n
+ .set n, n + 1
+ .endr
+ # restore ra & s0~s11 of next execution
+ ld ra, 0(a1)
+ .set n, 0
+ .rept 12
+ LOAD_SN %n
+ .set n, n + 1
+ .endr
+ # restore kernel stack of next task
+ ld sp, 8(a1)
+ ret
+
diff --git a/os/src/task/switch.rs b/os/src/task/switch.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3535a5ca6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/src/task/switch.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+//! Rust wrapper around `__switch`.
+//!
+//! Switching to a different task's context happens here. The actual
+//! implementation must not be in Rust and (essentially) has to be in assembly
+//! language (Do you know why?), so this module really is just a wrapper around
+//! `switch.S`.
+
+use super::TaskContext;
+use core::arch::global_asm;
+
+global_asm!(include_str!("switch.S"));
+
+extern "C" {
+ /// Switch to the context of `next_task_cx_ptr`, saving the current context
+ /// in `current_task_cx_ptr`.
+ pub fn __switch(current_task_cx_ptr: *mut TaskContext, next_task_cx_ptr: *const TaskContext);
+}
diff --git a/os/src/task/task.rs b/os/src/task/task.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e6580c9a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/src/task/task.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+//! Types related to task management
+
+use super::TaskContext;
+
+/// The task control block (TCB) of a task.
+#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
+pub struct TaskControlBlock {
+ /// The task status in it's lifecycle
+ pub task_status: TaskStatus,
+ /// The task context
+ pub task_cx: TaskContext,
+}
+
+/// The status of a task
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq)]
+pub enum TaskStatus {
+ /// uninitialized
+ UnInit,
+ /// ready to run
+ Ready,
+ /// running
+ Running,
+ /// exited
+ Exited,
+}
diff --git a/os/src/timer.rs b/os/src/timer.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8314d4b38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/src/timer.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+//! RISC-V timer-related functionality
+
+use crate::config::CLOCK_FREQ;
+use crate::sbi::set_timer;
+use riscv::register::time;
+/// The number of ticks per second
+const TICKS_PER_SEC: usize = 100;
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+/// The number of milliseconds per second
+const MSEC_PER_SEC: usize = 1000;
+/// The number of microseconds per second
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+const MICRO_PER_SEC: usize = 1_000_000;
+
+/// Get the current time in ticks
+pub fn get_time() -> usize {
+ time::read()
+}
+
+/// get current time in milliseconds
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+pub fn get_time_ms() -> usize {
+ time::read() * MSEC_PER_SEC / CLOCK_FREQ
+}
+
+/// get current time in microseconds
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+pub fn get_time_us() -> usize {
+ time::read() * MICRO_PER_SEC / CLOCK_FREQ
+}
+
+/// Set the next timer interrupt
+pub fn set_next_trigger() {
+ set_timer(get_time() + CLOCK_FREQ / TICKS_PER_SEC);
+}
diff --git a/os/src/trap/context.rs b/os/src/trap/context.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2af0f0e55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/src/trap/context.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+use riscv::register::sstatus::{self, Sstatus, SPP};
+
+#[repr(C)]
+#[derive(Debug)]
+/// trap context structure containing sstatus, sepc and registers
+pub struct TrapContext {
+ /// General-Purpose Register x0-31
+ pub x: [usize; 32],
+ /// Supervisor Status Register
+ pub sstatus: Sstatus,
+ /// Supervisor Exception Program Counter
+ pub sepc: usize,
+}
+
+impl TrapContext {
+ /// put the sp(stack pointer) into x\[2\] field of TrapContext
+ pub fn set_sp(&mut self, sp: usize) {
+ self.x[2] = sp;
+ }
+ /// init the trap context of an application
+ pub fn app_init_context(entry: usize, sp: usize) -> Self {
+ let mut sstatus = sstatus::read(); // CSR sstatus
+ sstatus.set_spp(SPP::User); //previous privilege mode: user mode
+ let mut cx = Self {
+ x: [0; 32],
+ sstatus,
+ sepc: entry, // entry point of app
+ };
+ cx.set_sp(sp); // app's user stack pointer
+ cx // return initial Trap Context of app
+ }
+}
diff --git a/os/src/trap/mod.rs b/os/src/trap/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d8f8e248f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/src/trap/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+//! Trap handling functionality
+//!
+//! For rCore, we have a single trap entry point, namely `__alltraps`. At
+//! initialization in [`init()`], we set the `stvec` CSR to point to it.
+//!
+//! All traps go through `__alltraps`, which is defined in `trap.S`. The
+//! assembly language code does just enough work restore the kernel space
+//! context, ensuring that Rust code safely runs, and transfers control to
+//! [`trap_handler()`].
+//!
+//! It then calls different functionality based on what exactly the exception
+//! was. For example, timer interrupts trigger task preemption, and syscalls go
+//! to [`syscall()`].
+
+mod context;
+
+use crate::syscall::syscall;
+use crate::task::{exit_current_and_run_next, suspend_current_and_run_next};
+use crate::timer::set_next_trigger;
+use core::arch::global_asm;
+use riscv::register::{
+ mtvec::TrapMode,
+ scause::{self, Exception, Interrupt, Trap},
+ sie, stval, stvec,
+};
+
+global_asm!(include_str!("trap.S"));
+
+/// Initialize trap handling
+pub fn init() {
+ extern "C" {
+ fn __alltraps();
+ }
+ unsafe {
+ stvec::write(__alltraps as usize, TrapMode::Direct);
+ }
+}
+
+/// enable timer interrupt in supervisor mode
+pub fn enable_timer_interrupt() {
+ unsafe {
+ sie::set_stimer();
+ }
+}
+
+/// trap handler
+#[no_mangle]
+pub fn trap_handler(cx: &mut TrapContext) -> &mut TrapContext {
+ let scause = scause::read(); // get trap cause
+ let stval = stval::read(); // get extra value
+ // trace!("into {:?}", scause.cause());
+ match scause.cause() {
+ Trap::Exception(Exception::UserEnvCall) => {
+ // jump to next instruction anyway
+ cx.sepc += 4;
+ // get system call return value
+ cx.x[10] = syscall(cx.x[17], [cx.x[10], cx.x[11], cx.x[12]]) as usize;
+ }
+ Trap::Exception(Exception::StoreFault) | Trap::Exception(Exception::StorePageFault) => {
+ println!("[kernel] PageFault in application, bad addr = {:#x}, bad instruction = {:#x}, kernel killed it.", stval, cx.sepc);
+ exit_current_and_run_next();
+ }
+ Trap::Exception(Exception::IllegalInstruction) => {
+ println!("[kernel] IllegalInstruction in application, kernel killed it.");
+ exit_current_and_run_next();
+ }
+ Trap::Interrupt(Interrupt::SupervisorTimer) => {
+ set_next_trigger();
+ suspend_current_and_run_next();
+ }
+ _ => {
+ panic!(
+ "Unsupported trap {:?}, stval = {:#x}!",
+ scause.cause(),
+ stval
+ );
+ }
+ }
+ cx
+}
+
+pub use context::TrapContext;
diff --git a/os/src/trap/trap.S b/os/src/trap/trap.S
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..70a18a925
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/src/trap/trap.S
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+.altmacro
+.macro SAVE_GP n
+ sd x\n, \n*8(sp)
+.endm
+.macro LOAD_GP n
+ ld x\n, \n*8(sp)
+.endm
+ .section .text
+ .globl __alltraps
+ .globl __restore
+ .align 2
+__alltraps:
+ csrrw sp, sscratch, sp
+ # now sp->kernel stack, sscratch->user stack
+ # allocate a TrapContext on kernel stack
+ addi sp, sp, -34*8
+ # save general-purpose registers
+ sd x1, 1*8(sp)
+ # skip sp(x2), we will save it later
+ sd x3, 3*8(sp)
+ # skip tp(x4), application does not use it
+ # save x5~x31
+ .set n, 5
+ .rept 27
+ SAVE_GP %n
+ .set n, n+1
+ .endr
+ # we can use t0/t1/t2 freely, because they were saved on kernel stack
+ csrr t0, sstatus
+ csrr t1, sepc
+ sd t0, 32*8(sp)
+ sd t1, 33*8(sp)
+ # read user stack from sscratch and save it on the kernel stack
+ csrr t2, sscratch
+ sd t2, 2*8(sp)
+ # set input argument of trap_handler(cx: &mut TrapContext)
+ mv a0, sp
+ call trap_handler
+
+__restore:
+ # now sp->kernel stack(after allocated), sscratch->user stack
+ # restore sstatus/sepc
+ ld t0, 32*8(sp)
+ ld t1, 33*8(sp)
+ ld t2, 2*8(sp)
+ csrw sstatus, t0
+ csrw sepc, t1
+ csrw sscratch, t2
+ # restore general-purpuse registers except sp/tp
+ ld x1, 1*8(sp)
+ ld x3, 3*8(sp)
+ .set n, 5
+ .rept 27
+ LOAD_GP %n
+ .set n, n+1
+ .endr
+ # release TrapContext on kernel stack
+ addi sp, sp, 34*8
+ # now sp->kernel stack, sscratch->user stack
+ csrrw sp, sscratch, sp
+ sret
diff --git a/rust-toolchain.toml b/rust-toolchain.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eca2c1ca7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust-toolchain.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+[toolchain]
+profile = "minimal"
+# use the nightly version of the last stable toolchain, see
+channel = "nightly-2024-05-02"
+components = ["rust-src", "llvm-tools-preview", "rustfmt", "clippy"]