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Copy file name to clipboardexpand all lines: paper.md
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# Summary
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Holographic beam shaping using spatial light modulators (SLMs) as a reprogrammable hologram offers a powerful tool for precise and flexible optical controls. It has been adopted for a wide range of research, including atom trapping [@gaunt2012robust], optical addressing of individual quantum objects [@motlakunta2024], preparation of exotic quantum states [@islam2015measuring], and multi-beam laser machining [@obata2010multi].
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Holographic beam shaping using spatial light modulators (SLMs) as a reprogrammable hologram offers a powerful tool for precise and flexible optical controls. It has been adopted for a wide range of researches, including atom trapping [@gaunt2012robust], optical addressing of individual quantum objects [@motlakunta2024], preparation of exotic quantum states [@islam2015measuring], and multi-beam laser machining [@obata2010multi].
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`pySLM2` is a python package designed for holographic beam shaping application, encompassing hologram generation, simulation, and hardware controls.
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`pySLM2` is a python package designed for holographic beam shaping applications, encompassing hologram generation, simulation, and hardware controls.
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The package implements the hologram generation algorithms of the Lee hologram [@lee1978iii] and its improved alternatives [@zupancic2016ultra;@shih2021reprogrammable], specifically targeting the digital micromirror device (DMD) based SLM with binary amplitude controls. It also implements the Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm [@gerhberg1972practical] and its improved alternatives[@gaunt2012robust;@pasienski2008high] suitable for liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) based SLMs with pure phase controls.
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Holographic beam shaping using SLMs provides a way for precise and adaptive optical controls. Compared to using conventional optical elements, holographic beam shaping has several advantages. Firstly, it can generate arbitrary beam profiles that are challenging to create with standard optical elements. For example, the Laguerre-Gaussian beam with a non-zero azimuthal index (often referred to as a doughnut beam), which can be used to trap atoms in a tube-like potential [@kuga1997novel], apply angular momentum to Bose-Einstein Condensate [@andersen2006quantized], or achieve super-resolution imaging [@qian2021super;@drechsler2021optical].
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Secondly, holographic beam shaping can actively correct cumulative optical aberrations in the system arising from almost inevitable causes, such as surface irregularities, misalignment, and imperfect lens curvature, thereby achieving diffraction-limited performance at the target image plane. This enables the faithful production of target beam profiles with high accuracy, relieving the stringent requirement on optics quality and alignment precision. It has been shown that residual wavefront aberrations can be corrected to less than $\lambda/20$ root-mean-square (RMS) [@shih2021reprogrammable;@zupancic2016ultra], which meets the Maréchal criteria (wavefront RMS error < $\lambda/14$) for optical performance.
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Secondly, holographic beam shaping can actively correct cumulative optical aberrations in the system arising from almost inevitable causes, such as surface irregularities, misalignment, and imperfect lens curvature, thereby achieving diffraction-limited performance at the target image plane. This enables the faithful production of target beam profiles with high accuracy, relieving the stringent requirements on optics quality and alignment precision. It has been shown that residual wavefront aberrations can be corrected to less than $\lambda/20$ root-mean-square (RMS) [@shih2021reprogrammable;@zupancic2016ultra], which meets the Maréchal criteria (wavefront RMS error < $\lambda/14$) for optical performance.
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At the time of writing, the `pySLM2` package, as detailed in this manuscript, has been used in the trapped ion quantum information processing research[@shih2021reprogrammable;@motlakunta2024;@kotibhaskar2023programmable]. The authors believe that the package will benefit a broader community of researchers and engineers by offering turnkey solutions for applying holographic beam shaping to their work. Moreover, the primitives included in the package can assist researchers in rapidly prototyping new hologram generation algorithms.
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At the time of writing, the `pySLM2` package, as detailed in this manuscript, has been used in the trapped ion quantum information processing researches[@shih2021reprogrammable;@motlakunta2024;@kotibhaskar2023programmable]. The authors believe that the package will benefit a broader community of researchers and engineers by offering turnkey solutions for applying holographic beam shaping to their work. Moreover, the primitives included in the package can assist researchers in rapidly prototyping new hologram generation algorithms.
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There are existing open-source packages available that specialize in different levels of holographic beam shaping with SLMs. For example, [`SLMLayout`](https://github.com/wavefrontshaping/Layout) is a package focusing on wavefront shaping with macropixel method [@matthes2019optical] with DMDs. [`CGH-diff`](https://github.com/DigitalNatureGroup/CGH-autodiff) offers scripts for an automatic differentiation-based algorithm [@yamamoto2021gradient] for DMD hologram generation. [`slmsuite`](https://slmsuite.readthedocs.io/) offers a comprehensive suite of hologram algorithms tailored for phase-only Spatial Light Modulators (SLMs), supported by GPU acceleration via CuPy [@nishino2017cupy], and includes hardware control capabilities for Liquid Crystal on Silicon (LCoS) SLMs.
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