diff --git a/addon/lib/validation.js b/addon/lib/validation.js
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+++ b/addon/lib/validation.js
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+import requiredValidator from 'ember-paper/validators/required';
+import minValidator from 'ember-paper/validators/min';
+import maxValidator from 'ember-paper/validators/max';
+import minlengthValidator from 'ember-paper/validators/minlength';
+import maxlengthValidator from 'ember-paper/validators/maxlength';
+import { isArray, A } from '@ember/array';
+import { assert, warn } from '@ember/debug';
+import { isBlank } from '@ember/utils';
+import { tracked } from '@glimmer/tracking';
+
+/**
+ * A validator provides a function that can validate the specified input.
+ *
+ * @typedef {Object} validator
+ * @property {string} param - the input attribute this is validating.
+ * @property {string} message - the error message to show to the end user if input is considered invalid.
+ * @property {function} validate - the function to be called to validate the param's value against the param.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * This callback is used to notify when the validity changes on the input field.
+ *
+ * @callback onValidityChange
+ * @param {boolean} isValid - whether the input element is considered valid.
+ * @param {string} elementId - The unique paper-input identifier.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Validation provides input validation.
+ *
+ * @class Validation
+ */
+export default class Validation {
+  /**
+   * id is returned on notifying on validity to enable unique identification of
+   * the input that is in an invalid state.
+   *
+   * @type {string}
+   * @private
+   */
+  #id;
+  /**
+   * #inputElement stores a reference to the input element for updating the
+   * underlying value and checking the browser's native validity status.
+   *
+   * @type {HTMLInputElement}
+   * @private
+   */
+  #inputElement;
+  /**
+   *
+   * @type {onValidityChange|undefined}
+   * @private
+   */
+  #onValidityChange = null;
+  /**
+   * an array of validators to be run to ascertain the input's validity.
+   *
+   * @type {validator[]}
+   */
+  #validators = defaultValidations();
+
+  // State
+  /**
+   * Key-Value map of param to the message the user wants to override.
+   * For example, `@errorMessages={{hash required="Address is required."}}`
+   *
+   * @type {A}
+   */
+  #errorMessageOverrides = A();
+  /**
+   * #previousErrors stores the last state of errors to be able to track and
+   * notify on changes.
+   *
+   * @type {A}
+   * @private
+   */
+  #previousErrors;
+  /**
+   * previousIsTouched stores the last state of isTouched to be able to track
+   * and notify on changes.
+   *
+   * @type {boolean}
+   * @private
+   */
+  #previousIsTouched = undefined;
+  /**
+   * previousIsValid stores the last state of isValid to be able to track and
+   * notify on changes.
+   *
+   * @type {boolean}
+   * @private
+   */
+  #previousIsValid = undefined;
+  /**
+   * previousValue stores the last state of value to be able to track and
+   * notify on changes.
+   *
+   * @type {*}
+   * @private
+   */
+  #previousValue = '';
+
+  /**
+   * an array of the latest validation error messages, suitable for end user
+   * display.
+   *
+   * @type {A}
+   * @public
+   */
+  @tracked errorMessages = A();
+  /**
+   * An array of the latest validation errors.
+   * Can be overridden in order to supply your own external errors.
+   *
+   * @type {A}
+   * @public
+   */
+  @tracked errors = A();
+  /**
+   * tracks if the input has been touched.
+   * Useful for detecting when validation error messages should be displayed to
+   * the end user.
+   *
+   * @type {boolean}
+   * @public
+   */
+  @tracked isTouched = false;
+  /**
+   * value contains the datum to be validated.
+   *
+   * @type {any}
+   * @public
+   */
+  @tracked value = null;
+
+  /**
+   * @constructor
+   * @param {string} id - a unique identifier to identify the input element.
+   * @param {onValidityChange} onValidityChange - callback to notify when a change has occurred to the validity of a field.
+   * @param {validator[]|undefined} [validations] - validators to override the default set.
+   * @param {validator[]|undefined} [customValidations] - validators to append to the default set.
+   * @param {A|undefined} [errors] - input errors that should be reported.
+   * @param {A|undefined} [errorMessageOverrides] - validation error message overrides.
+   * @param {boolean|undefined} [isTouched] - a flag to mark the input as touched on creation.
+   */
+  constructor(
+    id,
+    onValidityChange,
+    validations,
+    customValidations,
+    errors,
+    errorMessageOverrides,
+    isTouched
+  ) {
+    this.#id = id;
+
+    if (validations) {
+      this.#validators = validations
+        .map((v) => v.param)
+        .filter((v) => !isBlank(v));
+    }
+    if (customValidations) {
+      assert(
+        '`customValidations` must be an array',
+        isArray(customValidations)
+      );
+      this.#validators.pushObjects(customValidations);
+    }
+    if (errorMessageOverrides) {
+      this.#errorMessageOverrides = errorMessageOverrides;
+    }
+    if (isTouched) {
+      this.isTouched = isTouched;
+    }
+    if (errors) {
+      this.errors = errors;
+    }
+
+    assert(
+      'Validation requires an `onValidityChange` action or null for no action.',
+      onValidityChange !== undefined
+    );
+    this.#onValidityChange = onValidityChange;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * didInsertNode provides a way to push in an input element to track.
+   *
+   * This allows the practitioner to construct the validator for availability on
+   * component creation, but where the node you need to track hasn't been
+   * inserted into the DOM yet.
+   *
+   * @param {HTMLInputElement} inputElement
+   */
+  didInsertNode(inputElement) {
+    this.#inputElement = inputElement;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * true if validation errors have been found.
+   *
+   * @return {boolean}
+   */
+  get hasErrorMessages() {
+    return this.errorMessages.length > 0;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The result of isInvalid is appropriate for controlling the display of
+   * validation error messages. It also may be used to distinguish whether
+   * the input would be considered valid after it is touched.
+   *
+   * @public
+   * @return {boolean} Whether the input is or would be invalid.
+   *    false: input is valid (touched or not), or is no longer rendered
+   *    true: input has been touched and is invalid.
+   */
+  get isInvalid() {
+    return this.hasErrorMessages || this.isNativeInvalid;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * returns true if the input element is considered valid.
+   *
+   * @return {boolean}
+   */
+  get isValid() {
+    return !this.isInvalid;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * returns invalid based on the native input element's state of validity.
+   *
+   * @return {boolean}
+   */
+  get isNativeInvalid() {
+    let inputElement = this.#inputElement;
+    if (!inputElement) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    if (inputElement.type === 'date' && inputElement.value === '') {
+      // Chrome doesn't fire the onInput event when clearing the second and third date components.
+      // This means that we won't see another event when badInput becomes false if the user is clearing
+      // the date field.  The reported value is empty, though, so we can already mark it as valid.
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    return (inputElement.validity && inputElement.validity.badInput) || false;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * returns true if the input is considered invalid and has been touched.
+   *
+   * @return {boolean}
+   */
+  get isInvalidAndTouched() {
+    return this.isInvalid && this.isTouched;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * validate executes configured validators and sets an array of errors and
+   * error messages for consumption.
+   *
+   * @param {Object} args - the values that are being supplied to the input.
+   */
+  validate(args) {
+    let messages = A();
+
+    let currentValue = this.value;
+    this.#validators.forEach((v) => {
+      assert(
+        'validation must include a `validate(value)` function',
+        v && v.validate && typeof v.validate === 'function'
+      );
+      try {
+        let valParam = v.param;
+        let paramValue = valParam ? args[valParam] : undefined;
+        if (!v.validate(currentValue, paramValue)) {
+          let message = this.#errorMessageOverrides[valParam] || v.message;
+          messages.pushObject({
+            message: fmt(message.string || message, paramValue, currentValue),
+          });
+        }
+      } catch (error) {
+        warn(`Exception with validation: ${v} ${error}`, false);
+      }
+    });
+
+    // build the error messages array
+    let errors = this.errors || [];
+    assert('`errors` must be an array', isArray(errors));
+    messages.pushObjects(
+      errors.map((e) => {
+        return e.message ? e : { message: e };
+      })
+    );
+
+    this.errors = errors;
+    this.errorMessages = messages;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * notifyOnChange will only notify if the value and errors have changed since
+   * last notification check.
+   *
+   * If values have changed, falls through to {@link notifyOnValidityChange}.
+   */
+  notifyOnChange() {
+    const previousErrors = this.#previousErrors;
+    const errors = this.errors;
+    const previousValue = this.#previousValue;
+    const value = this.value;
+    if (previousValue !== value || previousErrors !== errors) {
+      this.notifyOnValidityChange();
+
+      this.#previousErrors = errors;
+      this.#previousValue = value;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * notifyOnValidityChange calls the provided onValidityChange callback with
+   * the value of valid and the id of the element to help track the validity of
+   * certain inputs.
+   */
+  notifyOnValidityChange() {
+    const prevIsValid = this.#previousIsValid;
+    const isValid = this.isValid;
+    const prevIsTouched = this.#previousIsTouched;
+    const isTouched = this.isTouched;
+    if (prevIsValid !== isValid || prevIsTouched !== isTouched) {
+      if (this.#onValidityChange) {
+        this.#onValidityChange(isValid, this.#id);
+      }
+
+      this.#previousIsValid = isValid;
+      this.#previousIsTouched = isTouched;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * defaultValidations returns the default set of validations to run for an input.
+ *
+ * @return {validator[]}
+ */
+function defaultValidations() {
+  return A([
+    requiredValidator,
+    minValidator,
+    maxValidator,
+    minlengthValidator,
+    maxlengthValidator,
+  ]);
+}
+
+/**
+ * fmt provides an implementation of a format string that replaces %@ with the
+ * passed in arguments. It replaces usage of `loc` which was deprecated in
+ * `ember@v3.X`.
+ *
+ * @see https://github.com/emberjs/ember.js/blob/v3.22.2/packages/%40ember/string/index.ts
+ * @param {string} str - the format string.
+ * @param {string[]} formats - the ordered positional replacements.
+ * @returns {string}
+ */
+function fmt(str, formats) {
+  if (!Array.isArray(formats) || arguments.length > 2) {
+    formats = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 1);
+  }
+
+  // first, replace any ORDERED replacements.
+  let idx = 0; // the current index for non-numerical replacements
+  return str.replace(/%@([0-9]+)?/g, (_s, argIndex) => {
+    let i = argIndex ? parseInt(argIndex, 10) - 1 : idx++;
+    let r = i < formats.length ? formats[i] : undefined;
+    return typeof r === 'string'
+      ? r
+      : r === null
+      ? '(null)'
+      : r === undefined
+      ? ''
+      : String(r);
+  });
+}