Check for backtick-quoted shortcut links in CI

[InSyncWithFoo]

Summary

Follow-up to #16035.

check_docs_formatted.py will now report backtick-quoted shortcut links in rule documentation. It uses a regular expression to find pieces of text that:

• Starts with [, followed by `, then a "name" sequence of at least one non-backtick non-newline character, followed by another `, then ends with ].
• Is not followed by either a [ or a (.
• Is not placed within a code block.

If the name is a known Ruff option name, that link is not considered a violation.

Test Plan

Manual.

[github-actions]

ruff-ecosystem results

Linter (stable)

✅ ecosystem check detected no linter changes.

Linter (preview)

✅ ecosystem check detected no linter changes.

Formatter (stable)

✅ ecosystem check detected no format changes.

Formatter (preview)

✅ ecosystem check detected no format changes.

[MichaReiser]

Thanks, this is great. I only have a few suggestions around commenting the code.

[InSyncWithFoo]

With this merged, I will be able to rest easy and monkeypatch the rest of the broken links client-side (not that I think I should, though) as they will be guaranteed to be option links.