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<title>The Pissarides Review into the Future of Work and Wellbeing</title>
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<h1 class="logo">The Pissarides Review into the Future of Work and Wellbeing</h1>
<ul class="nav-links">
<li><a href="#about">About</a></li>
<li><a href="#team">Team</a></li>
<li><a href="#research">Research</a></li>
<li><a href="#publications">Publications</a></li>
<li><a href="#conferences">Conferences</a></li>
<li><a href="#contact">Contact</a></li>
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<h2 style = 'text-align: center'>About</h2>
<p>The Centre for Mathematics of Precision Healthcare (CMPH) in the Department of Mathematics at Imperial College London is part of a multi-university collaboration funded by the Nuffield Foundation to examine the impacts of technological disruption on people and communities across the UK and to ascertain the future of working practices and job skills in the UK.</p>
<p>This £1.8M project (The ‘Pissarides Review’) is a 3-year collaboration between the London School of Economics, the Institute for the Future of Work (IFOW), Imperial College London and Warwick Business School, supported by the Nuffield Foundation and in collaboration also with economists at UCL. Grounded in the Nobel Prize Winning research of Principal Investigator Professor Chris Pissarides on frictions, the project involves a cross-disciplinary approach to evaluating disruption and modelling competing futures for work. The overarching purpose of the project is to help build a future of better work for the UK with a focus on building capabilities, strengthening resilience and reducing inequalities through better work.</p>
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<h2>Team</h2>
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<p>Our team brings together applied mathematicians, economists and policy experts to understand how labour markets are changing.</p>
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<img src="prassets/mauricio.png" alt="Mauricio is the Director of Research in the Department of Mathematics at Imperial College London and Director of the EPSRC Centre for Mathematics of Precision Healthcare. His work applies mathematics methods to a broad range of biological, physical, engineering and social systems.">
<p>Professor Mauricio Barahona</p>
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<img src="prassets/jonny.png" alt="Jonathan is a Sir Henry Wellcome Postdoctoral Fellow in the EPSRC Centre for Mathematics of Precision Healthcare at Imperial College London. He applies data science and network analysis methods to explore healthcare in the National Health Service and internationally as a complex system.">
<p>Dr Jonathan Clarke</p>
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<img src="prassets/bertha.jpg" alt="Bertha is a Principal Economist in the Institute for the Future of Work. An Applied Economist by background, she studies the role automation technologies play in modern labour markets in the UK and internationally.">
<p>Dr Bertha Rohenkohl</p>
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<img src="prassets/tim.jpeg" alt="Tim is a PhD student in the Department of Mathematics at Imperial College London. His work focusses on the detection of higher order interactions and reconstruction of higher order networked systems using lattice theory and dependency measures.">
<p>Tim Liu</p>
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<a href="https://github.com/Timliuzhaolu" target = "_blank"><img src="prassets/github_hover.png" alt="Github" class = "github"></a>
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<img src="prassets/hummd.jpg" alt="Hummd is a research assistant in applied mathematics for economic systems at Imperial College London.">
<p>Hummd Ghouri</p>
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<img src="prassets/milla.jpg" alt="Milla is an Economic Advisor in the Department for Transport seconded to Imperial to support our work on the Pissarides Review.">
<p>Milla Hamunen</p>
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<p>Past team members: Roseline Polle, Patrick Moran, Angad Khurana, Jiyuan Zheng</p>
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<section id="research" class="section">
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<h2>Research areas</h2>
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<h3>Examining the changing skills requirements of the UK labour market</h3>
<p>New technologies are changing the skills employers require of their workers. We use job postings data to investigate how skills are related to one another and how demand for skills is changing across occupations and regions of the UK.</p>
<h3>Exploring regional variation in technological transformation</h3>
<p>Through the Disruption Index, we examine how technological transformation may already be affecting parts of England differently, and how ready these regions are to adopt further new technologies in the years to come.</p>
<h3>Studying the impact of new technologies on the wellbeing of workers</h3>
<p>The introduction of new technologies across the labour market has the potential to fundamentally change relationships workers have with their jobs. In turn, this may have positive or negative effects on how satisfied workers are with their job, and their lives as a whole. We study how these changes to work may influence the wellbeing of workers.</p>
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<h2>Publications</h2>
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<h3><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.03139">Patterns of co-occurrent skills in UK job adverts</a></h3>
<p><i>Zhaolu Liu, Jonathan Clarke, Bertha Rohenkohl, Mauricio Barahona</i></p>
<p>A job usually involves the application of several complementary or synergistic skills to perform its required tasks. Such relationships are implicitly recognised by employers in the skills they demand when recruiting new employees. Here we construct a skills network based on their co-occurrence in a national level data set of 65 million job postings from the UK spanning 2016 to 2022. We then apply multiscale graph-based community detection to obtain data-driven skill clusters at different levels of resolution that reveal a modular structure across scales. Skill clusters display diverse levels of demand and occupy varying roles within the skills network: some have broad reach across the network (high closeness centrality) while others have higher levels of within-cluster containment, yet with high interconnection across clusters and no skill silos. The skill clusters also display varying levels of semantic similarity, highlighting the difference between co-occurrence in adverts and intrinsic thematic consistency. Clear geographic variation is evident in the demand for each skill cluster across the UK, broadly reflecting the industrial characteristics of each region, e.g., London appears as an outlier as an international hub for finance, education and business. Comparison of data from 2016 and 2022 reveals employers are demanding a broader range of skills over time, with more adverts featuring skills spanning different clusters. We also show that our data-driven clusters differ from expert-authored categorisations of skills, indicating that important relationships between skills are not captured by expert assessment alone.</p>
<p>The code used in this analysis as available <a href="https://github.com/Timliuzhaolu/Skills_clustering">here</a>.</p>
<h3><a href="https://di-dash-new-f6a2d1835dc0.herokuapp.com">The Disruption Index Dashboard</a></h3>
<p><i>Hummd Ghouri, Bertha Rohenkohl, Jonathan M Clarke</i></p>
<p>This interactive dashoard enables users to examine the data compiled for the Disruption Index in more detail and apply the data to their own research. </p>
<h3><a href="https://www.ifow.org/resources/the-disruption-index---interactive-report">Disruption Index Interactive Report - Renewing the UK's Innovation Ecosystem</a></h3>
<p><i>Anna Thomas, Oliver Nash, Dr Bertha Rohenkohl, Dr Jonathan Clarke, Hummd Ghouri, Claddagh NicLochlainn, Dr Abigail Gilbert, Kester Brewin</i></p>
<p>This interactive report accompanies the Disruption Index and integrates other sources with this to elicit new insights and inform key policy areas, showcasing how the DI can be used in practice by policymakers at national and regional levels.</p>
<h3><a href="https://www.ifow.org/publications/a-disruption-index---the-geography-of-technological-transformations-across-england">A Disruption Index: the geography of technological transformations across England</a></h3>
<p><i>Bertha Rohenkohl, Jonathan M Clarke, Christopher Pissarides</i></p>
<p>In this report we present the results of the Disruption Index, which examines how technological transformation may already be affecting parts of England differently, and how ready these regions are to adopt further new technologies in the years to come.</p>
<h3><a href="https://static1.squarespace.com/static/61e471292531e621931e557d/t/65d60d18c5d71604941e2e79/1708526883556/Old+Skills+New+Skills+-+What+is+changing+in+the+UK+labour+market+-+Final+1.pdf">Old skills, new skills: what is changing in the UK labour market?</a></h3>
<p><i>Rui Costa, Zhaolu Liu, Christopher Pissarides, Bertha Rohenkohl</i></p>
<p>In this report, we use a comprehensive dataset of online job postings from Adzuna, which provides information on the type of positions advertised and the skills that they require. We find rapid emergence of new skills and the disappearance of other, old skills. Notably, most skills becoming obsolete and new ones emerging to take their place, are related to IT. We quantify the magnitude and pace of skill change and find that it varies considerably across occupations. Occupations like IT directors, production engineers and cybersecurity professionals have experienced a high turnover of skill requirements, in contrast to slower-changing occupations, such as teaching, carpentry and several elementary trades.</p>
<h3><a href="https://static1.squarespace.com/static/61e471292531e621931e557d/t/6548f21291b30e5e08eca90c/1699279380411/Learning+to+grow+Report+-+Economy+2030+-+PR.pdf">Learning to grow: How to situate a skills strategy in an economic strategy</a></h3>
<p><i>Rui Costa, Zhaolu Liu, Sandra McNally, Louise Murphy, Christopher Pissarides, Bertha Rohenkohl, Anna Valero & Guglielmo Ventura</i></p>
<p>In this joint report with the Economy 2030 Inquiry - also funded by the Nuffield Foundation - and the Centre for Economic Performance, we examine how best to situate skills in an economic strategy.</p>
<h3><a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.18.24301484v1">Automation risk and subjective wellbeing in the UK</a></h3>
<p><i>Jiyuan Zheng, Bertha Rohenkohl, Mauricio Barahona, Jonathan M Clarke</i></p>
<p>The personal well-being of workers may be influenced by the risk of job automation brought about by technological innovation. Here we use data from the Understanding Society survey in the UK and a fixed-effects model to examine associations between working in a highly automatable job and life and job satisfaction. We find that employees in highly automatable jobs report significantly lower job satisfaction, a result that holds across demographic groups categorised by gender, age and education, with higher negative association among men, higher degree holders and younger workers. On the other hand, life satisfaction of workers is not generally associated with the risk of job automation, a result that persists among groups disaggregated by gender and education, but with age differences, since the life satisfaction of workers aged 30 to 49 is negatively associated with job automation risk. Our analysis also reveals differences in these associations across UK industries and regions.</p>
<h3><a href="https://static1.squarespace.com/static/61e471292531e621931e557d/t/64e46f813c3b7a75491cad04/1692692354639/Workstream+1+Literature+Review+-+Automation+and+Wellbeing.pdf">What do we know about automation at work and workers’ wellbeing?</a></h3>
<p><i>Bertha Rohenkohl and Jonathan M Clarke</i></p>
<p>Automation technologies are reshaping work, which has complex impacts on the wellbeing of workers. In this paper we review the literature on the impact of automation technologies on subjective wellbeing. We explore automation risk, the expectations of automation and technology adoption, and analyse their effects on job and life satisfaction. While negative consequences of automation are commonly studied, our review uncovers potential for both positive and negative effects on wellbeing.</p>
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<section id="conferences" class="section">
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<h2>Conferences and Seminars</h2>
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<h3>Technological Transformation and Regional Inequalities</h3>
<p><strong>London Tech Week Fringe, Imperial iX Centre, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom</strong></p>
<p>We presented the latest findings from our <a href="https://www.ifow.org/resources/the-disruption-index---interactive-report">analysis of the Disruption Index</a>, including the launch of our <a href="https://di-dash-new-f6a2d1835dc0.herokuapp.com">Disruption Index ashboard</a>, and work examining the <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.03139">relationships between skills in the UK labour market</a>. This event was attended by over 50 academics, policymakers and industry leaders with in interest in how technology is tranforming labour markets.</p>
<h3>Navigating the UK's Automation Divide: Impacts on Job Quality, Job Satisfaction and Wellbeing Across Generations and Sectors</h3>
<p><strong>Health and Wellbeing at Work 2024, Birmingham, United Kingdom</strong></p>
<p>We present results of primary and secondary data analysis among the UK workforce, delving into the relationships between automation risk and tech exposure, job quality, job satisfaction, and overall wellbeing. The presentation examines how sector-specific characteristics and generational perspectives shape these relationships.</p>
<h3>Wage Assortativity in Internal Migration Networks in England and Wales <em><a href="https://github.com/barahona-research-group/PissaridesReview/blob/main/NetSciX_JCLARKE_v3.pdf" target="_blank">(link to poster pdf)</a></em></h3>
<p><strong>NetSci-X 2024, Venice, Italy</strong></p>
<p>In this study we use migration data from the Office for National Statistics for the United Kingdom, which quantifies the number of people moving between pairs of Local Authorities in England and Wales at each year of age, to measure the assortativity of migration with respect to median weekly wages and the pay gradients along which migration occurs</p>
<h3>Patterns of co-occurrent skills in UK job adverts <em><a href="https://github.com/barahona-research-group/PissaridesReview/blob/main/complexity_pres.pdf" target="_blank" >(link to presentation pdf)</a></em></h3>
<p><strong>NetSci 2024, Quebec, Canada</strong></p>
<p>Here, we use a large data set of UK job postings collected by Adzuna Intelligence (65 million unique adverts spanning 2016 to 2022) to examine the relationships between skills across the UK labour market based on their co-occurrence in job adverts.</p>
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<h2>Links</h2>
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<div class="links-row">
<a href="https://www.imperial.ac.uk" target="_blank">
<img src="prassets/icl_logo.png" alt="Imperial College London">
</a>
<a href="https://www.ifow.org" target="_blank">
<img src="prassets/logo2.png" alt="Institute for the Future of Work">
</a>
<a href="https://pissaridesreview.ifow.org" target="_blank">
<img src="prassets/logo1.png" alt="The Pissarides Review into the Future of Work and Wellbeing">
</a>
<a href="https://www.imperial.ac.uk/mathematics-precision-healthcare/" target="_blank">
<img src="prassets/CMPH logo_imperial wave white-02.jpeg" alt="The Centre for Mathematics of Precision Healthcare">
</a>
<a href="https://www.nuffieldfoundation.org" target="_blank">
<img src="prassets/logo4.png" alt="The Nuffield Foundation">
</a>
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<p>The code used in many of our analyses has been made publicly available through the <a href="https://github.com/barahona-research-group/" target="_blank">Barahona Lab GitHub</a>. We also describe how specific data or code may be obtained within each report.</p>
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<h2>Contact</h2>
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<p>For further information, please contact <a href="mailto:j.clarke@imperial.ac.uk">j.clarke@imperial.ac.uk</a>.</p>
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