[8.x](backport #4543) Update to go v1.24.0

[mergify]

What is the problem this PR solves?

Update to go v1.24.0, change golang.org/x/crypto/pbkdf2 to crypto/pbkdf2

Design Checklist

• I have ensured my design is stateless and will work when multiple fleet-server instances are behind a load balancer.
• I have or intend to scale test my changes, ensuring it will work reliably with 100K+ agents connected.
• I have included fail safe mechanisms to limit the load on fleet-server: rate limiting, circuit breakers, caching, load shedding, etc.

Checklist

• I have commented my code, particularly in hard-to-understand areas
• I have made corresponding changes to the documentation
• I have made corresponding change to the default configuration files
• I have added tests that prove my fix is effective or that my feature works
• I have added an entry in ./changelog/fragments using the changelog tool

  ---

  This is an automatic backport of pull request Update to go v1.24.0 #4543 done by Mergify.

[mergify]

Cherry-pick of c2b8d66 has failed:

On branch mergify/bp/8.x/pr-4543
Your branch is up to date with 'origin/8.x'.

You are currently cherry-picking commit c2b8d66.
  (fix conflicts and run "git cherry-pick --continue")
  (use "git cherry-pick --skip" to skip this patch)
  (use "git cherry-pick --abort" to cancel the cherry-pick operation)

Changes to be committed:
	modified:   .buildkite/pipeline.yml
	modified:   .buildkite/scripts/local_build.sh
	modified:   .go-version
	modified:   .golangci.yml
	new file:   changelog/fragments/1741109055-Update-to-go-v1.24.0.yaml
	modified:   internal/pkg/api/handleEnroll.go

Unmerged paths:
  (use "git add <file>..." to mark resolution)
	both modified:   NOTICE.txt
	both modified:   go.mod
	both modified:   testing/go.mod

To fix up this pull request, you can check it out locally. See documentation: https://docs.github.com/en/pull-requests/collaborating-with-pull-requests/reviewing-changes-in-pull-requests/checking-out-pull-requests-locally

[elastic-sonarqube]

Quality Gate passed

Issues
0 New issues
0 Fixed issues
0 Accepted issues

Measures
0 Security Hotspots
57.1% Coverage on New Code
0.0% Duplication on New Code

See analysis details on SonarQube