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Image, Pygame, Pandas
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‎README.md

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@@ -2818,7 +2818,7 @@ img.show()
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```python
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from PIL import ImageDraw
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<Draw> = ImageDraw.Draw(<Image>) # Object for adding 2D graphics to the image.
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<Draw>.point((x, y)) # Draws a point. Truncates floats into ints.
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<Draw>.point((x, y)) # Draws a point. Also `fill=<int/tuple/str>`.
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<Draw>.line((x1, y1, x2, y2 [, ...])) # For anti-aliasing use <Image>.resize((w, h)).
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<Draw>.arc((x1, y1, x2, y2), deg1, deg2) # Draws in clockwise dir. Also pieslice().
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<Draw>.rectangle((x1, y1, x2, y2)) # Also rounded_rectangle(), regular_polygon().
@@ -2829,7 +2829,7 @@ from PIL import ImageDraw
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* **Use `'fill=<color>'` to set the primary color.**
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* **Use `'width=<int>'` to set the width of lines or contours.**
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* **Use `'outline=<color>'` to set the color of the contours.**
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* **Color can be an int, tuple, `'#rrggbb[aa]'` string or a color name.**
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* **Color can be an int, tuple, `'#rrggbb[aa]'` or a color name.**
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Animation
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screen = pg.display.set_mode((500, 500))
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rect = pg.Rect(240, 240, 20, 20)
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while not pg.event.get(pg.QUIT):
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deltas = {pg.K_UP: (0, -20), pg.K_RIGHT: (20, 0), pg.K_DOWN: (0, 20), pg.K_LEFT: (-20, 0)}
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deltas = {pg.K_UP: (0, -1), pg.K_RIGHT: (1, 0), pg.K_DOWN: (0, 1), pg.K_LEFT: (-1, 0)}
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for event in pg.event.get(pg.KEYDOWN):
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dx, dy = deltas.get(event.key, (0, 0))
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rect = rect.move((dx, dy))
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x, y = deltas.get(event.key, (0, 0))
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rect = rect.move((x*20, y*20))
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screen.fill(pg.Color('black'))
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pg.draw.rect(screen, pg.Color('white'), rect)
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pg.display.flip()
@@ -3003,8 +3003,8 @@ pg.quit()
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**Object for storing rectangular coordinates.**
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```python
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<Rect> = pg.Rect(x, y, width, height) # Creates Rect object. Truncates passed floats.
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<int> = <Rect>.x/y/centerx/centery/… # Top, right, bottom, left. Allows assignments.
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<tup.> = <Rect>.topleft/center/… # Topright, bottomright, bottomleft. Same.
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<int> = <Rect>.x/y/centerx/centery/… # `top/right/bottom/left`. Allows assignments.
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<tup.> = <Rect>.topleft/center/… # `topright/bottomright/bottomleft`. Same.
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<Rect> = <Rect>.move((delta_x, delta_y)) # Use move_ip() to move in-place.
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```
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@@ -3026,7 +3026,7 @@ pg.quit()
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```
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```python
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<Surf>.fill(color) # Tuple, Color('#rrggbb[aa]') or Color(<name>).
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<Surf>.fill(color) # Pass tuple or pg.Color('<name/hex_code>').
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<Surf>.set_at((x, y), color) # Updates pixel. Also <Surf>.get_at((x, y)).
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<Surf>.blit(<Surf>, (x, y)) # Draws passed surface at specified location.
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```
@@ -3185,7 +3185,7 @@ Name: a, dtype: int64
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```python
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<S>.plot.line/area/bar/pie/hist() # Generates a plot. `plt.show()` displays it.
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```
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* **Also `'<S>.quantile(<float/coll>)'` and `'pd.cut(<S>, bins=<int/coll>)'`.**
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* **Use `'print(<S>.to_string())'` to print a Series that has more than 60 items.**
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* **Indexing objects can't be tuples because `'obj[x, y]'` is converted to `'obj[(x, y)]'`.**
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* **Pandas uses NumPy types like `'np.int64'`. Series is converted to `'float64'` if we assign np.nan to any item. Use `'<S>.astype(<str/type>)'` to get converted Series.**
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* **Series will silently overflow if we run `'pd.Series([100], dtype="int8") + 100'`!**

‎index.html

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@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@
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<body>
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<header>
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<aside>April 22, 2025</aside>
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<aside>April 27, 2025</aside>
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<a href="https://gto76.github.io" rel="author">Jure Šorn</a>
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</header>
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@@ -2312,7 +2312,7 @@ <h3 id="format-2">Format</h3><div><h4 id="forstandardtypesizesandmanualalignment
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<div><h3 id="imagedraw">Image Draw</h3><pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> PIL <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> ImageDraw
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&lt;Draw&gt; = ImageDraw.Draw(&lt;Image&gt;) <span class="hljs-comment"># Object for adding 2D graphics to the image.</span>
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&lt;Draw&gt;.point((x, y)) <span class="hljs-comment"># Draws a point. Truncates floats into ints.</span>
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&lt;Draw&gt;.point((x, y)) <span class="hljs-comment"># Draws a point. Also `fill=&lt;int/tuple/str&gt;`.</span>
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&lt;Draw&gt;.line((x1, y1, x2, y2 [, ...])) <span class="hljs-comment"># For anti-aliasing use &lt;Image&gt;.resize((w, h)).</span>
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&lt;Draw&gt;.arc((x1, y1, x2, y2), deg1, deg2) <span class="hljs-comment"># Draws in clockwise dir. Also pieslice().</span>
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&lt;Draw&gt;.rectangle((x1, y1, x2, y2)) <span class="hljs-comment"># Also rounded_rectangle(), regular_polygon().</span>
@@ -2325,7 +2325,7 @@ <h3 id="format-2">Format</h3><div><h4 id="forstandardtypesizesandmanualalignment
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<li><strong>Use <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">'fill=&lt;color&gt;'</span></code> to set the primary color.</strong></li>
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<li><strong>Use <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">'width=&lt;int&gt;'</span></code> to set the width of lines or contours.</strong></li>
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<li><strong>Use <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">'outline=&lt;color&gt;'</span></code> to set the color of the contours.</strong></li>
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<li><strong>Color can be an int, tuple, <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">'#rrggbb[aa]'</span></code> string or a color name.</strong></li>
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<li><strong>Color can be an int, tuple, <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">'#rrggbb[aa]'</span></code> or a color name.</strong></li>
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</ul>
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<div><h2 id="animation"><a href="#animation" name="animation">#</a>Animation</h2><div><h4 id="createsagifofabouncingball">Creates a GIF of a bouncing ball:</h4><pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><span class="hljs-comment"># $ pip3 install imageio</span>
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<span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> PIL <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> Image, ImageDraw
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screen = pg.display.set_mode((<span class="hljs-number">500</span>, <span class="hljs-number">500</span>))
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rect = pg.Rect(<span class="hljs-number">240</span>, <span class="hljs-number">240</span>, <span class="hljs-number">20</span>, <span class="hljs-number">20</span>)
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<span class="hljs-keyword">while</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">not</span> pg.event.get(pg.QUIT):
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deltas = {pg.K_UP: (<span class="hljs-number">0</span>, <span class="hljs-number">-20</span>), pg.K_RIGHT: (<span class="hljs-number">20</span>, <span class="hljs-number">0</span>), pg.K_DOWN: (<span class="hljs-number">0</span>, <span class="hljs-number">20</span>), pg.K_LEFT: (<span class="hljs-number">-20</span>, <span class="hljs-number">0</span>)}
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deltas = {pg.K_UP: (<span class="hljs-number">0</span>, <span class="hljs-number">-1</span>), pg.K_RIGHT: (<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number">0</span>), pg.K_DOWN: (<span class="hljs-number">0</span>, <span class="hljs-number">1</span>), pg.K_LEFT: (<span class="hljs-number">-1</span>, <span class="hljs-number">0</span>)}
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<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> event <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span> pg.event.get(pg.KEYDOWN):
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dx, dy = deltas.get(event.key, (<span class="hljs-number">0</span>, <span class="hljs-number">0</span>))
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rect = rect.move((dx, dy))
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x, y = deltas.get(event.key, (<span class="hljs-number">0</span>, <span class="hljs-number">0</span>))
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rect = rect.move((x*<span class="hljs-number">20</span>, y*<span class="hljs-number">20</span>))
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screen.fill(pg.Color(<span class="hljs-string">'black'</span>))
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pg.draw.rect(screen, pg.Color(<span class="hljs-string">'white'</span>), rect)
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pg.display.flip()
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<div><h3 id="rect">Rect</h3><p><strong>Object for storing rectangular coordinates.</strong></p><pre><code class="python language-python hljs">&lt;Rect&gt; = pg.Rect(x, y, width, height) <span class="hljs-comment"># Creates Rect object. Truncates passed floats.</span>
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&lt;int&gt; = &lt;Rect&gt;.x/y/centerx/centery/… <span class="hljs-comment"># Top, right, bottom, left. Allows assignments.</span>
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&lt;tup.&gt; = &lt;Rect&gt;.topleft/center/… <span class="hljs-comment"># Topright, bottomright, bottomleft. Same.</span>
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&lt;int&gt; = &lt;Rect&gt;.x/y/centerx/centery/… <span class="hljs-comment"># `top/right/bottom/left`. Allows assignments.</span>
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&lt;tup.&gt; = &lt;Rect&gt;.topleft/center/… <span class="hljs-comment"># `topright/bottomright/bottomleft`. Same.</span>
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&lt;Rect&gt; = &lt;Rect&gt;.move((delta_x, delta_y)) <span class="hljs-comment"># Use move_ip() to move in-place.</span>
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</code></pre></div>
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</code></pre></div>
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<pre><code class="python language-python hljs">&lt;Surf&gt;.fill(color) <span class="hljs-comment"># Tuple, Color('#rrggbb[aa]') or Color(&lt;name&gt;).</span>
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<pre><code class="python language-python hljs">&lt;Surf&gt;.fill(color) <span class="hljs-comment"># Pass tuple or pg.Color('&lt;name/hex_code&gt;').</span>
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&lt;Surf&gt;.set_at((x, y), color) <span class="hljs-comment"># Updates pixel. Also &lt;Surf&gt;.get_at((x, y)).</span>
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&lt;Surf&gt;.blit(&lt;Surf&gt;, (x, y)) <span class="hljs-comment"># Draws passed surface at specified location.</span>
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</code></pre>
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<pre><code class="python language-python hljs">&lt;S&gt;.plot.line/area/bar/pie/hist() <span class="hljs-comment"># Generates a plot. `plt.show()` displays it.</span>
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</code></pre>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>Also <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">'&lt;S&gt;.quantile(&lt;float/coll&gt;)'</span></code> and <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">'pd.cut(&lt;S&gt;, bins=&lt;int/coll&gt;)'</span></code>.</strong></li>
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<li><strong>Use <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">'print(&lt;S&gt;.to_string())'</span></code> to print a Series that has more than 60 items.</strong></li>
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<li><strong>Indexing objects can't be tuples because <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">'obj[x, y]'</span></code> is converted to <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">'obj[(x, y)]'</span></code>.</strong></li>
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<li><strong>Pandas uses NumPy types like <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">'np.int64'</span></code>. Series is converted to <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">'float64'</span></code> if we assign np.nan to any item. Use <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">'&lt;S&gt;.astype(&lt;str/type&gt;)'</span></code> to get converted Series.</strong></li>
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<li><strong>Series will silently overflow if we run <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">'pd.Series([100], dtype="int8") + 100'</span></code>!</strong></li>
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<footer>
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<aside>April 22, 2025</aside>
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<aside>April 27, 2025</aside>
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<a href="https://gto76.github.io" rel="author">Jure Šorn</a>
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</footer>
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