Feature: railroad diagrams

[dbkaplun]

Hello,

It would be great if railroad diagrams (like sqlite's) were included on the webpage.

Here is a nice JS generator for railroad diagrams: https://github.com/tabatkins/railroad-diagrams

Thanks for considering!

[jleffler]

Do you know of software that can generate railroad diagrams from BNF notation? I don't, and I've no plans to develop any such software. I'll take a look at the code you mention.

One issue to be decided would be which parts of the syntax get converted into syntax diagrams. Is it each production (rule) a separate railroad diagram? Or just most of them? Probably only 'most of them' as the syntax diagrams for the character sets, etc, are not very exciting — and the lists of keywords don't make good railroad diagrams, either. The diagrams would need to be embeddable in an HTML page so that you could still traverse around the specifications — finding the right diagrams for whatever term you're looking at would be daunting otherwise.

There might also be a question of whether some rules could/should be combined to make a more usable railroad diagram.

Please feel free to take the material and generate railroad diagrams from it, but I think doing so would be a major exercise.

[ronsavage]

Hi Actually, since I wrote GraphViz2 I've keep an eye on the graphviz.org mailing list, and I vaguely recall mention of software which can produce railroad diagrams. I'll check. And I'm very partial to such diagrams myself, but producing them from BNF sounds a bit tricky. I do however already turn BNF into a tree: If you start from: https://savage.net.au/Module-reviews.html#Output_from_my_Marpa_oriented_modules And click on: 'Demo output for MarpaX::Grammar::GraphViz2' You'll get to: https://savage.net.au/Perl-modules/html/marpax.grammar.graphviz2/

…

-- Ron Savage - savage.net.au

[ronsavage]

Hi See http://bottlecaps.de/rr/ui

…

-- Ron Savage - savage.net.au

[ronsavage]

Hi See also https://stackoverflow.com/questions/796824/tool-for-generating-railroad-diagram-used-on-json-org

…

-- Ron Savage - savage.net.au

[mingodad]

Here is a manually conversion using as base sql-2003-2.bnf.html that we can see a railroad diagram for the grammar by copying and paste the EBNF shown bellow on https://www.bottlecaps.de/rr/ui in the tab Edit Grammar then switching to the tab View Diagram.

Obs: It's a heavy diagram that takes time and resources to view.

Non reserved words appear with * as suffix, ex: SUBSTRING -> SUBSTRING*.

You can navigate through the grammar by clicking the rectangular boxes.

//BNF Grammar for ISO/IEC 9075-2:2003 - Database Language SQL (SQL-2003) SQL/Foundation

//21 Direct invocation of SQL
//21.1 direct_SQL_statement (p1047)
//Specify direct execution of SQL.

direct_SQL_statement    ::=   directly_executable_statement semicolon

directly_executable_statement    ::=
         direct_SQL_data_statement
     | SQL_schema_statement
     | SQL_transaction_statement
     | SQL_connection_statement
     | SQL_session_statement
     | direct_implementation_defined_statement

direct_SQL_data_statement    ::=
         delete_statement__searched
     | direct_select_statement__multiple_rows
     | insert_statement
     | update_statement__searched
     | merge_statement
     | temporary_table_declaration


//5 Lexical Elements
//Basic definitions of characters used, tokens, symbols, etc. Most of this section would normally be handled within the lexical analyzer rather than in the grammar proper. Further, the original document does not quote the various single characters, which makes it hard to process automatically.

//5.1 SQL_terminal_character (p151)
SQL_terminal_character    ::=   SQL_language_character

SQL_language_character    ::=   simple_Latin_letter | digit | SQL_special_character

simple_Latin_letter    ::=   simple_Latin_upper_case_letter | simple_Latin_lower_case_letter

simple_Latin_upper_case_letter    ::=
         'A' | 'B' | 'C' | 'D' | 'E' | 'F' | 'G' | 'H' | 'I' | 'J' | 'K' | 'L' | 'M' | 'N' | 'O' | 'P' | 'Q' | 'R' | 'S' | 'T' | 'U' | 'V' | 'W' | 'X' | 'Y' | 'Z'

simple_Latin_lower_case_letter    ::=
         'a' | 'b' | 'c' | 'd' | 'e' | 'f' | 'g' | 'h' | 'i' | 'j' | 'k' | 'l' | 'm' | 'n' | 'o' | 'p' | 'q' | 'r' | 's' | 't' | 'u' | 'v' | 'w' | 'x' | 'y' | 'z'

digit    ::=   '0' | '1' | '2' | '3' | '4' | '5' | '6' | '7' | '8' | '9'

SQL_special_character    ::=
         space
     | double_quote
     | percent
     | ampersand
     | quote
     | left_paren
     | right_paren
     | asterisk
     | plus_sign
     | comma
     | minus_sign
     | period
     | solidus
     | colon
     | semicolon
     | less_than_operator
     | equals_operator
     | greater_than_operator
     | question_mark
     | left_bracket
     | right_bracket
     | circumflex
     | underscore
     | vertical_bar
     | left_brace
     | right_brace

space    ::=   //!! See the Syntax Rules.

double_quote    ::=  '"'

percent    ::=  '%'

ampersand    ::=  '&'

quote    ::=  "'"

left_paren    ::=  '('

right_paren    ::=  ')'

asterisk    ::=  '*'

plus_sign    ::=  '+'

comma    ::=  ','

minus_sign    ::=  '-'

period    ::=  '.'

solidus    ::=  '/'

colon    ::=  ':'

semicolon    ::=  ';'

less_than_operator    ::=  '<'

equals_operator    ::=  '='

greater_than_operator    ::=  '>'

question_mark    ::=  '?'

//The trigraphs are new in SQL-2003.

left_bracket_or_trigraph    ::=   left_bracket | left_bracket_trigraph

right_bracket_or_trigraph    ::=   right_bracket | right_bracket_trigraph

left_bracket    ::=  '['

left_bracket_trigraph    ::=   "??("

right_bracket    ::=  ']'

right_bracket_trigraph    ::=   "??)"

circumflex    ::=  '^'

underscore    ::=  '_'

vertical_bar    ::=  '|'

left_brace    ::=  '{'

right_brace    ::=  '}'

//5.2 token and separator (p134)
//Specifying lexical units (tokens and separators) that participate in SQL language.

token    ::=   nondelimiter_token | delimiter_token

nondelimiter_token    ::=
         regular_identifier
     | key_word
     | unsigned_numeric_literal
     | national_character_string_literal
     | bit_string_literal
     | hex_string_literal
     | large_object_length_token
     | multiplier

regular_identifier    ::=   identifier_body

identifier_body    ::=   identifier_start identifier_part?

identifier_part    ::=   identifier_start | identifier_extend

//The previous version of the SQL standard defined an identifier start as either an initial_alphabetic_character or an ideographic_character. Neither of the defining terms is defined in SQL 2003 (and the SQL 99 definitions of those defininng terms referred to the syntax rules), but the result of the SQL 2003 syntax rules will be similar to SQL 99 ones except with Unicode support added.

identifier_start    ::=   //!! See the Syntax Rules.

identifier_extend    ::=   //!! See the Syntax Rules.

large_object_length_token    ::=   digit ... multiplier

multiplier    ::=   'K' | 'M' | 'G'

delimited_identifier    ::=   double_quote delimited_identifier_body double_quote

delimited_identifier_body    ::=   delimited_identifier_part ...

delimited_identifier_part    ::=   nondoublequote_character | doublequote_symbol

//The productions for Unicode_delimited_identifier and so on are new in SQL-2003.

Unicode_delimited_identifier    ::=
         U ampersand double_quote Unicode_delimiter_body double_quote
         Unicode_escape_specifier

Unicode_escape_specifier    ::=   ( UESCAPE quote Unicode_escape_character quote )?

Unicode_delimiter_body    ::=   Unicode_identifier_part ...

Unicode_identifier_part    ::=   delimited_identifier_part | Unicode_escape_value

Unicode_escape_value    ::=
         Unicode_4_digit_escape_value
     | Unicode_6_digit_escape_value
     | Unicode_character_escape_value

//Syntax rule 20: Unicode_4_digit_escape_value'Unicode_escape_character+xyzw' is equivalent to the Unicode code point specified by U+xyzw.

Unicode_4_digit_escape_value    ::=   Unicode_escape_character hexit hexit hexit hexit

//Syntax rule 21: Unicode_6_digit_escape_value'Unicode_escape_character+xyzwrs' is equivalent to the Unicode code point specified by U+xyzwrs.

//NOTE 64: The 6-hexit notation is derived by taking the UCS-4 notation defined by ISO/IEC 10646-1 and removing the leading two hexits, whose values are always 0 (zero).

Unicode_6_digit_escape_value    ::=
         Unicode_escape_character plus_sign hexit hexit hexit hexit hexit hexit

//Syntax rule 22: Unicode_character_escape_value is equivalent to a single instance of Unicode_escape_character.

Unicode_character_escape_value    ::=   Unicode_escape_character Unicode_escape_character

//Syntax rule 15: Unicode_escape_character shall be a single character from the source language character set other than a hexit, plus_sign, or white_space.

//Syntax rule 16: If the source language character set contains reverse_solidus, then let DEC be reverse_solidus; otherwise, let DEC be an implementation-defined character from the source language character set that is not a hexit, plus_sign, double_quote, or white_space.

//Syntax rule 17: If a Unicode_escape_specifier does not contain Unicode_escape_character, then "UESCAPE quoteDECquote" is implicit.

//Syntax rule 18: In a Unicode_escape_value there shall be no separator between the Unicode_escape_character and the first hexit, nor between any of the hexits.

Unicode_escape_character    ::=   //!! See the Syntax Rules (15-18 above).

//Syntax rule 6: A nondoublequote_character is any character of the source language character set other than a double_quote.

nondoublequote_character    ::=   //!! See the Syntax Rules.

//The rule for doublequote_symbol in the standard uses two adjacent literal double quotes rather than referencing double_quote; the reasons are not clear. It is annotated '//!! two consecutive double quote characters'.

doublequote_symbol    ::=   double_quote double_quote

delimiter_token    ::=
         character_string_literal
     | date_string
     | time_string
     | timestamp_string
     | interval_string
     | delimited_identifier
     | Unicode_delimited_identifier
     | SQL_special_character
     | not_equals_operator
     | greater_than_or_equals_operator
     | less_than_or_equals_operator
     | concatenation_operator
     | right_arrow
     | left_bracket_trigraph
     | right_bracket_trigraph
     | double_colon
     | double_period

//The rules for not_equals_operator etc in the standard uses two adjacent literal characters rather than referencing less_than and greater_than; the reasons are not clear. Note that two characters must be adjacent with no intervening space, not a pair of characters separated by arbitrary white space.

not_equals_operator    ::=   "<>" //less_than_operator greater_than_operator

greater_than_or_equals_operator    ::=   ">=" //greater_than_operator equals_operator

less_than_or_equals_operator    ::=   "<=" //less_than_operator equals_operator

concatenation_operator    ::=   "||" //vertical_bar vertical_bar

right_arrow    ::=   "->" //minus_sign greater_than_operator

double_colon    ::=   "::" //colon colon

double_period    ::=   ".." //period period

separator    ::=   ( comment | white_space )*

comment    ::=   simple_comment | bracketed_comment

simple_comment    ::=   simple_comment_introducer comment_character* newline

simple_comment_introducer    ::=   minus_sign minus_sign  minus_sign*

//The bracketed_comment rule included '//!! See the Syntax Rules'. This probably says something about the slash asterisk and asterisk slash needing to be adjacent characters rather than adjacent tokens.

bracketed_comment    ::=
         bracketed_comment_introducer bracketed_comment_contents bracketed_comment_terminator

bracketed_comment_introducer    ::=   slash asterisk

bracketed_comment_terminator    ::=   asterisk slash

bracketed_comment_contents    ::=   ( comment_character | separator )*

comment_character    ::=   nonquote_character | quote

newline    ::=   //!! See the Syntax Rules.

//There was a surprising amount of movement of keywords between the reserved and non-reserved word classes between SQL-99 and SQL-2003-2 FCD and again between SQL 2003-2 FCD and SQL 2003-2 IS. There is also room to think that much of the host language support moved out of Part 2 (SQL/Foundation).

key_word    ::=   reserved_word | non_reserved_word

non_reserved_word    ::=
	 A
	| ABS
	| ABSOLUTE
	| ACTION
	| ADA
	| ADMIN
	| AFTER
	| ALWAYS
	| ASC
	| ASSERTION
	| ASSIGNMENT
	| ATTRIBUTE
	| ATTRIBUTES
	| AVG
	| BEFORE
	| BERNOULLI
	| BREADTH
	| C
	| CARDINALITY
	| CASCADE
	| CATALOG
	| CATALOG_NAME
	| CEIL
	| CEILING
	| CHAIN
	| CHARACTERISTICS
	| CHARACTERS
	| CHARACTER_LENGTH
	| CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG
	| CHARACTER_SET_NAME
	| CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA
	| CHAR_LENGTH
	| CHECKED
	| CLASS_ORIGIN
	| COALESCE
	| COBOL
	| CODE_UNITS
	| COLLATION
	| COLLATION_CATALOG
	| COLLATION_NAME
	| COLLATION_SCHEMA
	| COLLECT
	| COLUMN_NAME
	| COMMAND_FUNCTION
	| COMMAND_FUNCTION_CODE
	| COMMITTED
	| CONDITION
	| CONDITION_NUMBER
	| CONNECTION_NAME
	| CONSTRAINTS
	| CONSTRAINT_CATALOG
	| CONSTRAINT_NAME
	| CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA
	| CONSTRUCTORS
	| CONTAINS
	| CONVERT
	| CORR
	| COUNT
	| COVAR_POP
	| COVAR_SAMP
	| CUME_DIST
	| CURRENT_COLLATION
	| CURSOR_NAME
	| DATA
	| DATETIME_INTERVAL_CODE
	| DATETIME_INTERVAL_PRECISION
	| DEFAULTS
	| DEFERRABLE
	| DEFERRED
	| DEFINED
	| DEFINER
	| DEGREE
	| DENSE_RANK
	| DEPTH
	| DERIVED
	| DESC
	| DESCRIPTOR
	| DIAGNOSTICS
	| DISPATCH
	| DOMAIN
	| DYNAMIC_FUNCTION
	| DYNAMIC_FUNCTION_CODE
	| EQUALS
	| EVERY
	| EXCEPTION
	| EXCLUDE
	| EXCLUDING
	| EXP
	| EXTRACT
	| FINAL
	| FIRST
	| FLOOR
	| FOLLOWING
	| FORTRAN
	| FOUND
	| FUSION
	| G
	| GENERAL
	| GO
	| GOTO
	| GRANTED
	| HIERARCHY
	| IMPLEMENTATION
	| INCLUDING
	| INCREMENT
	| INITIALLY
	| INSTANCE
	| INSTANTIABLE
	| INTERSECTION
	| INVOKER
	| ISOLATION
	| K
	| KEY
	| KEY_MEMBER
	| KEY_TYPE
	| LAST
	| LENGTH
	| LEVEL
	| LN
	| LOCATOR
	| LOWER
	| M
	| MAP
	| MATCHED
	| MAX
	| MAXVALUE
	| MESSAGE_LENGTH
	| MESSAGE_OCTET_LENGTH
	| MESSAGE_TEXT
	| MIN
	| MINVALUE
	| MOD
	| MORE
	| MUMPS
	| NAME
	| NAMES
	| NESTING
	| NEXT
	| NORMALIZE
	| NORMALIZED
	| NULLABLE
	| NULLIF
	| NULLS
	| NUMBER
	| OBJECT
	| OCTETS
	| OCTET_LENGTH
	| OPTION
	| OPTIONS
	| ORDERING
	| ORDINALITY
	| OTHERS
	| OVERLAY
	| OVERRIDING
	| PAD
	| PARAMETER_MODE
	| PARAMETER_NAME
	| PARAMETER_ORDINAL_POSITION
	| PARAMETER_SPECIFIC_CATALOG
	| PARAMETER_SPECIFIC_NAME
	| PARAMETER_SPECIFIC_SCHEMA
	| PARTIAL
	| PASCAL
	| PATH
	| PERCENTILE_CONT
	| PERCENTILE_DISC
	| PERCENT_RANK
	| PLACING
	| PLI
	| POSITION
	| POWER
	| PRECEDING
	| PRESERVE
	| PRIOR
	| PRIVILEGES
	| PUBLIC
	| RANK
	| READ
	| RELATIVE
	| REPEATABLE
	| RESTART
	| RETURNED_CARDINALITY
	| RETURNED_LENGTH
	| RETURNED_OCTET_LENGTH
	| RETURNED_SQLSTATE
	| ROLE
	| ROUTINE
	| ROUTINE_CATALOG
	| ROUTINE_NAME
	| ROUTINE_SCHEMA
	| ROW_COUNT
	| ROW_NUMBER
	| SCALE
	| SCHEMA
	| SCHEMA_NAME
	| SCOPE_CATALOG
	| SCOPE_NAME
	| SCOPE_SCHEMA
	| SECTION
	| SECURITY
	| SELF
	| SEQUENCE
	| SERIALIZABLE
	| SERVER_NAME
	| SESSION
	| SETS
	| SIMPLE
	| SIZE
	| SOURCE
	| SPACE
	| SPECIFIC_NAME
	| SQRT
	| STATE
	| STATEMENT
	| STDDEV_POP
	| STDDEV_SAMP
	| STRUCTURE
	| STYLE
	| SUBCLASS_ORIGIN
	| SUBSTRING
	| SUM
	| TABLESAMPLE
	| TABLE_NAME
	| TEMPORARY
	| TIES
	| TOP_LEVEL_COUNT
	| TRANSACTION
	| TRANSACTIONS_COMMITTED
	| TRANSACTIONS_ROLLED_BACK
	| TRANSACTION_ACTIVE
	| TRANSFORM
	| TRANSFORMS
	| TRANSLATE
	| TRIGGER_CATALOG
	| TRIGGER_NAME
	| TRIGGER_SCHEMA
	| TRIM
	| TYPE
	| UNBOUNDED
	| UNCOMMITTED
	| UNDER
	| UNNAMED
	| USAGE
	| USER_DEFINED_TYPE_CATALOG
	| USER_DEFINED_TYPE_CODE
	| USER_DEFINED_TYPE_NAME
	| USER_DEFINED_TYPE_SCHEMA
	| VIEW
	| WORK
	| WRITE
	| ZONE

reserved_word    ::=
	ADD
	| ALL
	| ALLOCATE
	| ALTER
	| AND
	| ANY
	| ARE
	| ARRAY
	| AS
	| ASENSITIVE
	| ASYMMETRIC
	| AT
	| ATOMIC
	| AUTHORIZATION
	| BEGIN
	| BETWEEN
	| BIGINT
	| BINARY
	| BLOB
	| BOOLEAN
	| BOTH
	| BY
	| CALL
	| CALLED
	| CASCADED
	| CASE
	| CAST
	| CHAR
	| CHARACTER
	| CHECK
	| CLOB
	| CLOSE
	| COLLATE
	| COLUMN
	| COMMIT
	| CONNECT
	| CONSTRAINT
	| CONTINUE
	| CORRESPONDING
	| CREATE
	| CROSS
	| CUBE
	| CURRENT
	| CURRENT_DATE
	| CURRENT_DEFAULT_TRANSFORM_GROUP
	| CURRENT_PATH
	| CURRENT_ROLE
	| CURRENT_TIME
	| CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
	| CURRENT_TRANSFORM_GROUP_FOR_TYPE
	| CURRENT_USER
	| CURSOR
	| CYCLE
	| DATE
	| DAY
	| DEALLOCATE
	| DEC
	| DECIMAL
	| DECLARE
	| DEFAULT
	| DELETE
	| DEREF
	| DESCRIBE
	| DETERMINISTIC
	| DISCONNECT
	| DISTINCT
	| DOUBLE
	| DROP
	| DYNAMIC
	| EACH
	| ELEMENT
	| ELSE
	| END
	| END-EXEC
	| ESCAPE
	| EXCEPT
	| EXEC
	| EXECUTE
	| EXISTS
	| EXTERNAL
	| FALSE
	| FETCH
	| FILTER
	| FLOAT
	| FOR
	| FOREIGN
	| FREE
	| FROM
	| FULL
	| FUNCTION
	| GET
	| GLOBAL
	| GRANT
	| GROUP
	| GROUPING
	| HAVING
	| HOLD
	| HOUR
	| IDENTITY
	| IMMEDIATE
	| IN
	| INDICATOR
	| INNER
	| INOUT
	| INPUT
	| INSENSITIVE
	| INSERT
	| INT
	| INTEGER
	| INTERSECT
	| INTERVAL
	| INTO
	| IS
	| ISOLATION
	| JOIN
	| LANGUAGE
	| LARGE
	| LATERAL
	| LEADING
	| LEFT
	| LIKE
	| LOCAL
	| LOCALTIME
	| LOCALTIMESTAMP
	| MATCH
	| MEMBER
	| MERGE
	| METHOD
	| MINUTE
	| MODIFIES
	| MODULE
	| MONTH
	| MULTISET
	| NATIONAL
	| NATURAL
	| NCHAR
	| NCLOB
	| NEW
	| NO
	| NONE
	| NOT
	| NULL
	| NUMERIC
	| OF
	| OLD
	| ON
	| ONLY
	| OPEN
	| OR
	| ORDER
	| OUT
	| OUTER
	| OUTPUT
	| OVER
	| OVERLAPS
	| PARAMETER
	| PARTITION
	| PRECISION
	| PREPARE
	| PRIMARY
	| PROCEDURE
	| RANGE
	| READS
	| REAL
	| RECURSIVE
	| REF
	| REFERENCES
	| REFERENCING
	| REGR_AVGX
	| REGR_AVGY
	| REGR_COUNT
	| REGR_INTERCEPT
	| REGR_R2
	| REGR_SLOPE
	| REGR_SXX
	| REGR_SXY
	| REGR_SYY
	| RELEASE
	| RESULT
	| RETURN
	| RETURNS
	| REVOKE
	| RIGHT
	| ROLLBACK
	| ROLLUP
	| ROW
	| ROWS
	| SAVEPOINT
	| SCROLL
	| SEARCH
	| SECOND
	| SELECT
	| SENSITIVE
	| SESSION_USER
	| SET
	| SIMILAR
	| SMALLINT
	| SOME
	| SPECIFIC
	| SPECIFICTYPE
	| SQL
	| SQLEXCEPTION
	| SQLSTATE
	| SQLWARNING
	| START
	| STATIC
	| SUBMULTISET
	| SYMMETRIC
	| SYSTEM
	| SYSTEM_USER
	| TABLE
	| THEN
	| TIME
	| TIMESTAMP
	| TIMEZONE_HOUR
	| TIMEZONE_MINUTE
	| TO
	| TRAILING
	| TRANSLATION
	| TREAT
	| TRIGGER
	| TRUE
	| UESCAPE
	| UNION
	| UNIQUE
	| UNKNOWN
	| UNNEST
	| UPDATE
	| UPPER
	| USER
	| USING
	| VALUE
	| VALUES
	| VAR_POP
	| VAR_SAMP
	| VARCHAR
	| VARYING
	| WHEN
	| WHENEVER
	| WHERE
	| WIDTH_BUCKET
	| WINDOW
	| WITH
	| WITHIN
	| WITHOUT
	| YEAR

//5.3 literal (p143)
literal    ::=   signed_numeric_literal | general_literal

unsigned_literal    ::=   unsigned_numeric_literal | general_literal

general_literal    ::=
         character_string_literal
     | national_character_string_literal
     | Unicode_character_string_literal
     | binary_string_literal
     | datetime_literal
     | interval_literal
     | boolean_literal

character_string_literal    ::=
         ( introducer character_set_specification )?
         quote ( character_representation )? quote
         ( separator quote ( character_representation )? quote )*

introducer    ::=   underscore

character_representation    ::=   nonquote_character | quote_symbol

nonquote_character    ::=   //!! See the Syntax Rules.

//The quote_symbol rule consists of two immediately adjacent quote marks with no spaces. As usual, this would be best handled in the lexical analyzer, not in the grammar.

quote_symbol    ::=   quote quote

national_character_string_literal    ::=
         N quote character_representation* quote
         ( separator quote character_representation* quote )*

Unicode_character_string_literal    ::=
         ( introducer character_set_specification )?
         U ampersand quote Unicode_representation? quote
         ( separator quote Unicode_representation? quote )*
         ( ESCAPE escape_character )?

Unicode_representation    ::=   character_representation | Unicode_escape_value

binary_string_literal    ::=
         X quote ( hexit hexit )* quote
         ( separator quote ( hexit hexit )* quote )*
         ( ESCAPE escape_character )?

hexit    ::=   digit | 'A' | 'B' | 'C' | 'D' | 'E' | 'F' | 'a' | 'b' | 'c' | 'd' | 'e' | 'f'

signed_numeric_literal    ::=   sign? unsigned_numeric_literal

unsigned_numeric_literal    ::=   exact_numeric_literal | approximate_numeric_literal

exact_numeric_literal    ::=
         unsigned_integer ( period unsigned_integer? )?
     | period unsigned_integer

sign    ::=   plus_sign | minus_sign

approximate_numeric_literal    ::=   mantissa E exponent

mantissa    ::=   exact_numeric_literal

exponent    ::=   signed_integer

signed_integer    ::=    sign? unsigned_integer

unsigned_integer    ::=   digit ...

datetime_literal    ::=   date_literal | time_literal | timestamp_literal

date_literal    ::=   DATE date_string

time_literal    ::=   TIME time_string

timestamp_literal    ::=   TIMESTAMP timestamp_string

date_string    ::=   quote unquoted_date_string quote

time_string    ::=   quote unquoted_time_string quote

timestamp_string    ::=   quote unquoted_timestamp_string quote

time_zone_interval    ::=   sign hours_value colon minutes_value

date_value    ::=   years_value minus_sign months_value minus_sign days_value

time_value    ::=   hours_value colon minutes_value colon seconds_value

interval_literal    ::=   INTERVAL sign? interval_string interval_qualifier

interval_string    ::=   quote unquoted_interval_string quote

unquoted_date_string    ::=   date_value

unquoted_time_string    ::=   time_value time_zone_interval?

unquoted_timestamp_string    ::=   unquoted_date_string space unquoted_time_string

unquoted_interval_string    ::=   sign? ( year_month_literal | day_time_literal )

year_month_literal    ::=   years_value | years_value minus_sign? months_value

day_time_literal    ::=   day_time_interval | time_interval

day_time_interval    ::=
         days_value ( space hours_value ( colon minutes_value ( colon seconds_value )? )? )?

time_interval    ::=
         hours_value ( colon minutes_value ( colon seconds_value )? )?
     | minutes_value ( colon seconds_value )?
     | seconds_value

years_value    ::=   datetime_value

months_value    ::=   datetime_value

days_value    ::=   datetime_value

hours_value    ::=   datetime_value

minutes_value    ::=   datetime_value

seconds_value    ::=   seconds_integer_value ( period ( seconds_fraction )? )?

seconds_integer_value    ::=   unsigned_integer

seconds_fraction    ::=   unsigned_integer

datetime_value    ::=   unsigned_integer

boolean_literal    ::=   TRUE | FALSE | UNKNOWN

//5.4 Names and identifiers (p151)
identifier    ::=   actual_identifier

actual_identifier    ::=   regular_identifier | delimited_identifier

SQL_language_identifier    ::=
         SQL_language_identifier_start ( underscore | SQL_language_identifier_part )*

SQL_language_identifier_start    ::=   simple_Latin_letter

SQL_language_identifier_part    ::=   simple_Latin_letter | digit

authorization_identifier    ::=   role_name | user_identifier

table_name    ::=   local_or_schema_qualified_name

domain_name    ::=   schema_qualified_name

schema_name    ::=   ( catalog_name period )? unqualified_schema_name

catalog_name    ::=   identifier

schema_qualified_name    ::=   ( schema_name period )? qualified_identifier

local_or_schema_qualified_name    ::=   ( local_or_schema_qualifier period )? qualified_identifier

local_or_schema_qualifier    ::=   schema_name | MODULE

qualified_identifier    ::=   identifier

column_name    ::=   identifier

correlation_name    ::=   identifier

query_name    ::=   identifier

SQL_client_module_name    ::=   identifier

procedure_name    ::=   identifier

schema_qualified_routine_name    ::=   schema_qualified_name

method_name    ::=   identifier

specific_name    ::=   schema_qualified_name

cursor_name    ::=   local_qualified_name

local_qualified_name    ::=   ( local_qualifier period )? qualified_identifier

local_qualifier    ::=   MODULE

host_parameter_name    ::=   colon identifier

SQL_parameter_name    ::=   identifier

constraint_name    ::=   schema_qualified_name

external_routine_name    ::=   identifier | character_string_literal

trigger_name    ::=   schema_qualified_name

collation_name    ::=   schema_qualified_name

character_set_name    ::=   ( schema_name period )? SQL_language_identifier

transliteration_name    ::=   schema_qualified_name

transcoding_name    ::=   schema_qualified_name

user_defined_type_name    ::=   schema_qualified_type_name

schema_resolved_user_defined_type_name    ::=   user_defined_type_name

schema_qualified_type_name    ::=   ( schema_name period )? qualified_identifier

attribute_name    ::=   identifier

field_name    ::=   identifier

savepoint_name    ::=   identifier

sequence_generator_name    ::=   schema_qualified_name

role_name    ::=   identifier

user_identifier    ::=   identifier

connection_name    ::=   simple_value_specification

SQL_server_name    ::=   simple_value_specification

connection_user_name    ::=   simple_value_specification

SQL_statement_name    ::=   statement_name | extended_statement_name

statement_name    ::=   identifier

extended_statement_name    ::=   ( scope_option )? simple_value_specification

dynamic_cursor_name    ::=   cursor_name | extended_cursor_name

extended_cursor_name    ::=   ( scope_option )? simple_value_specification

descriptor_name    ::=   ( scope_option )? simple_value_specification

scope_option    ::=   GLOBAL | LOCAL

window_name    ::=   identifier

//6 Scalar expressions
//6.1 data_type (p161)
data_type    ::=
         predefined_type
     | row_type
     | path_resolved_user_defined_type_name
     | reference_type
     | collection_type

predefined_type    ::=
         character_string_type ( CHARACTER SET character_set_specification )? collate_clause?
     | national_character_string_type collate_clause?
     | binary_large_object_string_type
     | numeric_type
     | boolean_type
     | datetime_type
     | interval_type

character_string_type    ::=
         CHARACTER ( left_paren length right_paren )?
     | CHAR ( left_paren length right_paren )?
     | CHARACTER VARYING left_paren length right_paren
     | CHAR VARYING left_paren length right_paren
     | VARCHAR left_paren length right_paren
     | CHARACTER LARGE OBJECT ( left_paren large_object_length right_paren )?
     | CHAR LARGE OBJECT ( left_paren large_object_length right_paren )?
     | CLOB ( left_paren large_object_length right_paren )?

national_character_string_type    ::=
         NATIONAL CHARACTER ( left_paren length right_paren )?
     | NATIONAL CHAR ( left_paren length right_paren )?
     | NCHAR ( left_paren length right_paren )?
     | NATIONAL CHARACTER VARYING left_paren length right_paren
     | NATIONAL CHAR VARYING left_paren length right_paren
     | NCHAR VARYING left_paren length right_paren
     | NATIONAL CHARACTER LARGE OBJECT ( left_paren large_object_length right_paren )?
     | NCHAR LARGE OBJECT ( left_paren large_object_length right_paren )?
     | NCLOB ( left_paren large_object_length right_paren )?

binary_large_object_string_type    ::=
         BINARY LARGE OBJECT ( left_paren large_object_length right_paren )?
     | BLOB ( left_paren large_object_length right_paren )?

numeric_type    ::=   exact_numeric_type | approximate_numeric_type

exact_numeric_type    ::=
         NUMERIC ( left_paren precision ( comma scale )? right_paren )?
     | DECIMAL ( left_paren precision ( comma scale )? right_paren )?
     | DEC ( left_paren precision ( comma scale )? right_paren )?
     | SMALLINT
     | INTEGER
     | INT
     | BIGINT

approximate_numeric_type    ::=
         FLOAT ( left_paren precision right_paren )?
     | REAL
     | DOUBLE PRECISION

length    ::=   unsigned_integer

large_object_length    ::=
         unsigned_integer  multiplier? char_length_units?
     | large_object_length_token char_length_units?

char_length_units    ::=   CHARACTERS | CODE_UNITS | OCTETS

precision    ::=   unsigned_integer

scale    ::=   unsigned_integer

boolean_type    ::=   BOOLEAN

datetime_type    ::=
         DATE
     | TIME ( left_paren time_precision right_paren )? with_or_without_time_zone?
     | TIMESTAMP ( left_paren timestamp_precision right_paren )? with_or_without_time_zone?

with_or_without_time_zone    ::=   WITH TIME ZONE | WITHOUT TIME ZONE

time_precision    ::=   time_fractional_seconds_precision

timestamp_precision    ::=   time_fractional_seconds_precision

time_fractional_seconds_precision    ::=   unsigned_integer

interval_type    ::=   INTERVAL interval_qualifier

row_type    ::=   ROW row_type_body

row_type_body    ::=   left_paren field_definition ( comma field_definition )* right_paren

reference_type    ::=   REF left_paren referenced_type right_paren scope_clause?

scope_clause    ::=   SCOPE table_name

referenced_type    ::=   path_resolved_user_defined_type_name

path_resolved_user_defined_type_name    ::=   user_defined_type_name

collection_type    ::=   array_type | multiset_type

array_type    ::=   data_type ARRAY ( left_bracket_or_trigraph unsigned_integer right_bracket_or_trigraph )?

multiset_type    ::=   data_type MULTISET

//6.2 field_definition (p173)
field_definition    ::=   field_name data_type ( reference_scope_check )?

//6.3 value_expression_primary (p174)
value_expression_primary    ::=
         parenthesized_value_expression
     | nonparenthesized_value_expression_primary

parenthesized_value_expression    ::=   left_paren value_expression right_paren

nonparenthesized_value_expression_primary    ::=
         unsigned_value_specification
     | column_reference
     | set_function_specification
     | window_function
     | scalar_subquery
     | case_expression
     | cast_specification
     | field_reference
     | subtype_treatment
     | method_invocation
     | static_method_invocation
     | new_specification
     | attribute_or_method_reference
     | reference_resolution
     | collection_value_constructor
     | array_element_reference
     | multiset_element_reference
     | routine_invocation
     | next_value_expression

//6.4 value_specification and target_specification (p176)
value_specification    ::=   literal | general_value_specification

unsigned_value_specification    ::=   unsigned_literal | general_value_specification

general_value_specification    ::=
         host_parameter_specification
     | SQL_parameter_reference
     | dynamic_parameter_specification
     | embedded_variable_specification
     | current_collation_specification
     | CURRENT_DEFAULT_TRANSFORM_GROUP
     | CURRENT_PATH
     | CURRENT_ROLE
     | CURRENT_TRANSFORM_GROUP_FOR_TYPE path_resolved_user_defined_type_name
     | CURRENT_USER
     | SESSION_USER
     | SYSTEM_USER
     | USER
     | VALUE

simple_value_specification    ::=
         literal
     | host_parameter_name
     | SQL_parameter_reference
     | embedded_variable_name

target_specification    ::=
         host_parameter_specification
     | SQL_parameter_reference
     | column_reference
     | target_array_element_specification
     | dynamic_parameter_specification
     | embedded_variable_specification

simple_target_specification    ::=
         host_parameter_specification
     | SQL_parameter_reference
     | column_reference
     | embedded_variable_name

host_parameter_specification    ::=   host_parameter_name indicator_parameter?

dynamic_parameter_specification    ::=   question_mark

embedded_variable_specification    ::=   embedded_variable_name indicator_variable?

indicator_variable    ::=   INDICATOR? embedded_variable_name

indicator_parameter    ::=   INDICATOR? host_parameter_name

target_array_element_specification    ::=
         target_array_reference left_bracket_or_trigraph simple_value_specification right_bracket_or_trigraph

target_array_reference    ::=   SQL_parameter_reference | column_reference

current_collation_specification    ::=   CURRENT_COLLATION left_paren string_value_expression right_paren

//6.5 contextually_typed_value_specification (p181)
contextually_typed_value_specification    ::=
         implicitly_typed_value_specification | default_specification

implicitly_typed_value_specification    ::=   null_specification | empty_specification

null_specification    ::=   NULL

empty_specification    ::=
         ARRAY left_bracket_or_trigraph right_bracket_or_trigraph
     | MULTISET left_bracket_or_trigraph right_bracket_or_trigraph

default_specification    ::=   DEFAULT

//6.6 identifier_chain (p183)
identifier_chain    ::=   identifier ( period identifier )*

basic_identifier_chain    ::=   identifier_chain

//6.7 column_reference (p187)
column_reference    ::=
         basic_identifier_chain
     | MODULE period qualified_identifier period column_name

//6.8 SQL_parameter_reference (p190)
SQL_parameter_reference    ::=   basic_identifier_chain

//6.9 set_function_specification (p191)
set_function_specification    ::=   aggregate_function | grouping_operation

grouping_operation    ::=   GROUPING left_paren column_reference ( comma column_reference )* right_paren

//6.10 window_function (p193)
window_function    ::=   window_function_type OVER window_name_or_specification

window_function_type    ::=
         rank_function_type left_paren right_paren
     | ROW_NUMBER left_paren right_paren
     | aggregate_function

rank_function_type    ::=   RANK | DENSE_RANK | PERCENT_RANK | CUME_DIST

window_name_or_specification    ::=   window_name | in_line_window_specification

in_line_window_specification    ::=   window_specification

//6.11 case_expression (p197)
case_expression    ::=   case_abbreviation | case_specification

case_abbreviation    ::=
         NULLIF left_paren value_expression comma value_expression right_paren
     | COALESCE left_paren value_expression ( comma value_expression )* right_paren

case_specification    ::=   simple_case | searched_case

simple_case    ::=   CASE case_operand simple_when_clause  ( else_clause )? END

searched_case    ::=   CASE searched_when_clause  ( else_clause )? END

simple_when_clause    ::=   WHEN when_operand THEN result

searched_when_clause    ::=   WHEN search_condition THEN result

else_clause    ::=   ELSE result

case_operand    ::=   row_value_predicand | overlaps_predicate

when_operand    ::=
         row_value_predicand
     | comparison_predicate_part_2
     | between_predicate_part_2
     | in_predicate_part_2
     | character_like_predicate_part_2
     | octet_like_predicate_part_2
     | similar_predicate_part_2
     | null_predicate_part_2
     | quantified_comparison_predicate_part_2
     | match_predicate_part_2
     | overlaps_predicate_part_2
     | distinct_predicate_part_2
     | member_predicate_part_2
     | submultiset_predicate_part_2
     | set_predicate_part_2
     | type_predicate_part_2

result    ::=   result_expression | NULL

result_expression    ::=   value_expression

//6.12 cast_specification (p200)
cast_specification    ::=   CAST left_paren cast_operand AS cast_target right_paren

cast_operand    ::=   value_expression | implicitly_typed_value_specification

cast_target    ::=   domain_name | data_type

//6.13 next_value_expression (p216)
next_value_expression    ::=   NEXT VALUE FOR sequence_generator_name

//6.14 field_reference (p218)
field_reference    ::=   value_expression_primary period field_name

//6.15 subtype_treatment (p219)
subtype_treatment    ::=
         TREAT left_paren subtype_operand AS target_subtype right_paren

subtype_operand    ::=   value_expression

target_subtype    ::=
         path_resolved_user_defined_type_name
     | reference_type

//6.16 method_invocation (p221)
method_invocation    ::=   direct_invocation | generalized_invocation

direct_invocation    ::=
         value_expression_primary period method_name  SQL_argument_list?

generalized_invocation    ::=
         left_paren value_expression_primary AS data_type right_paren period method_name
         SQL_argument_list?

method_selection    ::=   routine_invocation

constructor_method_selection    ::=   routine_invocation

//6.17 static_method_invocation (p223)
static_method_invocation    ::=
         path_resolved_user_defined_type_name double_colon method_name SQL_argument_list?

static_method_selection    ::=   routine_invocation

//6.18 new_specification (p225)
new_specification    ::=   NEW routine_invocation

new_invocation    ::=   method_invocation | routine_invocation

//6.19 attribute_or_method_reference (p227)
attribute_or_method_reference    ::=
         value_expression_primary dereference_operator qualified_identifier
         SQL_argument_list?

dereference_operator    ::=   right_arrow

//6.20 dereference_operation (p229)
dereference_operation    ::=   reference_value_expression dereference_operator attribute_name

//6.21 method_reference (p230)
method_reference    ::=
         value_expression_primary dereference_operator method_name SQL_argument_list

//6.22 reference_resolution (p232)
reference_resolution    ::=   DEREF left_paren reference_value_expression right_paren

//6.23 array_element_reference (p234)
array_element_reference    ::=
         array_value_expression left_bracket_or_trigraph numeric_value_expression right_bracket_or_trigraph

//6.24 multiset_element_reference (p235)
multiset_element_reference    ::=
         ELEMENT left_paren multiset_value_expression right_paren

//6.25 value_expression (p236)
//Specify a value.

value_expression    ::=
         common_value_expression
     | boolean_value_expression
     | row_value_expression

common_value_expression    ::=
         numeric_value_expression
     | string_value_expression
     | datetime_value_expression
     | interval_value_expression
     | user_defined_type_value_expression
     | reference_value_expression
     | collection_value_expression

user_defined_type_value_expression    ::=   value_expression_primary

reference_value_expression    ::=   value_expression_primary

collection_value_expression    ::=   array_value_expression | multiset_value_expression

collection_value_constructor    ::=   array_value_constructor | multiset_value_constructor

//6.26 numeric_value_expression (p240)
//Specify a numeric value.

numeric_value_expression    ::=
         term
     | numeric_value_expression plus_sign term
     | numeric_value_expression minus_sign term

term    ::=
         factor
     | term asterisk factor
     | term solidus factor

factor    ::=   sign? numeric_primary

numeric_primary    ::=
         value_expression_primary
     | numeric_value_function

//6.27 numeric_value_function (p242)
//Specify a function yielding a value of type numeric.

numeric_value_function    ::=
         position_expression
     | extract_expression
     | length_expression
     | cardinality_expression
     | absolute_value_expression
     | modulus_expression
     | natural_logarithm
     | exponential_function
     | power_function
     | square_root
     | floor_function
     | ceiling_function
     | width_bucket_function

position_expression    ::=
         string_position_expression
     | blob_position_expression

string_position_expression    ::=
         POSITION left_paren string_value_expression IN string_value_expression ( USING char_length_units )? right_paren

blob_position_expression    ::=
         POSITION left_paren blob_value_expression IN blob_value_expression right_paren

length_expression    ::=
         char_length_expression
     | octet_length_expression

char_length_expression    ::=
         ( CHAR_LENGTH | CHARACTER_LENGTH ) left_paren string_value_expression ( USING char_length_units )? right_paren

octet_length_expression    ::=   OCTET_LENGTH left_paren string_value_expression right_paren

extract_expression    ::=   EXTRACT left_paren extract_field FROM extract_source right_paren

extract_field    ::=   primary_datetime_field | time_zone_field

time_zone_field    ::=   TIMEZONE_HOUR | TIMEZONE_MINUTE

extract_source    ::=   datetime_value_expression | interval_value_expression

cardinality_expression    ::=   CARDINALITY left_paren collection_value_expression right_paren

absolute_value_expression    ::=   ABS left_paren numeric_value_expression right_paren

modulus_expression    ::=   MOD left_paren numeric_value_expression_dividend comma numeric_value_expression_divisor right_paren

natural_logarithm    ::=   LN left_paren numeric_value_expression right_paren

exponential_function    ::=   EXP left_paren numeric_value_expression right_paren

power_function    ::=   POWER left_paren numeric_value_expression_base comma numeric_value_expression_exponent right_paren

numeric_value_expression_base    ::=   numeric_value_expression

numeric_value_expression_exponent    ::=   numeric_value_expression

square_root    ::=   SQRT left_paren numeric_value_expression right_paren

floor_function    ::=   FLOOR left_paren numeric_value_expression right_paren

ceiling_function    ::=   ( CEIL | CEILING ) left_paren numeric_value_expression right_paren

width_bucket_function    ::=   WIDTH_BUCKET left_paren width_bucket_operand comma width_bucket_bound_1 comma width_bucket_bound_2 comma width_bucket_count right_paren

width_bucket_operand    ::=   numeric_value_expression

width_bucket_bound_1    ::=   numeric_value_expression

width_bucket_bound_2    ::=   numeric_value_expression

width_bucket_count    ::=   numeric_value_expression

//6.28 string_value_expression (p251)
//Specify a character string value or a binary string value.

string_value_expression    ::=   character_value_expression | blob_value_expression

character_value_expression    ::=   concatenation | character_factor

concatenation    ::=   character_value_expression concatenation_operator character_factor

character_factor    ::=   character_primary collate_clause?

character_primary    ::=   value_expression_primary | string_value_function

blob_value_expression    ::=   blob_concatenation | blob_factor

blob_factor    ::=   blob_primary

blob_primary    ::=   value_expression_primary | string_value_function

blob_concatenation    ::=   blob_value_expression concatenation_operator blob_factor

//6.29 string_value_function (p255)
//Specify a function yielding a value of type character string or binary string.

string_value_function    ::=   character_value_function | blob_value_function

character_value_function    ::=
         character_substring_function
     | regular_expression_substring_function
     | fold
     | transcoding
     | character_transliteration
     | trim_function
     | character_overlay_function
     | normalize_function
     | specific_type_method

character_substring_function    ::=
         SUBSTRING left_paren character_value_expression FROM start_position
         ( FOR string_length )? ( USING char_length_units )? right_paren

regular_expression_substring_function    ::=
         SUBSTRING left_paren character_value_expression
         SIMILAR character_value_expression ESCAPE escape_character right_paren

fold    ::=   ( UPPER | LOWER ) left_paren character_value_expression right_paren

transcoding    ::=   CONVERT left_paren character_value_expression USING transcoding_name right_paren

character_transliteration    ::=   TRANSLATE left_paren character_value_expression USING transliteration_name right_paren

trim_function    ::=   TRIM left_paren trim_operands right_paren

trim_operands    ::=   ( ( trim_specification )? ( trim_character )? FROM )? trim_source

trim_source    ::=   character_value_expression

trim_specification    ::=   LEADING | TRAILING | BOTH

trim_character    ::=   character_value_expression

character_overlay_function    ::=
         OVERLAY left_paren character_value_expression PLACING character_value_expression
         FROM start_position ( FOR string_length )? ( USING char_length_units )? right_paren

normalize_function    ::=   NORMALIZE left_paren character_value_expression right_paren

specific_type_method    ::=   user_defined_type_value_expression period SPECIFICTYPE

blob_value_function    ::=
         blob_substring_function
     | blob_trim_function
     | blob_overlay_function

blob_substring_function    ::=
         SUBSTRING left_paren blob_value_expression FROM start_position ( FOR string_length )? right_paren

blob_trim_function    ::=   TRIM left_paren blob_trim_operands right_paren

blob_trim_operands    ::=   ( ( trim_specification )? ( trim_octet )? FROM )? blob_trim_source

blob_trim_source    ::=   blob_value_expression

trim_octet    ::=   blob_value_expression

blob_overlay_function    ::=
         OVERLAY left_paren blob_value_expression PLACING blob_value_expression
         FROM start_position ( FOR string_length )? right_paren

start_position    ::=   numeric_value_expression

string_length    ::=   numeric_value_expression

//6.30 datetime_value_expression (p266)
//Specify a datetime value.

datetime_value_expression    ::=
         datetime_term
     | interval_value_expression plus_sign datetime_term
     | datetime_value_expression plus_sign interval_term
     | datetime_value_expression minus_sign interval_term

datetime_term    ::=   datetime_factor

datetime_factor    ::=   datetime_primary time_zone?

datetime_primary    ::=   value_expression_primary | datetime_value_function

time_zone    ::=   AT time_zone_specifier

time_zone_specifier    ::=   LOCAL | TIME ZONE interval_primary

//6.31 datetime_value_function (p269)
//Specify a function yielding a value of type datetime.

datetime_value_function    ::=
         current_date_value_function
     | current_time_value_function
     | current_timestamp_value_function
     | current_local_time_value_function
     | current_local_timestamp_value_function

current_date_value_function    ::=   CURRENT_DATE

current_time_value_function    ::=   CURRENT_TIME ( left_paren time_precision right_paren )?

current_local_time_value_function    ::=   LOCALTIME ( left_paren time_precision right_paren )?

current_timestamp_value_function    ::=   CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ( left_paren timestamp_precision right_paren )?

current_local_timestamp_value_function    ::=   LOCALTIMESTAMP ( left_paren timestamp_precision right_paren )?

//6.32 interval_value_expression (p271)
//Specify an interval value.

interval_value_expression    ::=
         interval_term
     | interval_value_expression_1 plus_sign interval_term_1
     | interval_value_expression_1 minus_sign interval_term_1
     | left_paren datetime_value_expression minus_sign datetime_term right_paren interval_qualifier

interval_term    ::=
         interval_factor
     | interval_term_2 asterisk factor
     | interval_term_2 solidus factor
     | term asterisk interval_factor

interval_factor    ::=   sign? interval_primary

interval_primary    ::=
         value_expression_primary interval_qualifier?
     | interval_value_function

interval_value_expression_1    ::=   interval_value_expression

interval_term_1    ::=   interval_term

interval_term_2    ::=   interval_term

//6.33 interval_value_function (p276)
interval_value_function    ::=   interval_absolute_value_function

interval_absolute_value_function    ::=   ABS left_paren interval_value_expression right_paren

//6.34 boolean_value_expression (p277)
boolean_value_expression    ::=
         boolean_term
     | boolean_value_expression OR boolean_term

boolean_term    ::=
         boolean_factor
     | boolean_term AND boolean_factor

boolean_factor    ::=   NOT? boolean_test

boolean_test    ::=   boolean_primary ( IS NOT? truth_value )?

truth_value    ::=   TRUE | FALSE | UNKNOWN

boolean_primary    ::=   predicate | boolean_predicand

boolean_predicand    ::=
         parenthesized_boolean_value_expression
     | nonparenthesized_value_expression_primary

parenthesized_boolean_value_expression    ::=   left_paren boolean_value_expression right_paren

//6.35 array_value_expression (p284)
array_value_expression    ::=   array_concatenation | array_factor

array_concatenation    ::=   array_value_expression_1 concatenation_operator array_factor

array_value_expression_1    ::=   array_value_expression

array_factor    ::=   value_expression_primary

//6.36 array_value_constructor (p284)
array_value_constructor    ::=
         array_value_constructor_by_enumeration
     | array_value_constructor_by_query

array_value_constructor_by_enumeration    ::=
         ARRAY left_bracket_or_trigraph array_element_list right_bracket_or_trigraph

array_element_list    ::=   array_element ( comma array_element )*

array_element    ::=   value_expression

array_value_constructor_by_query    ::=
         ARRAY left_paren query_expression order_by_clause? right_paren

//6.37 multiset_value_expression (p286)
multiset_value_expression    ::=
         multiset_term
     | multiset_value_expression MULTISET UNION ( ALL | DISTINCT )? multiset_term
     | multiset_value_expression MULTISET EXCEPT ( ALL | DISTINCT )? multiset_term

multiset_term    ::=
         multiset_primary
     | multiset_term MULTISET INTERSECT ( ALL | DISTINCT )? multiset_primary

multiset_primary    ::=   multiset_value_function | value_expression_primary

//6.38 multiset_value_function (p289)
multiset_value_function    ::=   multiset_set_function

multiset_set_function    ::=   SET left_paren multiset_value_expression right_paren

//6.39 multiset_value_constructor (p290)
multiset_value_constructor    ::=
         multiset_value_constructor_by_enumeration
     | multiset_value_constructor_by_query
     | table_value_constructor_by_query

multiset_value_constructor_by_enumeration    ::=   MULTISET left_bracket_or_trigraph multiset_element_list right_bracket_or_trigraph

multiset_element_list    ::=   multiset_element ( comma multiset_element )*

multiset_element    ::=   value_expression

multiset_value_constructor_by_query    ::=   MULTISET left_paren query_expression right_paren

table_value_constructor_by_query    ::=   TABLE left_paren query_expression right_paren

//7 Query expressions
//7.1 row_value_constructor (p293)
//Specify a value or list of values to be constructed into a row or partial row.

row_value_constructor    ::=
         common_value_expression
     | boolean_value_expression
     | explicit_row_value_constructor

explicit_row_value_constructor    ::=
         left_paren row_value_constructor_element comma row_value_constructor_element_list right_paren
     | ROW left_paren row_value_constructor_element_list right_paren
     | row_subquery

row_value_constructor_element_list    ::=
         row_value_constructor_element ( comma row_value_constructor_element )*

row_value_constructor_element    ::=   value_expression

contextually_typed_row_value_constructor    ::=
         common_value_expression
     | boolean_value_expression
     | contextually_typed_value_specification
     | left_paren contextually_typed_row_value_constructor_element comma contextually_typed_row_value_constructor_element_list right_paren
     | ROW left_paren contextually_typed_row_value_constructor_element_list right_paren

contextually_typed_row_value_constructor_element_list    ::=
         contextually_typed_row_value_constructor_element
         ( comma contextually_typed_row_value_constructor_element )*

contextually_typed_row_value_constructor_element    ::=
         value_expression
     | contextually_typed_value_specification

row_value_constructor_predicand    ::=
         common_value_expression
     | boolean_predicand
     | explicit_row_value_constructor

//7.2 row_value_expression (p296)
//Specify a row value.

row_value_expression    ::=
         row_value_special_case
     | explicit_row_value_constructor

table_row_value_expression    ::=
         row_value_special_case
     | row_value_constructor

contextually_typed_row_value_expression    ::=
         row_value_special_case
     | contextually_typed_row_value_constructor

row_value_predicand    ::=
         row_value_special_case
     | row_value_constructor_predicand

row_value_special_case    ::=   nonparenthesized_value_expression_primary

//7.3 table_value_constructor (p298)
//Specify a set of row_value_expressions to be constructed into a table.

table_value_constructor    ::=   VALUES row_value_expression_list

row_value_expression_list    ::=   table_row_value_expression ( comma table_row_value_expression )*

contextually_typed_table_value_constructor    ::=   VALUES contextually_typed_row_value_expression_list

contextually_typed_row_value_expression_list    ::=   contextually_typed_row_value_expression ( comma contextually_typed_row_value_expression )*

//7.4 table_expression (p300)
//Specify a table or a grouped table.

table_expression    ::=
         from_clause
         where_clause?
         group_by_clause?
         having_clause?
         window_clause?

//7.5 from_clause (p301)
//Specify a table derived from one or more tables.

from_clause    ::=   FROM table_reference_list

table_reference_list    ::=   table_reference ( comma table_reference )*

//7.6 table_reference (p303)
//Reference a table.

table_reference    ::=   table_primary_or_joined_table sample_clause?

table_primary_or_joined_table    ::=   table_primary | joined_table

sample_clause    ::=
         TABLESAMPLE sample_method left_paren sample_percentage right_paren repeatable_clause?

sample_method    ::=   BERNOULLI | SYSTEM

repeatable_clause    ::=   REPEATABLE left_paren repeat_argument right_paren

sample_percentage    ::=   numeric_value_expression

repeat_argument    ::=   numeric_value_expression

table_primary    ::=
         table_or_query_name ( AS? correlation_name ( left_paren derived_column_list right_paren )? )?
     | derived_table AS? correlation_name ( left_paren derived_column_list right_paren )?
     | lateral_derived_table AS?     correlation_name ( left_paren derived_column_list right_paren )?
     | collection_derived_table AS? correlation_name ( left_paren derived_column_list right_paren )?
     | table_function_derived_table AS? correlation_name ( left_paren derived_column_list right_paren )?
     | only_spec ( AS? correlation_name ( left_paren derived_column_list right_paren )? )?
     | left_paren joined_table right_paren

only_spec    ::=   ONLY left_paren table_or_query_name right_paren

lateral_derived_table    ::=   LATERAL table_subquery

collection_derived_table    ::=   UNNEST left_paren collection_value_expression right_paren ( WITH ORDINALITY )?

table_function_derived_table    ::=   TABLE left_paren collection_value_expression right_paren

derived_table    ::=   table_subquery

table_or_query_name    ::=   table_name | query_name

derived_column_list    ::=   column_name_list

column_name_list    ::=   column_name ( comma column_name )*

//7.7 joined_table (p312)
//Specify a table derived from a Cartesian product, inner or outer join, or union join.

joined_table    ::=
         cross_join
     | qualified_join
     | natural_join
     | union_join

cross_join    ::=   table_reference CROSS JOIN table_primary

qualified_join    ::=   table_reference join_type? JOIN table_reference join_specification

natural_join    ::=   table_reference NATURAL join_type? JOIN table_primary

union_join    ::=   table_reference UNION JOIN table_primary

join_specification    ::=   join_condition | named_columns_join

join_condition    ::=   ON search_condition

named_columns_join    ::=   USING left_paren join_column_list right_paren

join_type    ::=   INNER | outer_join_type OUTER?

outer_join_type    ::=   LEFT | RIGHT | FULL

join_column_list    ::=   column_name_list

//7.8 where_clause (p319)
//Specify a table derived by the application of a search_condition to the result of the preceding from_clause.

where_clause    ::=   WHERE search_condition

//7.9 group_by_clause (p320)
//Specify a grouped table derived by the application of the group_by_clause to the result of the previously specified clause.

group_by_clause    ::=   GROUP BY set_quantifier? grouping_element_list

grouping_element_list    ::=   grouping_element ( comma grouping_element )*

grouping_element    ::=
         ordinary_grouping_set
     | rollup_list
     | cube_list
     | grouping_sets_specification
     | empty_grouping_set

ordinary_grouping_set    ::=
         grouping_column_reference
     | left_paren grouping_column_reference_list right_paren

grouping_column_reference    ::=   column_reference collate_clause?

grouping_column_reference_list    ::=   grouping_column_reference ( comma grouping_column_reference )*

rollup_list    ::=   ROLLUP left_paren ordinary_grouping_set_list right_paren

ordinary_grouping_set_list    ::=   ordinary_grouping_set ( comma ordinary_grouping_set )*

cube_list    ::=   CUBE left_paren ordinary_grouping_set_list right_paren

grouping_sets_specification    ::=   GROUPING SETS left_paren grouping_set_list right_paren

grouping_set_list    ::=   grouping_set ( comma grouping_set )*

grouping_set    ::=
         ordinary_grouping_set
     | rollup_list
     | cube_list
     | grouping_sets_specification
     | empty_grouping_set

empty_grouping_set    ::=   left_paren right_paren

//7.10 having_clause (p329)
//Specify a grouped table derived by the elimination of groups that do not satisfy a search_condition.

having_clause    ::=   HAVING search_condition

//7.11 window_clause (p331)
//Specify one or more window definitions.

window_clause    ::=   WINDOW window_definition_list

window_definition_list    ::=   window_definition ( comma window_definition )*

window_definition    ::=   new_window_name AS window_specification

new_window_name    ::=   window_name

window_specification    ::=   left_paren window_specification_details right_paren

window_specification_details    ::=
         existing_window_name? window_partition_clause? window_order_clause? window_frame_clause?

existing_window_name    ::=   window_name

window_partition_clause    ::=   PARTITION BY window_partition_column_reference_list

window_partition_column_reference_list    ::=   window_partition_column_reference ( comma window_partition_column_reference )*

window_partition_column_reference    ::=   column_reference collate_clause?

window_order_clause    ::=   ORDER BY sort_specification_list

window_frame_clause    ::=   window_frame_units window_frame_extent window_frame_exclusion?

window_frame_units    ::=   ROWS | RANGE

window_frame_extent    ::=   window_frame_start | window_frame_between

window_frame_start    ::=   UNBOUNDED PRECEDING | window_frame_preceding | CURRENT ROW

window_frame_preceding    ::=   unsigned_value_specification PRECEDING

window_frame_between    ::=   BETWEEN window_frame_bound_1 AND window_frame_bound_2

window_frame_bound_1    ::=   window_frame_bound

window_frame_bound_2    ::=   window_frame_bound

window_frame_bound    ::=
         window_frame_start
     | UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING
     | window_frame_following

window_frame_following    ::=   unsigned_value_specification FOLLOWING

window_frame_exclusion    ::=
         EXCLUDE CURRENT ROW
     | EXCLUDE GROUP
     | EXCLUDE TIES
     | EXCLUDE NO OTHERS

//7.12 query_specification (p341)
//Specify a table derived from the result of a table_expression.

query_specification    ::=   SELECT set_quantifier? select_list table_expression

select_list    ::=   asterisk | select_sublist ( comma select_sublist )*

select_sublist    ::=   derived_column | qualified_asterisk

qualified_asterisk    ::=
         asterisked_identifier_chain period asterisk
     | all_fields_reference

asterisked_identifier_chain    ::=   asterisked_identifier ( period asterisked_identifier )*

asterisked_identifier    ::=   identifier

derived_column    ::=   value_expression as_clause?

as_clause    ::=   AS? column_name

all_fields_reference    ::=   value_expression_primary period asterisk ( AS left_paren all_fields_column_name_list right_paren )?

all_fields_column_name_list    ::=   column_name_list

//7.13 query_expression (p350)
//Specify a table.

query_expression    ::=   with_clause? query_expression_body

with_clause    ::=   WITH RECURSIVE? with_list

with_list    ::=   with_list_element ( comma with_list_element )*

with_list_element    ::=
         query_name ( left_paren with_column_list right_paren )?
         AS left_paren query_expression right_paren search_or_cycle_clause?

with_column_list    ::=   column_name_list

query_expression_body    ::=   non_join_query_expression | joined_table

non_join_query_expression    ::=
         non_join_query_term
     | query_expression_body UNION ( ALL | DISTINCT )? corresponding_spec? query_term
     | query_expression_body EXCEPT ( ALL | DISTINCT )? corresponding_spec? query_term

query_term    ::=   non_join_query_term | joined_table

non_join_query_term    ::=
         non_join_query_primary
     | query_term INTERSECT ( ALL | DISTINCT ) corresponding_spec? query_primary

query_primary    ::=   non_join_query_primary | joined_table

non_join_query_primary    ::=   simple_table | left_paren non_join_query_expression right_paren

simple_table    ::=
         query_specification
     | table_value_constructor
     | explicit_table

explicit_table    ::=   TABLE table_or_query_name

corresponding_spec    ::=   CORRESPONDING ( BY left_paren corresponding_column_list right_paren )?

corresponding_column_list    ::=   column_name_list

//7.14 search_or_cycle_clause (p363)
//Specify the generation of ordering and cycle detection information in the result of recursive query expressions.

search_or_cycle_clause    ::=
         search_clause
     | cycle_clause
     | search_clause cycle_clause

search_clause    ::=   SEARCH recursive_search_order SET sequence_column

recursive_search_order    ::=
         DEPTH FIRST BY sort_specification_list
     | BREADTH FIRST BY sort_specification_list

sequence_column    ::=   column_name

cycle_clause    ::=
         CYCLE cycle_column_list
         SET cycle_mark_column TO cycle_mark_value
         DEFAULT non_cycle_mark_value
         USING path_column

cycle_column_list    ::=   cycle_column ( comma cycle_column )*

cycle_column    ::=   column_name

cycle_mark_column    ::=   column_name

path_column    ::=   column_name

cycle_mark_value    ::=   value_expression

non_cycle_mark_value    ::=   value_expression

//7.15 subquery (p368)
//Specify a scalar value, a row, or a table derived from a query_expression.

scalar_subquery    ::=   subquery

row_subquery    ::=   subquery

table_subquery    ::=   subquery

subquery    ::=   left_paren query_expression right_paren

//8 Predicates
//8.1 predicate (p371)
//Specify a condition that can be evaluated to give a boolean value.

predicate    ::=
         comparison_predicate
     | between_predicate
     | in_predicate
     | like_predicate
     | similar_predicate
     | null_predicate
     | quantified_comparison_predicate
     | exists_predicate
     | unique_predicate
     | normalized_predicate
     | match_predicate
     | overlaps_predicate
     | distinct_predicate
     | member_predicate
     | submultiset_predicate
     | set_predicate
     | type_predicate

//8.2 comparison_predicate (p373)
//Specify a comparison of two row values.

comparison_predicate    ::=   row_value_predicand comparison_predicate_part_2

comparison_predicate_part_2    ::=   comp_op row_value_predicand

comp_op    ::=
         equals_operator
     | not_equals_operator
     | less_than_operator
     | greater_than_operator
     | less_than_or_equals_operator
     | greater_than_or_equals_operator

//8.3 between_predicate (p380)
//Specify a range comparison.

between_predicate    ::=   row_value_predicand between_predicate_part_2

between_predicate_part_2    ::=   NOT? BETWEEN ( ASYMMETRIC | SYMMETRIC )? row_value_predicand AND row_value_predicand

//8.4 in_predicate (p381)
//Specify a quantified comparison.

in_predicate    ::=   row_value_predicand in_predicate_part_2

in_predicate_part_2    ::=   NOT? IN in_predicate_value

in_predicate_value    ::=
         table_subquery
     | left_paren in_value_list right_paren

in_value_list    ::=   row_value_expression ( comma row_value_expression )*

//8.5 like_predicate (p383)
//Specify a pattern-match comparison.

like_predicate    ::=   character_like_predicate | octet_like_predicate

character_like_predicate    ::=   row_value_predicand character_like_predicate_part_2

character_like_predicate_part_2    ::=   NOT? LIKE character_pattern ( ESCAPE escape_character )?

character_pattern    ::=   character_value_expression

escape_character    ::=   character_value_expression

octet_like_predicate    ::=   row_value_predicand octet_like_predicate_part_2

octet_like_predicate_part_2    ::=   NOT? LIKE octet_pattern ( ESCAPE escape_octet )?

octet_pattern    ::=   blob_value_expression

escape_octet    ::=   blob_value_expression

//8.6 similar_predicate (p389)
//Specify a character string similarity by means of a regular expression.

similar_predicate    ::=   row_value_predicand similar_predicate_part_2

similar_predicate_part_2    ::=   NOT? SIMILAR TO similar_pattern ( ESCAPE escape_character )?

similar_pattern    ::=   character_value_expression

regular_expression    ::=
         regular_term
     | regular_expression vertical_bar regular_term

regular_term    ::=
         regular_factor
     | regular_term regular_factor

regular_factor    ::=
         regular_primary
     | regular_primary asterisk
     | regular_primary plus_sign
     | regular_primary question_mark
     | regular_primary repeat_factor

repeat_factor    ::=   left_brace low_value upper_limit? right_brace

upper_limit    ::=   comma high_value?

low_value    ::=   unsigned_integer

high_value    ::=   unsigned_integer

regular_primary    ::=
         character_specifier
     | percent
     | regular_character_set
     | left_paren regular_expression right_paren

character_specifier    ::=   non_escaped_character | escaped_character

non_escaped_character    ::=   //!! See the Syntax Rules.

escaped_character    ::=   //!! See the Syntax Rules.

regular_character_set    ::=
         underscore
     | left_bracket character_enumeration ... right_bracket
     | left_bracket circumflex character_enumeration ... right_bracket
     | left_bracket character_enumeration_include ... circumflex character_enumeration_exclude ... right_bracket

character_enumeration_include    ::=   character_enumeration

character_enumeration_exclude    ::=   character_enumeration

character_enumeration    ::=
         character_specifier
     | character_specifier minus_sign character_specifier
     | left_bracket colon regular_character_set_identifier colon right_bracket

regular_character_set_identifier    ::=   identifier

//8.7 null_predicate (p395)
//Specify a test for a null value.

null_predicate    ::=   row_value_predicand null_predicate_part_2

null_predicate_part_2    ::=   IS NOT? NULL

//8.8 quantified_comparison_predicate (p397)
//Specify a quantified comparison.

quantified_comparison_predicate    ::=   row_value_predicand quantified_comparison_predicate_part_2

quantified_comparison_predicate_part_2    ::=   comp_op quantifier table_subquery

quantifier    ::=   all | some

all    ::=   ALL

some    ::=   SOME | ANY

//8.9 exists_predicate (p399)
//Specify a test for a non-empty set.

exists_predicate    ::=   EXISTS table_subquery

//8.10 unique_predicate (p400)
//Specify a test for the absence of duplicate rows

unique_predicate    ::=   UNIQUE table_subquery

//8.11 normalized_predicate (p401)
//Determine whether a character string value is normalized.

normalized_predicate    ::=   string_value_expression IS NOT? NORMALIZED

//8.12 match_predicate (p402)
//Specify a test for matching rows.

match_predicate    ::=   row_value_predicand match_predicate_part_2

match_predicate_part_2    ::=   MATCH UNIQUE?( SIMPLE | PARTIAL | FULL )? table_subquery

//8.13 overlaps_predicate (p405)
//Specify a test for an overlap between two datetime periods.

overlaps_predicate    ::=   overlaps_predicate_part_1 overlaps_predicate_part_2

overlaps_predicate_part_1    ::=   row_value_predicand_1

overlaps_predicate_part_2    ::=   OVERLAPS row_value_predicand_2

row_value_predicand_1    ::=   row_value_predicand

row_value_predicand_2    ::=   row_value_predicand

//8.14 distinct_predicate (p407)
//Specify a test of whether two row values are distinct

distinct_predicate    ::=   row_value_predicand_3 distinct_predicate_part_2

distinct_predicate_part_2    ::=   IS DISTINCT FROM row_value_predicand_4

row_value_predicand_3    ::=   row_value_predicand

row_value_predicand_4    ::=   row_value_predicand

//8.15 member_predicate (p409)
//Specify a test of whether a value is a member of a multiset.

member_predicate    ::=   row_value_predicand member_predicate_part_2

member_predicate_part_2    ::=   NOT? MEMBER OF? multiset_value_expression

//8.16 submultiset_predicate (p411)
//Specify a test of whether a multiset is a submultiset of another multiset.

submultiset_predicate    ::=   row_value_predicand submultiset_predicate_part_2

submultiset_predicate_part_2    ::=   NOT? SUBMULTISET OF? multiset_value_expression

//8.17 set_predicate (p413)
//Specify a test of whether a multiset is a set (that is, does not contain any duplicates).

set_predicate    ::=   row_value_predicand set_predicate_part_2

set_predicate_part_2    ::=   IS NOT? A SET

//8.18 type_predicate (p414)
//Specify a type test.

type_predicate    ::=   row_value_predicand type_predicate_part_2

type_predicate_part_2    ::=   IS NOT? OF left_paren type_list right_paren

type_list    ::=   user_defined_type_specification ( comma user_defined_type_specification )*

user_defined_type_specification    ::=
         inclusive_user_defined_type_specification
     | exclusive_user_defined_type_specification

inclusive_user_defined_type_specification    ::=   path_resolved_user_defined_type_name

exclusive_user_defined_type_specification    ::=   ONLY path_resolved_user_defined_type_name

//8.19 search_condition (p416)
//Specify a condition that is True , False , or Unknown , depending on the value of a boolean_value_expression.

search_condition    ::=   boolean_value_expression

//9 Additional common rules
//9.1 Retrieval assignment (p417)
//9.2 Store assignment (p422)
//9.3 Data types of results of aggregations (p427)
//9.4 Subject routine determination (p430)
//9.5 Type precedence list determination (p431)
//9.6 Host parameter mode determination (p434)
//9.7 Type name determination (p436)
//9.8 Determination of identical values (p438)
//9.9 Equality operations (p440)
//9.10 Grouping operations (p443)
//9.11 Multiset element grouping operations (p445)
//9.12 Ordering operations (p447)
//9.13 Collation determination (p449)
//9.14 Execution of array-returning functions (p450)
//9.15 Execution of multiset-returning functions (p453)
//9.16 Data type identity (p454)
//9.17 Determination of a from-sql function (p456)
//9.18 Determination of a from-sql function for an overriding method (p457)
//9.19 Determination of a to-sql function (p458)
//9.20 Determination of a to-sql function for an overriding method (p459)
//9.21 Generation of the next value of a sequence generator (p460)
//9.22 Creation of a sequence generator (p461)
//9.23 Altering a sequence generator (p463)
//10 Additional common elements
//10.1 interval_qualifier (p465)
//Specify the precision of an interval data type.

interval_qualifier    ::=
         start_field TO end_field
     | single_datetime_field

start_field    ::=   non_second_primary_datetime_field ( left_paren interval_leading_field_precision right_paren )?

end_field    ::=
         non_second_primary_datetime_field
     | SECOND ( left_paren interval_fractional_seconds_precision right_paren )?

single_datetime_field    ::=
         non_second_primary_datetime_field ( left_paren interval_leading_field_precision right_paren )?
     | SECOND ( left_paren interval_leading_field_precision ( comma interval_fractional_seconds_precision )? right_paren )?

primary_datetime_field    ::=
         non_second_primary_datetime_field
     | SECOND

non_second_primary_datetime_field    ::=   YEAR | MONTH | DAY | HOUR | MINUTE

interval_fractional_seconds_precision    ::=   unsigned_integer

interval_leading_field_precision    ::=   unsigned_integer

//10.2 language_clause (p469)
//Specify a standard programming language.

language_clause    ::=   LANGUAGE language_name

language_name    ::=   ADA | C | COBOL | FORTRAN | MUMPS | PASCAL | PLI | SQL

//Table 14 -- Standard programming languages

//Language keyword	Relevant standard
//ADA	ISO/IEC 8652
//C	ISO/IEC 9899
//COBOL	ISO 1989
//FORTRAN	ISO 1539
//MUMPS	ISO/IEC 11756
//PASCAL	ISO/IEC 7185 and ISO/IEC 10206
//PLI	ISO 6160
//SQL	ISO/IEC 9075
//10.3 path_specification (p471)
//Specify an order for searching for an SQL-invoked routine.

path_specification    ::=   PATH schema_name_list

schema_name_list    ::=   schema_name ( comma schema_name )*

//10.4 routine_invocation (p472)
//Invoke an SQL-invoked routine.

routine_invocation    ::=   routine_name SQL_argument_list

routine_name    ::=   ( schema_name period )? qualified_identifier

SQL_argument_list    ::=   left_paren ( SQL_argument ( comma SQL_argument )* )? right_paren

SQL_argument    ::=
         value_expression
     | generalized_expression
     | target_specification

generalized_expression    ::=   value_expression AS path_resolved_user_defined_type_name

//10.5 character_set_specification (p495)
//Identify a character set.

character_set_specification    ::=
         standard_character_set_name
     | implementation_defined_character_set_name
     | user_defined_character_set_name

standard_character_set_name    ::=   character_set_name

implementation_defined_character_set_name    ::=   character_set_name

user_defined_character_set_name    ::=   character_set_name

//10.6 specific_routine_designator (p497)
//Specify an SQL-invoked routine.

specific_routine_designator    ::=
         SPECIFIC routine_type specific_name
             | routine_type member_name
         ( FOR schema_resolved_user_defined_type_name )?

routine_type    ::=
         ROUTINE
     | FUNCTION
     | PROCEDURE
     | ( INSTANCE | STATIC | CONSTRUCTOR )? METHOD

member_name    ::=   member_name_alternatives data_type_list?

member_name_alternatives    ::=   schema_qualified_routine_name | method_name

data_type_list    ::=   left_paren ( data_type ( comma data_type )* )? right_paren

//10.7 collate_clause (p500)
//Specify a default collating sequence.

collate_clause    ::=   COLLATE collation_name

//10.8 constraint_name_definition and constraint_characteristics (p501)
//Specify the name of a constraint and its characteristics.

constraint_name_definition    ::=   CONSTRAINT constraint_name

constraint_characteristics    ::=
         constraint_check_time ( NOT? DEFERRABLE )?
     | NOT? DEFERRABLE constraint_check_time?

constraint_check_time    ::=   INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE

//10.9 aggregate_function (p503)
//Specify a value computed from a collection of rows.

aggregate_function    ::=
         COUNT left_paren asterisk right_paren filter_clause?
     | general_set_function filter_clause?
     | binary_set_function filter_clause?
     | ordered_set_function filter_clause?

general_set_function    ::=   set_function_type left_paren set_quantifier? value_expression right_paren

set_function_type    ::=   computational_operation

computational_operation    ::=
         AVG | MAX | MIN | SUM
     | EVERY | ANY | SOME
     | COUNT
     | STDDEV_POP | STDDEV_SAMP | VAR_SAMP | VAR_POP
     | COLLECT | FUSION | INTERSECTION

set_quantifier    ::=   DISTINCT | ALL

filter_clause    ::=   FILTER left_paren WHERE search_condition right_paren

binary_set_function    ::=   binary_set_function_type left_paren dependent_variable_expression comma independent_variable_expression right_paren

binary_set_function_type    ::=
         COVAR_POP | COVAR_SAMP | CORR | REGR_SLOPE
     | REGR_INTERCEPT | REGR_COUNT | REGR_R2 | REGR_AVGX | REGR_AVGY
     | REGR_SXX | REGR_SYY | REGR_SXY

dependent_variable_expression    ::=   numeric_value_expression

independent_variable_expression    ::=   numeric_value_expression

ordered_set_function    ::=   hypothetical_set_function | inverse_distribution_function

hypothetical_set_function    ::=   rank_function_type left_paren hypothetical_set_function_value_expression_list right_paren within_group_specification

within_group_specification    ::=   WITHIN GROUP left_paren ORDER BY sort_specification_list right_paren

hypothetical_set_function_value_expression_list    ::=   value_expression ( comma value_expression )*

inverse_distribution_function    ::=   inverse_distribution_function_type left_paren inverse_distribution_function_argument right_paren within_group_specification

inverse_distribution_function_argument    ::=   numeric_value_expression

inverse_distribution_function_type    ::=   PERCENTILE_CONT | PERCENTILE_DISC

//10.10 sort_specification_list (p515)
//Specify a sort order.

sort_specification_list    ::=   sort_specification ( comma sort_specification )*

sort_specification    ::=   sort_key ordering_specification? null_ordering?

sort_key    ::=   value_expression

ordering_specification    ::=   ASC | DESC

null_ordering    ::=   NULLS FIRST | NULLS LAST

//11 Schema definition and manipulation
//11.1 schema_definition (p517)
//Define a schema.

schema_definition    ::=   CREATE SCHEMA schema_name_clause schema_character_set_or_path? schema_element?

schema_character_set_or_path    ::=
         schema_character_set_specification
     | schema_path_specification
     | schema_character_set_specification schema_path_specification
     | schema_path_specification schema_character_set_specification

schema_name_clause    ::=
         schema_name
     | AUTHORIZATION schema_authorization_identifier
     | schema_name AUTHORIZATION schema_authorization_identifier

schema_authorization_identifier    ::=   authorization_identifier

schema_character_set_specification    ::=   DEFAULT CHARACTER SET character_set_specification

schema_path_specification    ::=   path_specification

schema_element    ::=
         table_definition
     | view_definition
     | domain_definition
     | character_set_definition
     | collation_definition
     | transliteration_definition
     | assertion_definition
     | trigger_definition
     | user_defined_type_definition
     | user_defined_cast_definition
     | user_defined_ordering_definition
     | transform_definition
     | schema_routine
     | sequence_generator_definition
     | grant_statement
     | role_definition

//11.2 drop_schema_statement (p520)
//Destroy a schema.

drop_schema_statement    ::=   DROP SCHEMA schema_name drop_behavior

drop_behavior    ::=   CASCADE | RESTRICT

//11.3 table_definition (p523)
//Define a persistent base table, a created local temporary table, or a global temporary table.

table_definition    ::=
         CREATE table_scope? TABLE table_name table_contents_source
         ( ON COMMIT table_commit_action ROWS )?

table_contents_source    ::=
         table_element_list
     | OF path_resolved_user_defined_type_name subtable_clause? table_element_list?
     | as_subquery_clause

table_scope    ::=   global_or_local TEMPORARY

global_or_local    ::=   GLOBAL | LOCAL

table_commit_action    ::=   PRESERVE | DELETE

table_element_list    ::=   left_paren table_element ( comma table_element )* right_paren

table_element    ::=
         column_definition
     | table_constraint_definition
     | like_clause
     | self_referencing_column_specification
     | column_options

self_referencing_column_specification    ::=   REF IS self_referencing_column_name reference_generation

reference_generation    ::=   SYSTEM GENERATED | USER GENERATED | DERIVED

self_referencing_column_name    ::=   column_name

column_options    ::=   column_name WITH OPTIONS column_option_list

column_option_list    ::=   scope_clause? default_clause? column_constraint_definition?

subtable_clause    ::=   UNDER supertable_clause

supertable_clause    ::=   supertable_name

supertable_name    ::=   table_name

like_clause    ::=   LIKE table_name like_options?

like_options    ::=   identity_option | column_default_option

identity_option    ::=   INCLUDING IDENTITY | EXCLUDING IDENTITY

column_default_option    ::=   INCLUDING DEFAULTS | EXCLUDING DEFAULTS

as_subquery_clause    ::=   ( left_paren column_name_list right_paren )? AS subquery with_or_without_data

with_or_without_data    ::=   WITH NO DATA | WITH DATA

//11.4 column_definition (p534)
//Define a column of a base table.

column_definition    ::=
         column_name ( data_type | domain_name )? reference_scope_check?
         ( default_clause | identity_column_specification | generation_clause )?
         column_constraint_definition? collate_clause?

column_constraint_definition    ::=   constraint_name_definition? column_constraint constraint_characteristics?

column_constraint    ::=
         NOT NULL
     | unique_specification
     | references_specification
     | check_constraint_definition

reference_scope_check    ::=   REFERENCES ARE NOT? CHECKED ( ON DELETE reference_scope_check_action )?

reference_scope_check_action    ::=   referential_action

identity_column_specification    ::=
         GENERATED ( ALWAYS | BY DEFAULT ) AS IDENTITY
         ( left_paren common_sequence_generator_options right_paren )?

generation_clause    ::=   generation_rule AS generation_expression

generation_rule    ::=   GENERATED ALWAYS

generation_expression    ::=   left_paren value_expression right_paren

//11.5 default_clause (p539)
//Specify the default for a column, domain, or attribute.

default_clause    ::=   DEFAULT default_option

default_option    ::=
         literal
     | datetime_value_function
     | USER
     | CURRENT_USER
     | CURRENT_ROLE
     | SESSION_USER
     | SYSTEM_USER
     | CURRENT_PATH
     | implicitly_typed_value_specification

//11.6 table_constraint_definition (p543)
//Specify an integrity constraint.

table_constraint_definition    ::=   constraint_name_definition? table_constraint constraint_characteristics?

table_constraint    ::=
         unique_constraint_definition
     | referential_constraint_definition
     | check_constraint_definition

//11.7 unique_constraint_definition (p545)
//Specify a uniqueness constraint for a table.

unique_constraint_definition    ::=
         unique_specification left_paren unique_column_list right_paren
     | UNIQUE ( VALUE )

unique_specification    ::=   UNIQUE | PRIMARY KEY

unique_column_list    ::=   column_name_list

//11.8 referential_constraint_definition (p547)
//Specify a referential constraint.

referential_constraint_definition    ::=   FOREIGN KEY left_paren referencing_columns right_paren references_specification

references_specification    ::=   REFERENCES referenced_table_and_columns ( MATCH match_type )? referential_triggered_action?

match_type    ::=   FULL | PARTIAL | SIMPLE

referencing_columns    ::=   reference_column_list

referenced_table_and_columns    ::=   table_name ( left_paren reference_column_list right_paren )?

reference_column_list    ::=   column_name_list

referential_triggered_action    ::=   update_rule delete_rule? | delete_rule update_rule?

update_rule    ::=   ON UPDATE referential_action

delete_rule    ::=   ON DELETE referential_action

referential_action    ::=   CASCADE | SET NULL | SET DEFAULT | RESTRICT | NO ACTION

//11.9 check_constraint_definition (p567)
//Specify a condition for the SQL-data.

check_constraint_definition    ::=   CHECK left_paren search_condition right_paren

//11.10 alter_table_statement (p569)
//Change the definition of a table.

alter_table_statement    ::=   ALTER TABLE table_name alter_table_action

alter_table_action    ::=
         add_column_definition
     | alter_column_definition
     | drop_column_definition
     | add_table_constraint_definition
     | drop_table_constraint_definition

//11.11 add_column_definition (p570)
//Add a column to a table.

add_column_definition    ::=   ADD COLUMN? column_definition

//11.12 alter_column_definition (p572)
//Change a column and its definition.

alter_column_definition    ::=   ALTER COLUMN? column_name alter_column_action

alter_column_action    ::=
         set_column_default_clause
     | drop_column_default_clause
     | add_column_scope_clause
     | drop_column_scope_clause
     | alter_identity_column_specification

//11.13 set_column_default_clause (p573)
//Set the default clause for a column.

set_column_default_clause    ::=   SET default_clause

//11.14 drop_column_default_clause (p574)
//Drop the default clause from a column.

drop_column_default_clause    ::=   DROP DEFAULT

//11.15 add_column_scope_clause (p575)
//Add a non-empty scope for an existing column of data type REF in a base table.

add_column_scope_clause    ::=   ADD scope_clause

//11.16 drop_column_scope_clause (p576)
//Drop the scope from an existing column of data type REF in a base table.

drop_column_scope_clause    ::=   DROP SCOPE drop_behavior

//11.17 alter_identity_column_specification (p578)
//Change the options specified for an identity column.

alter_identity_column_specification    ::=   alter_identity_column_option ...

alter_identity_column_option    ::=
         alter_sequence_generator_restart_option
     | SET basic_sequence_generator_option

//11.18 drop_column_definition (p579)
//Destroy a column of a base table.

drop_column_definition    ::=   DROP COLUMN? column_name drop_behavior

//11.19 add_table_constraint_definition (p581)
//Add a constraint to a table.

add_table_constraint_definition    ::=   ADD table_constraint_definition

//11.20 drop_table_constraint_definition (p582)
//Destroy a constraint on a table.

drop_table_constraint_definition    ::=   DROP CONSTRAINT constraint_name drop_behavior

//11.21 drop_table_statement (p585)
//Destroy a table.

drop_table_statement    ::=   DROP TABLE table_name drop_behavior

//11.22 view_definition (p588)
//Define a viewed table.

view_definition    ::=
         CREATE RECURSIVE? VIEW table_name view_specification AS query_expression
         ( WITH levels_clause? CHECK OPTION )?

view_specification    ::=   regular_view_specification | referenceable_view_specification

regular_view_specification    ::=   ( left_paren view_column_list right_paren )?

referenceable_view_specification    ::=   OF path_resolved_user_defined_type_name subview_clause? view_element_list?

subview_clause    ::=   UNDER table_name

view_element_list    ::=   left_paren view_element ( comma view_element )* right_paren

view_element    ::=   self_referencing_column_specification | view_column_option

view_column_option    ::=   column_name WITH OPTIONS scope_clause

levels_clause    ::=   CASCADED | LOCAL

view_column_list    ::=   column_name_list

//11.23 drop_view_statement (p598)
//Destroy a view.

drop_view_statement    ::=   DROP VIEW table_name drop_behavior

//11.24 domain_definition (p601)
//Define a domain.

domain_definition    ::=
         CREATE DOMAIN domain_name AS? data_type
         default_clause? domain_constraint? collate_clause?

domain_constraint    ::=   constraint_name_definition? check_constraint_definition constraint_characteristics?

//11.25 alter_domain_statement (p603)
//Change a domain and its definition.

alter_domain_statement    ::=   ALTER DOMAIN domain_name alter_domain_action

alter_domain_action    ::=
         set_domain_default_clause
     | drop_domain_default_clause
     | add_domain_constraint_definition
     | drop_domain_constraint_definition

//11.26 set_domain_default_clause (p604)
//Set the default value in a domain.

set_domain_default_clause    ::=   SET default_clause

//11.27 drop_domain_default_clause (p605)
//Remove the default clause of a domain.

drop_domain_default_clause    ::=   DROP DEFAULT

//11.28 add_domain_constraint_definition (p606)
//Add a constraint to a domain.

add_domain_constraint_definition    ::=   ADD domain_constraint

//11.29 drop_domain_constraint_definition (p607)
//Destroy a constraint on a domain.

drop_domain_constraint_definition    ::=   DROP CONSTRAINT constraint_name

//11.30 drop_domain_statement (p608)
//Destroy a domain.

drop_domain_statement    ::=   DROP DOMAIN domain_name drop_behavior

//11.31 character_set_definition (p610)
//Define a character set.

character_set_definition    ::=
         CREATE CHARACTER SET character_set_name AS? character_set_source collate_clause?

character_set_source    ::=   GET character_set_specification

//11.32 drop_character_set_statement (p612)
//Destroy a character set.

drop_character_set_statement    ::=   DROP CHARACTER SET character_set_name

//11.33 collation_definition (p614)
//Define a collating sequence.

collation_definition    ::=
         CREATE COLLATION collation_name FOR character_set_specification
         FROM existing_collation_name pad_characteristic?

existing_collation_name    ::=   collation_name

pad_characteristic    ::=   NO PAD | PAD SPACE

//11.34 drop_collation_statement (p616)
//Destroy a collating sequence.

drop_collation_statement    ::=   DROP COLLATION collation_name drop_behavior

//11.35 transliteration_definition (p618)
//Define a character transliteration.

transliteration_definition    ::=
         CREATE TRANSLATION transliteration_name FOR source_character_set_specification
         TO target_character_set_specification FROM transliteration_source

source_character_set_specification    ::=   character_set_specification

target_character_set_specification    ::=   character_set_specification

transliteration_source    ::=   existing_transliteration_name | transliteration_routine

existing_transliteration_name    ::=   transliteration_name

transliteration_routine    ::=   specific_routine_designator

//11.36 drop_transliteration_statement (p621)
//Destroy a character transliteration.

drop_transliteration_statement    ::=   DROP TRANSLATION transliteration_name

//11.37 assertion_definition (p623)
//Specify an integrity constraint.

assertion_definition    ::=
         CREATE ASSERTION constraint_name CHECK left_paren search_condition right_paren constraint_characteristics?

//11.38 drop_assertion_statement (p625)
//Destroy an assertion.

drop_assertion_statement    ::=   DROP ASSERTION constraint_name

//11.39 trigger_definition (p627)
//Define triggered SQL-statements.

trigger_definition    ::=
         CREATE TRIGGER trigger_name trigger_action_time trigger_event
         ON table_name ( REFERENCING old_or_new_values_alias_list )?
         triggered_action

trigger_action_time    ::=   BEFORE | AFTER

trigger_event    ::=   INSERT | DELETE | UPDATE ( OF trigger_column_list )?

trigger_column_list    ::=   column_name_list

triggered_action    ::=
         ( FOR EACH ( ROW | STATEMENT ) )?
         ( WHEN left_paren search_condition right_paren )?
         triggered_SQL_statement

triggered_SQL_statement    ::=
         SQL_procedure_statement
     | BEGIN ATOMIC ( SQL_procedure_statement semicolon )* END

old_or_new_values_alias_list    ::=   old_or_new_values_alias ...

old_or_new_values_alias    ::=
         OLD ROW? AS? old_values_correlation_name
     | NEW ROW? AS? new_values_correlation_name
     | OLD TABLE AS? old_values_table_alias
     | NEW TABLE AS? new_values_table_alias

old_values_table_alias    ::=   identifier

new_values_table_alias    ::=   identifier

old_values_correlation_name    ::=   correlation_name

new_values_correlation_name    ::=   correlation_name

//11.40 drop_trigger_statement (p631)
//Destroy a trigger.

drop_trigger_statement    ::=   DROP TRIGGER trigger_name

//11.41 user_defined_type_definition (p632)
//Define a user-defined type.

user_defined_type_definition    ::=   CREATE TYPE user_defined_type_body

user_defined_type_body    ::=
         schema_resolved_user_defined_type_name subtype_clause?
         ( AS representation )? user_defined_type_option_list? method_specification_list?

user_defined_type_option_list    ::=   user_defined_type_option user_defined_type_option?

user_defined_type_option    ::=
         instantiable_clause
     | finality
     | reference_type_specification
     | ref_cast_option
     | cast_option

subtype_clause    ::=
         UNDER supertype_name

supertype_name    ::=
         path_resolved_user_defined_type_name

representation    ::=   predefined_type | member_list

member_list    ::=   left_paren member ( comma member )* right_paren

member    ::=   attribute_definition

instantiable_clause    ::=   INSTANTIABLE | NOT INSTANTIABLE

finality    ::=   FINAL | NOT FINAL

reference_type_specification    ::=
         user_defined_representation
     | derived_representation
     | system_generated_representation

user_defined_representation    ::=   REF USING predefined_type

derived_representation    ::=   REF FROM list_of_attributes

system_generated_representation    ::=   REF IS SYSTEM GENERATED

ref_cast_option    ::=   cast_to_ref? cast_to_type?

cast_to_ref    ::=   CAST left_paren SOURCE AS REF right_paren WITH cast_to_ref_identifier

cast_to_ref_identifier    ::=   identifier

cast_to_type    ::=   CAST left_paren REF AS SOURCE right_paren WITH cast_to_type_identifier

cast_to_type_identifier    ::=   identifier

list_of_attributes    ::=   left_paren attribute_name ( comma attribute_name )* right_paren

cast_option    ::=   cast_to_distinct? cast_to_source?

cast_to_distinct    ::=
         CAST left_paren SOURCE AS DISTINCT right_paren
         WITH cast_to_distinct_identifier

cast_to_distinct_identifier    ::=   identifier

cast_to_source    ::=
         CAST left_paren DISTINCT AS SOURCE right_paren
         WITH cast_to_source_identifier

cast_to_source_identifier    ::=   identifier

method_specification_list    ::=   method_specification ( comma method_specification )*

method_specification    ::=   original_method_specification | overriding_method_specification

original_method_specification    ::=
         partial_method_specification ( SELF AS RESULT )? ( SELF AS LOCATOR )? method_characteristics?

overriding_method_specification    ::=   OVERRIDING partial_method_specification

partial_method_specification    ::=
         ( INSTANCE | STATIC | CONSTRUCTOR )? METHOD method_name SQL_parameter_declaration_list
         returns_clause ( SPECIFIC specific_method_name )?

specific_method_name    ::=   ( schema_name period )? qualified_identifier_

method_characteristics    ::=   method_characteristic ...

method_characteristic    ::=
         language_clause
     | parameter_style_clause
     | deterministic_characteristic
     | SQL_data_access_indication
     | null_call_clause

//11.42 attribute_definition (p648)
//Define an attribute of a structured type.

attribute_definition    ::=
         attribute_name data_type reference_scope_check? attribute_default? collate_clause?

attribute_default    ::=   default_clause

//11.43 alter_type_statement (p650)
//Change the definition of a user-defined type.

alter_type_statement    ::= ALTER TYPE schema_resolved_user_defined_type_name alter_type_action

alter_type_action    ::=
         add_attribute_definition
     | drop_attribute_definition
     | add_original_method_specification
     | add_overriding_method_specification
     | drop_method_specification

//11.44 add_attribute_definition (p651)
//Add an attribute to a user-defined type.

add_attribute_definition    ::=   ADD ATTRIBUTE attribute_definition

//11.45 drop_attribute_definition (p653)
//Destroy an attribute of a user-defined type.

drop_attribute_definition    ::=   DROP ATTRIBUTE attribute_name RESTRICT

//11.46 add_original_method_specification (p655)
//Add an original method specification to a user-defined type.

add_original_method_specification    ::=   ADD original_method_specification

//11.47 add_overriding_method_specification (p661)
//Add an overriding method specification to a user-defined type.

add_overriding_method_specification    ::=   ADD overriding_method_specification

//11.48 drop_method_specification (p666)
//Remove a method specification from a user-defined type.

drop_method_specification    ::=   DROP specific_method_specification_designator RESTRICT

specific_method_specification_designator    ::=   ( INSTANCE | STATIC | CONSTRUCTOR )? METHOD method_name data_type_list

//11.49 drop_data_type_statement (p670)
//Destroy a user-defined type.

drop_data_type_statement    ::=   DROP TYPE schema_resolved_user_defined_type_name drop_behavior

//11.50 SQL_invoked_routine (p673)
//Define an SQL-invoked routine.

SQL_invoked_routine    ::=   schema_routine

schema_routine    ::=   schema_procedure | schema_function

schema_procedure    ::=   CREATE SQL_invoked_procedure

schema_function    ::=   CREATE SQL_invoked_function

SQL_invoked_procedure    ::=
         PROCEDURE schema_qualified_routine_name SQL_parameter_declaration_list routine_characteristics routine_body

SQL_invoked_function    ::=
         ( function_specification | method_specification_designator ) routine_body

SQL_parameter_declaration_list    ::=
         left_paren ( SQL_parameter_declaration ( comma SQL_parameter_declaration )* )? right_paren

SQL_parameter_declaration    ::=    parameter_mode? SQL_parameter_name? parameter_type RESULT?

parameter_mode    ::=   IN | OUT | INOUT

parameter_type    ::=   data_type locator_indication?

locator_indication    ::=   AS LOCATOR

function_specification    ::=
         FUNCTION schema_qualified_routine_name
         SQL_parameter_declaration_list returns_clause routine_characteristics dispatch_clause?

method_specification_designator    ::=
         SPECIFIC METHOD specific_method_name
     | ( INSTANCE | STATIC | CONSTRUCTOR )? METHOD method_name SQL_parameter_declaration_list
          returns_clause? FOR schema_resolved_user_defined_type_name

routine_characteristics    ::=    routine_characteristic?

routine_characteristic    ::=
         language_clause
     | parameter_style_clause
     | SPECIFIC specific_name
     | deterministic_characteristic
     | SQL_data_access_indication
     | null_call_clause
     | dynamic_result_sets_characteristic
     | savepoint_level_indication

savepoint_level_indication    ::=   NEW SAVEPOINT LEVEL | OLD SAVEPOINT LEVEL

dynamic_result_sets_characteristic    ::=   DYNAMIC RESULT SETS maximum_dynamic_result_sets

parameter_style_clause    ::=   PARAMETER STYLE parameter_style

dispatch_clause    ::=   STATIC DISPATCH

returns_clause    ::=   RETURNS returns_type

returns_type    ::=
         returns_data_type result_cast?
     | returns_table_type

returns_table_type    ::=   TABLE table_function_column_list

table_function_column_list    ::=
         left_paren
         table_function_column_list_element ( comma table_function_column_list_element )*
         right_paren

table_function_column_list_element    ::=   column_name data_type

result_cast    ::=   CAST FROM result_cast_from_type

result_cast_from_type    ::=   data_type  locator_indication?

returns_data_type    ::=   data_type  locator_indication?

routine_body    ::=
         SQL_routine_spec
     | external_body_reference

SQL_routine_spec    ::=    rights_clause? SQL_routine_body

rights_clause    ::=   SQL SECURITY INVOKER | SQL SECURITY DEFINER

SQL_routine_body    ::=   SQL_procedure_statement

external_body_reference    ::=
         EXTERNAL ( NAME external_routine_name )?  parameter_style_clause?
         transform_group_specification? external_security_clause?

external_security_clause    ::=
         EXTERNAL SECURITY DEFINER
     | EXTERNAL SECURITY INVOKER
     | EXTERNAL SECURITY IMPLEMENTATION DEFINED

parameter_style    ::=   SQL | GENERAL

deterministic_characteristic    ::=   DETERMINISTIC | NOT DETERMINISTIC

SQL_data_access_indication    ::=
         NO SQL
     | CONTAINS SQL
     | READS SQL DATA
     | MODIFIES SQL DATA

null_call_clause    ::=
         RETURNS NULL ON NULL INPUT
     | CALLED ON NULL INPUT

maximum_dynamic_result_sets    ::=   unsigned_integer

transform_group_specification    ::=   TRANSFORM GROUP ( single_group_specification | multiple_group_specification )

single_group_specification    ::=   group_name

multiple_group_specification    ::=   group_specification ( comma group_specification )*

group_specification    ::=   group_name FOR TYPE path_resolved_user_defined_type_name

//11.51 alter_routine_statement (p698)
//Alter a characteristic of an SQL-invoked routine.

alter_routine_statement    ::=   ALTER specific_routine_designator alter_routine_characteristics alter_routine_behavior

alter_routine_characteristics    ::=   alter_routine_characteristic ...

alter_routine_characteristic    ::=
         language_clause
     | parameter_style_clause
     | SQL_data_access_indication
     | null_call_clause
     | dynamic_result_sets_characteristic
     | NAME external_routine_name

alter_routine_behavior    ::=   RESTRICT

//11.52 drop_routine_statement (p701)
//Destroy an SQL-invoked routine.

drop_routine_statement    ::=   DROP specific_routine_designator drop_behavior

//11.53 user_defined_cast_definition (p703)
//Define a user-defined cast.

user_defined_cast_definition    ::=
         CREATE CAST left_paren source_data_type AS target_data_type right_paren
         WITH cast_function ( AS ASSIGNMENT )?

cast_function    ::=   specific_routine_designator

source_data_type    ::=   data_type

target_data_type    ::=   data_type

//11.54 drop_user_defined_cast_statement (p705)
//Destroy a user-defined cast.

drop_user_defined_cast_statement    ::=
         DROP CAST left_paren source_data_type AS target_data_type right_paren drop_behavior

//11.55 user_defined_ordering_definition (p707)
//Define a user-defined ordering for a user-defined type.

user_defined_ordering_definition    ::=
         CREATE ORDERING FOR schema_resolved_user_defined_type_name ordering_form

ordering_form    ::=   equals_ordering_form | full_ordering_form

equals_ordering_form    ::=   EQUALS ONLY BY ordering_category

full_ordering_form    ::=   ORDER FULL BY ordering_category

ordering_category    ::=   relative_category | map_category | state_category

relative_category    ::=   RELATIVE WITH relative_function_specification

map_category    ::=   MAP WITH map_function_specification

state_category    ::=   STATE  specific_name?

relative_function_specification    ::=   specific_routine_designator

map_function_specification    ::=   specific_routine_designator

//11.56 drop_user_defined_ordering_statement (p710)
//Destroy a user-defined ordering method.

drop_user_defined_ordering_statement    ::=
         DROP ORDERING FOR schema_resolved_user_defined_type_name drop_behavior

//11.57 transform_definition (p712)
//Define one or more transform functions for a user-defined type.

transform_definition    ::=   CREATE ( TRANSFORM | TRANSFORMS ) FOR schema_resolved_user_defined_type_name transform_group ...

transform_group    ::=   group_name left_paren transform_element_list right_paren

group_name    ::=   identifier

transform_element_list    ::=   transform_element ( comma transform_element )?

transform_element    ::=   to_sql | from_sql

to_sql    ::=   TO SQL WITH to_sql_function

from_sql    ::=   FROM SQL WITH from_sql_function

to_sql_function    ::=   specific_routine_designator

from_sql_function    ::=   specific_routine_designator

//11.58 alter_transform_statement (p715)
//Change the definition of one or more transform groups.

alter_transform_statement    ::=
         ALTER ( TRANSFORM | TRANSFORMS ) FOR schema_resolved_user_defined_type_name alter_group ...

alter_group    ::=   group_name left_paren alter_transform_action_list right_paren

alter_transform_action_list    ::=   alter_transform_action ( comma alter_transform_action )*

alter_transform_action    ::=   add_transform_element_list | drop_transform_element_list

//11.59 add_transform_element_list (p717)
//Add a transform element (to_sql and/or from_sql) to an existing transform group.

add_transform_element_list    ::=   ADD left_paren transform_element_list right_paren

//11.60 drop_transform_element_list (p719)
//Remove a transform element (to_sql and/or from_sql) from a transform group.

drop_transform_element_list    ::=   DROP left_paren transform_kind ( comma transform_kind )? drop_behavior right_paren

transform_kind    ::=   TO SQL | FROM SQL

//11.61 drop_transform_statement (p721)
//Remove one or more transform functions associated with a transform.

drop_transform_statement    ::=
         DROP ( TRANSFORM | TRANSFORMS ) transforms_to_be_dropped FOR schema_resolved_user_defined_type_name drop_behavior

transforms_to_be_dropped    ::=   ALL | transform_group_element

transform_group_element    ::=   group_name

//11.62 sequence_generator_definition (p724)
//Define an external sequence generator.

sequence_generator_definition    ::=   CREATE SEQUENCE sequence_generator_name  sequence_generator_options?

sequence_generator_options    ::=   sequence_generator_option ...

sequence_generator_option    ::=   sequence_generator_data_type_option | common_sequence_generator_options

common_sequence_generator_options    ::=   common_sequence_generator_option ...

common_sequence_generator_option    ::=   sequence_generator_start_with_option | basic_sequence_generator_option

basic_sequence_generator_option    ::=
         sequence_generator_increment_by_option
     | sequence_generator_maxvalue_option
     | sequence_generator_minvalue_option
     | sequence_generator_cycle_option

sequence_generator_data_type_option    ::=   AS data_type

sequence_generator_start_with_option    ::=   START WITH sequence_generator_start_value

sequence_generator_start_value    ::=   signed_numeric_literal

sequence_generator_increment_by_option    ::=   INCREMENT BY sequence_generator_increment

sequence_generator_increment    ::=   signed_numeric_literal

sequence_generator_maxvalue_option    ::=
         MAXVALUE sequence_generator_max_value
     | NO MAXVALUE

sequence_generator_max_value    ::=   signed_numeric_literal

sequence_generator_minvalue_option    ::=   MINVALUE sequence_generator_min_value | NO MINVALUE

sequence_generator_min_value    ::=   signed_numeric_literal

sequence_generator_cycle_option    ::=   CYCLE | NO CYCLE

//11.63 alter_sequence_generator_statement (p726)
//Change the definition of an external sequence generator.

alter_sequence_generator_statement    ::=
         ALTER SEQUENCE sequence_generator_name alter_sequence_generator_options

alter_sequence_generator_options    ::=   alter_sequence_generator_option ...

alter_sequence_generator_option    ::=
         alter_sequence_generator_restart_option
     | basic_sequence_generator_option

alter_sequence_generator_restart_option    ::=   RESTART WITH sequence_generator_restart_value

sequence_generator_restart_value    ::=   signed_numeric_literal

//11.64 drop_sequence_generator_statement (p727)
//Destroy an external sequence generator.

drop_sequence_generator_statement    ::=   DROP SEQUENCE sequence_generator_name drop_behavior

//12 Access control
//12.1 grant_statement (p729)
//Define privileges and role authorizations.

grant_statement    ::=   grant_privilege_statement | grant_role_statement

//12.2 grant_privilege_statement (p734)
//Define privileges.

grant_privilege_statement    ::=
         GRANT privileges TO grantee ( comma grantee )*
         ( WITH HIERARCHY OPTION )? ( WITH GRANT OPTION )? ( GRANTED BY grantor )?

//12.3 privileges (p737)
//Specify privileges.

privileges    ::=   object_privileges ON object_name

object_name    ::=
          TABLE? table_name
     | DOMAIN domain_name
     | COLLATION collation_name
     | CHARACTER SET character_set_name
     | TRANSLATION transliteration_name
     | TYPE schema_resolved_user_defined_type_name
     | SEQUENCE sequence_generator_name
     | specific_routine_designator

object_privileges    ::=
         ALL PRIVILEGES
     | action ( comma action )*

action    ::=
         SELECT
     | SELECT left_paren privilege_column_list right_paren
     | SELECT left_paren privilege_method_list right_paren
     | DELETE
     | INSERT ( left_paren privilege_column_list right_paren )?
     | UPDATE ( left_paren privilege_column_list right_paren )?
     | REFERENCES ( left_paren privilege_column_list right_paren )?
     | USAGE
     | TRIGGER
     | UNDER
     | EXECUTE

privilege_method_list    ::=   specific_routine_designator ( comma specific_routine_designator )*

privilege_column_list    ::=   column_name_list

grantee    ::=   PUBLIC | authorization_identifier

grantor    ::=   CURRENT_USER | CURRENT_ROLE

//12.4 role_definition (p741)
//Define a role.

role_definition    ::=   CREATE ROLE role_name ( WITH ADMIN grantor )?

//12.5 grant_role_statement (p742)
//Define role authorizations.

grant_role_statement    ::=
         GRANT role_granted ( comma role_granted )*
         TO grantee ( comma grantee )* ( WITH ADMIN OPTION )? ( GRANTED BY grantor )?

role_granted    ::=   role_name

//12.6 drop_role_statement (p744)
//Destroy a role.

drop_role_statement    ::=   DROP ROLE role_name

//12.7 revoke_statement (p745)
//Destroy privileges and role authorizations.

revoke_statement    ::=
         revoke_privilege_statement
     | revoke_role_statement

revoke_privilege_statement    ::=
         REVOKE  revoke_option_extension? privileges FROM grantee ( comma grantee )*
         ( GRANTED BY grantor )? drop_behavior

revoke_option_extension    ::=   GRANT OPTION FOR | HIERARCHY OPTION FOR

revoke_role_statement    ::=
         REVOKE ( ADMIN OPTION FOR )? role_revoked ( comma role_revoked )*
         FROM grantee ( comma grantee )* ( GRANTED BY grantor )? drop_behavior

role_revoked    ::=   role_name

//13 SQL-client modules
//13.1 SQL_client_module_definition (p763)
//Define an SQL-client module.

SQL_client_module_definition    ::=
         module_name_clause language_clause module_authorization_clause
          module_path_specification?
          module_transform_group_specification?
          module_collation?
          temporary_table_declaration?
         module_contents

module_authorization_clause    ::=
         SCHEMA schema_name
     | AUTHORIZATION module_authorization_identifier ( FOR STATIC ( ONLY | AND DYNAMIC ) )?
     | SCHEMA schema_name AUTHORIZATION module_authorization_identifier ( FOR STATIC ( ONLY | AND DYNAMIC ) )?

module_authorization_identifier    ::=   authorization_identifier

module_path_specification    ::=   path_specification

module_transform_group_specification    ::=   transform_group_specification

module_collation    ::=   module_collation_specification ...

module_collation_specification    ::=   COLLATION collation_name ( FOR character_set_specification_list )?

//There was another definition character_set_specification_list in section 18.3. That was slightly different in format (simpler) but functionally equivalent. It is not clear why it was repeated. The alternative definition is now commented out.

character_set_specification_list    ::=   character_set_specification ( comma character_set_specification )*

module_contents    ::=
         declare_cursor
     | dynamic_declare_cursor
     | externally_invoked_procedure

//13.2 module_name_clause (p768)
//Name an SQL-client module.

module_name_clause    ::=
         MODULE  SQL_client_module_name? module_character_set_specification?

module_character_set_specification    ::=   NAMES ARE character_set_specification

//13.3 externally_invoked_procedure (p769)
//Define an externally-invoked procedure.

externally_invoked_procedure    ::=
         PROCEDURE procedure_name host_parameter_declaration_list semicolon
         SQL_procedure_statement semicolon

host_parameter_declaration_list    ::=
         left_paren host_parameter_declaration ( comma host_parameter_declaration )* right_paren

host_parameter_declaration    ::=
         host_parameter_name host_parameter_data_type
     | status_parameter

host_parameter_data_type    ::=   data_type  locator_indication?

status_parameter    ::=   SQLSTATE

//13.4 Calls to an externally_invoked_procedure (p772)
//13.5 SQL_procedure_statement (p788)
//Define all of the SQL-statements that are SQL_procedure_statements.

SQL_procedure_statement    ::=   SQL_executable_statement

SQL_executable_statement    ::=
         SQL_schema_statement
     | SQL_data_statement
     | SQL_control_statement
     | SQL_transaction_statement
     | SQL_connection_statement
     | SQL_session_statement
     | SQL_diagnostics_statement
     | SQL_dynamic_statement

SQL_schema_statement    ::=
         SQL_schema_definition_statement
     | SQL_schema_manipulation_statement

SQL_schema_definition_statement    ::=
         schema_definition
     | table_definition
     | view_definition
     | SQL_invoked_routine
     | grant_statement
     | role_definition
     | domain_definition
     | character_set_definition
     | collation_definition
     | transliteration_definition
     | assertion_definition
     | trigger_definition
     | user_defined_type_definition
     | user_defined_cast_definition
     | user_defined_ordering_definition
     | transform_definition
     | sequence_generator_definition

SQL_schema_manipulation_statement    ::=
         drop_schema_statement
     | alter_table_statement
     | drop_table_statement
     | drop_view_statement
     | alter_routine_statement
     | drop_routine_statement
     | drop_user_defined_cast_statement
     | revoke_statement
     | drop_role_statement
     | alter_domain_statement
     | drop_domain_statement
     | drop_character_set_statement
     | drop_collation_statement
     | drop_transliteration_statement
     | drop_assertion_statement
     | drop_trigger_statement
     | alter_type_statement
     | drop_data_type_statement
     | drop_user_defined_ordering_statement
     | alter_transform_statement
     | drop_transform_statement | alter_sequence_generator_statement
     | drop_sequence_generator_statement

SQL_data_statement    ::=
         open_statement
     | fetch_statement
     | close_statement
     | select_statement__single_row
     | free_locator_statement
     | hold_locator_statement
     | SQL_data_change_statement

SQL_data_change_statement    ::=
         delete_statement__positioned
     | delete_statement__searched
     | insert_statement
     | update_statement__positioned
     | update_statement__searched
     | merge_statement

SQL_control_statement    ::=
         call_statement
     | return_statement

SQL_transaction_statement    ::=
         start_transaction_statement
     | set_transaction_statement
     | set_constraints_mode_statement
     | savepoint_statement
     | release_savepoint_statement
     | commit_statement
     | rollback_statement

SQL_connection_statement    ::=
         connect_statement
     | set_connection_statement
     | disconnect_statement

SQL_session_statement    ::=
         set_session_user_identifier_statement
     | set_role_statement
     | set_local_time_zone_statement
     | set_session_characteristics_statement
     | set_catalog_statement
     | set_schema_statement
     | set_names_statement
     | set_path_statement
     | set_transform_group_statement
     | set_session_collation_statement

SQL_diagnostics_statement    ::=   get_diagnostics_statement

SQL_dynamic_statement    ::=
         system_descriptor_statement
     | prepare_statement
     | deallocate_prepared_statement
     | describe_statement
     | execute_statement
     | execute_immediate_statement
     | SQL_dynamic_data_statement

SQL_dynamic_data_statement    ::=
         allocate_cursor_statement
     | dynamic_open_statement
     | dynamic_fetch_statement
     | dynamic_close_statement
     | dynamic_delete_statement__positioned
     | dynamic_update_statement__positioned

system_descriptor_statement    ::=
         allocate_descriptor_statement
     | deallocate_descriptor_statement
     | set_descriptor_statement
     | get_descriptor_statement

//13.6 Data type correspondences (p796)
//Table 16 -- Data type correspondences for C

//SQL Data Type	C Data Type
//SQLSTATE	char, with length 6
//CHARACTER (L)3	char, with length (L+1)*k1
//CHARACTER VARYING (L)3	char, with length (L+1)*k1
//CHARACTER LARGE OBJECT(L)
//struct {
//long hvn3_reserved
//unsigned long hvn2_length
//char3 hvn2_data[L];
//} hvn2
//BINARY LARGE OBJECT(L)
// struct {
//long hvn2_reserved
//unsigned long hvn2_length
//char hvn2_data[L];
//} hvn2
//NUMERIC(P,S)	None
//DECIMAL(P,S)	None
//SMALLINT	pointer to short
//INTEGER	pointer to long
//BIGINT	pointer to long long
//FLOAT(P)	None
//REAL	pointer to float
//DOUBLE PRECISION	pointer to double
//BOOLEAN	pointer to long
//DATE	None
//TIME(T)	None
//TIMESTAMP(T)	None
//INTERVAL(Q)	None
//user-defined type	None
//REF	char, with length N
//ROW	None
//ARRAY	None
//MULTISET	None
//1 For character set UTF16, as well as other implementation-defined character sets in which a code unit occupies two octets, k is the length in units of C unsigned short of the character encoded using the greatest number of such units in the character set; for character set UTF32, as well as other implementation-defined character sets in which a code unit occupies four octets, k is four; for other character sets, k is the length in units of C char of the character encoded using the greatest number of such units in the character set.
//2 hvn is the name of the host variable defined to correspond to the SQL data type
//3 For character set UTF16, as well as other implementation-defined character sets in which a code unit occupies two octets, char or unsigned char should be replaced with unsigned short; for character set UTF32, as well as other implementation-defined character sets in which a code unit occupies four octets, char or unsigned char should be replaced with unsigned int. Otherwise, char or unsigned char should be used.

//14 Data manipulation
//14.1 declare_cursor (p807)
//Define a cursor.

declare_cursor    ::=
         DECLARE cursor_name  cursor_sensitivity? cursor_scrollability? CURSOR
         cursor_holdability? cursor_returnability? FOR cursor_specification

cursor_sensitivity    ::=   SENSITIVE | INSENSITIVE | ASENSITIVE

cursor_scrollability    ::=   SCROLL | NO SCROLL

cursor_holdability    ::=   WITH HOLD | WITHOUT HOLD

cursor_returnability    ::=   WITH RETURN | WITHOUT RETURN

cursor_specification    ::=   query_expression  order_by_clause?  updatability_clause?

updatability_clause    ::=   FOR ( READ ONLY | UPDATE ( OF column_name_list )? )

order_by_clause    ::=   ORDER BY sort_specification_list

//14.2 open_statement (p813)
//Open a cursor.

open_statement    ::=   OPEN cursor_name

//14.3 fetch_statement (p815)
//Position a cursor on a specified row of a table and retrieve values from that row.

fetch_statement    ::=
         FETCH ( fetch_orientation? FROM )? cursor_name INTO fetch_target_list

fetch_orientation    ::=
         NEXT
     | PRIOR
     | FIRST
     | LAST
     | ( ABSOLUTE | RELATIVE ) simple_value_specification

fetch_target_list    ::=   target_specification ( comma target_specification )*

//14.4 close_statement (p820)
//Close a cursor.

close_statement    ::=   CLOSE cursor_name

//14.5 select_statement__single_row (p822)
//Retrieve values from a specified row of a table.

select_statement__single_row    ::=
         SELECT  set_quantifier? select_list INTO select_target_list table_expression

select_target_list    ::=   target_specification ( comma target_specification )*

//14.6 delete_statement__positioned (p826)
//Delete a row of a table.

delete_statement__positioned    ::=   DELETE FROM target_table WHERE CURRENT OF cursor_name

target_table    ::=
         table_name
     | ONLY left_paren table_name right_paren

//14.7 delete_statement__searched (p829)
//Delete rows of a table.

delete_statement__searched    ::=   DELETE FROM target_table ( WHERE search_condition )?

//14.8 insert_statement (p832)
//Create new rows in a table.

insert_statement    ::=   INSERT INTO insertion_target insert_columns_and_source

insertion_target    ::=   table_name

insert_columns_and_source    ::=
         from_subquery
     | from_constructor
     | from_default

from_subquery    ::=   ( left_paren insert_column_list right_paren )? override_clause query_expression

from_constructor    ::=
         ( left_paren insert_column_list right_paren )  override_clause? contextually_typed_table_value_constructor

override_clause    ::=   OVERRIDING USER VALUE | OVERRIDING SYSTEM VALUE

from_default    ::=   DEFAULT VALUES

insert_column_list    ::=   column_name_list

//14.9 merge_statement (p837)
//Conditionally update rows of a table, or insert new rows into a table, or both.

merge_statement    ::=
         MERGE INTO target_table ( AS? merge_correlation_name )?
         USING table_reference ON search_condition merge_operation_specification

merge_correlation_name    ::=   correlation_name

merge_operation_specification    ::=   merge_when_clause ...

merge_when_clause    ::=   merge_when_matched_clause | merge_when_not_matched_clause

merge_when_matched_clause    ::=   WHEN MATCHED THEN merge_update_specification

merge_when_not_matched_clause    ::=   WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN merge_insert_specification

merge_update_specification    ::=   UPDATE SET set_clause_list

merge_insert_specification    ::=
         INSERT ( left_paren insert_column_list right_paren )?
          override_clause? VALUES merge_insert_value_list

merge_insert_value_list    ::=
         left_paren merge_insert_value_element ( comma merge_insert_value_element )* right_paren

merge_insert_value_element    ::=   value_expression | contextually_typed_value_specification

//14.10 update_statement__positioned (p844)
//Update a row of a table.

update_statement__positioned    ::=   UPDATE target_table SET set_clause_list WHERE CURRENT OF cursor_name

//14.11 update_statement__searched (p847)
//Update rows of a table.

update_statement__searched    ::=   UPDATE target_table SET set_clause_list ( WHERE search_condition )?

//14.12 set_clause_list (p851)
//Specify a list of updates.

set_clause_list    ::=   set_clause ( comma set_clause )*

set_clause    ::=
         multiple_column_assignment
     | set_target equals_operator update_source

set_target    ::=   update_target | mutated_set_clause

multiple_column_assignment    ::=   set_target_list equals_operator assigned_row

set_target_list    ::=   left_paren set_target ( comma set_target )* right_paren

assigned_row    ::=   contextually_typed_row_value_expression

update_target    ::=
         object_column
     | object_column left_bracket_or_trigraph simple_value_specification right_bracket_or_trigraph

object_column    ::=   column_name

mutated_set_clause    ::=   mutated_target period method_name

mutated_target    ::=   object_column | mutated_set_clause

update_source    ::=   value_expression | contextually_typed_value_specification

//14.13 temporary_table_declaration (p856)
//Declare a declared local temporary table.

temporary_table_declaration    ::=
         DECLARE LOCAL TEMPORARY TABLE table_name table_element_list
         ( ON COMMIT table_commit_action ROWS )?

//14.14 free_locator_statement (p858)
//Remove the association between a locator variable and the value that is represented by that locator.

free_locator_statement    ::=   FREE LOCATOR locator_reference ( comma locator_reference )*

locator_reference    ::=   host_parameter_name | embedded_variable_name

//14.15 hold_locator_statement (p859)
//Mark a locator variable as being holdable.

hold_locator_statement    ::=   HOLD LOCATOR locator_reference ( comma locator_reference )*

//14.16 Effect of deleting rows from base tables (p860)
//14.17 Effect of deleting some rows from a derived table (p862)
//14.18 Effect of deleting some rows from a viewed table (p864)
//14.19 Effect of inserting tables into base tables (p865)
//14.20 Effect of inserting a table into a derived table (p867)
//14.21 Effect of inserting a table into a viewed table (p869)
//14.22 Effect of replacing rows in base tables (p871)
//14.23 Effect of replacing some rows in a derived table (p874)
//14.24 Effect of replacing some rows in a viewed table (p877)
//14.25 Execution of BEFORE triggers (p879)
//14.26 Execution of AFTER triggers (p880)
//14.27 Execution of triggers (p881)
//15 Control statements
//15.1 call_statement (p883)
//Invoke an SQL-invoked routine.

call_statement    ::=   CALL routine_invocation

//15.2 return_statement (p884)
//Return a value from an SQL function.

return_statement    ::=   RETURN return_value

return_value    ::=   value_expression | NULL

//16 Transaction management
//16.1 start_transaction_statement (p885)
//Start an SQL-transaction and set its characteristics.

start_transaction_statement    ::=   START TRANSACTION ( transaction_mode ( comma transaction_mode )* )?

transaction_mode    ::=   isolation_level | transaction_access_mode | diagnostics_size

transaction_access_mode    ::=   READ ONLY | READ WRITE

isolation_level    ::=   ISOLATION LEVEL level_of_isolation

level_of_isolation    ::=   READ UNCOMMITTED | READ COMMITTED | REPEATABLE READ | SERIALIZABLE

diagnostics_size    ::=   DIAGNOSTICS SIZE number_of_conditions

number_of_conditions    ::=   simple_value_specification

//16.2 set_transaction_statement (p888)
//Set the characteristics of the next SQL-transaction for the SQL-agent. NOTE 402 - This statement has no effect on any SQL-transactions subsequent to the next SQL-transaction.

set_transaction_statement    ::=   SET  LOCAL? transaction_characteristics

transaction_characteristics    ::=   TRANSACTION transaction_mode ( comma transaction_mode )*

//16.3 set_constraints_mode_statement (p890)
//If an SQL-transaction is currently active, then set the constraint mode for that SQL-transaction in the current SQL-session. If no SQL-transaction is currently active, then set the constraint mode for the next SQL-transaction in the current SQL-session for the SQL-agent. NOTE 404: This statement has no effect on any SQL-transactions subsequent to this SQL-transaction.

set_constraints_mode_statement    ::=   SET CONSTRAINTS constraint_name_list ( DEFERRED | IMMEDIATE )

constraint_name_list    ::=   ALL | constraint_name ( comma constraint_name )*

//16.4 savepoint_statement (p892)
//Establish a savepoint.

savepoint_statement    ::=   SAVEPOINT savepoint_specifier

savepoint_specifier    ::=   savepoint_name

//16.5 release_savepoint_statement (p893)
//Destroy a savepoint.

release_savepoint_statement    ::=   RELEASE SAVEPOINT savepoint_specifier

//16.6 commit_statement (p894)
//Terminate the current SQL-transaction with commit.

commit_statement    ::=   COMMIT WORK? ( AND NO? CHAIN )?

//16.7 rollback_statement (p896)
//Terminate the current SQL-transaction with rollback, or rollback all actions affecting SQL-data and/or schemas since the establishment of a savepoint.

rollback_statement    ::=   ROLLBACK  WORK? ( AND NO? CHAIN )?  savepoint_clause?

savepoint_clause    ::=   TO SAVEPOINT savepoint_specifier

//17 Connection management
//17.1 connect_statement (p899)
//Establish an SQL-session.

connect_statement    ::=   CONNECT TO connection_target

connection_target    ::=
         SQL_server_name ( AS connection_name )? ( USER connection_user_name )?
     | DEFAULT

//17.2 set_connection_statement (p902)
//Select an SQL-connection from the available SQL-connections.

set_connection_statement    ::=   SET CONNECTION connection_object

connection_object    ::=   DEFAULT | connection_name

//17.3 disconnect_statement (p904)
//Terminate an SQL-connection.

disconnect_statement    ::=   DISCONNECT disconnect_object

disconnect_object    ::=   connection_object | ALL | CURRENT

//18 Session management
//18.1 set_session_characteristics_statement (p907)
//Set one or more characteristics for the current SQL-session.

set_session_characteristics_statement    ::=   SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS AS session_characteristic_list

session_characteristic_list    ::=   session_characteristic ( comma session_characteristic )*

session_characteristic    ::=   transaction_characteristics

//18.2 set_session_user_identifier_statement (p908)
//Set the SQL-session user identifier and the current user identifier of the current SQL-session context.

set_session_user_identifier_statement    ::=   SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION value_specification

//18.3 set_role_statement (p909)
//Set the current role name for the current SQL-session context.

set_role_statement    ::=   SET ROLE role_specification

role_specification    ::=   value_specification | NONE

//18.4 set_local_time_zone_statement (p911)
//Set the default local time zone displacement for the current SQL-session.

set_local_time_zone_statement    ::=   SET TIME ZONE set_time_zone_value

set_time_zone_value    ::=   interval_value_expression | LOCAL

//18.5 set_catalog_statement (p912)
//Set the default catalog name for unqualified schema_names in preparable_statements that are prepared in the current SQL-session by an execute_immediate_statement or a prepare_statement and in direct_SQL_statements that are invoked directly.

set_catalog_statement    ::=   SET catalog_name_characteristic

catalog_name_characteristic    ::=   CATALOG value_specification

//18.6 set_schema_statement (p913)
//Set the default schema name for unqualified schema_qualified_names in preparable_statements that are prepared in the current SQL-session by an execute_immediate_statement or a prepare_statement and in direct_SQL_statements that are invoked directly.

set_schema_statement    ::=   SET schema_name_characteristic

schema_name_characteristic    ::=   SCHEMA value_specification

//18.7 set_names_statement (p915)
//Set the default character set name for character_string_literals in preparable_statements that are prepared in the current SQL-session by an execute_immediate_statement or a prepare_statement and in direct_SQL_statements that are invoked directly.

set_names_statement    ::=   SET character_set_name_characteristic

character_set_name_characteristic    ::=   NAMES value_specification

//18.8 set_path_statement (p916)
//Set the SQL-path used to determine the subject routine of routine_invocations with unqualified routine_names in preparable_statements that are prepared in the current SQL-session by an execute_immediate_statement or a prepare_statement and in direct_SQL_statements, respectively, that are invoked directly. The SQL-path remains the current SQL-path of the SQLsession until another SQL-path is successfully set.

set_path_statement    ::=   SET SQL_path_characteristic

SQL_path_characteristic    ::=   PATH value_specification

//18.9 set_transform_group_statement (p917)
//Set the group name that identifies the group of transform functions for mapping values of userdefined types to predefined data types.

set_transform_group_statement    ::=   SET transform_group_characteristic

transform_group_characteristic    ::=
         DEFAULT TRANSFORM GROUP value_specification
     | TRANSFORM GROUP FOR TYPE path_resolved_user_defined_type_name value_specification

//18.10 set_session_collation_statement (p918)
//Set the SQL-session collation of the SQL-session for one or more character sets. An SQL-session collation remains effective until another SQL-session collation for the same character set is successfully set.

set_session_collation_statement    ::=
         SET COLLATION collation_specification ( FOR character_set_specification_list )?
     | SET NO COLLATION ( FOR character_set_specification_list )?
collation_specification    ::=   value_specification

//19 Dynamic SQL
//19.1 Description of SQL descriptor areas (p921)
//19.2 allocate_descriptor_statement (p931)
//Allocate an SQL descriptor area.

allocate_descriptor_statement    ::=   ALLOCATE  SQL? DESCRIPTOR descriptor_name ( WITH MAX occurrences )?

occurrences    ::=   simple_value_specification

//19.3 deallocate_descriptor_statement (p933)
//Deallocate an SQL descriptor area.

deallocate_descriptor_statement    ::=   DEALLOCATE  SQL? DESCRIPTOR descriptor_name

//19.4 get_descriptor_statement (p934)
//Get information from an SQL descriptor area.

get_descriptor_statement    ::=   GET  SQL? DESCRIPTOR descriptor_name get_descriptor_information

get_descriptor_information    ::=
         get_header_information ( comma get_header_information )*
     | VALUE item_number get_item_information ( comma get_item_information )*

get_header_information    ::=   simple_target_specification_1 equals_operator header_item_name

header_item_name    ::=   COUNT | KEY_TYPE | DYNAMIC_FUNCTION | DYNAMIC_FUNCTION_CODE | TOP_LEVEL_COUNT

get_item_information    ::=   simple_target_specification_2 equals_operator descriptor_item_name

//The rule for item_number was repeated verbatim in section 19.5. That rule is now omitted.

item_number    ::=   simple_value_specification

simple_target_specification_1    ::=   simple_target_specification

simple_target_specification_2    ::=   simple_target_specification

descriptor_item_name    ::=
         CARDINALITY
     | CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG
     | CHARACTER_SET_NAME
     | CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA
     | COLLATION_CATALOG
     | COLLATION_NAME
     | COLLATION_SCHEMA
     | DATA
     | DATETIME_INTERVAL_CODE
     | DATETIME_INTERVAL_PRECISION
     | DEGREE
     | INDICATOR
     | KEY_MEMBER
     | LENGTH
     | LEVEL
     | NAME
     | NULLABLE
     | OCTET_LENGTH
     | PARAMETER_MODE
     | PARAMETER_ORDINAL_POSITION
     | PARAMETER_SPECIFIC_CATALOG
     | PARAMETER_SPECIFIC_NAME
     | PARAMETER_SPECIFIC_SCHEMA
     | PRECISION
     | RETURNED_CARDINALITY
     | RETURNED_LENGTH
     | RETURNED_OCTET_LENGTH
     | SCALE
     | SCOPE_CATALOG
     | SCOPE_NAME
     | SCOPE_SCHEMA
     | TYPE
     | UNNAMED
     | USER_DEFINED_TYPE_CATALOG
     | USER_DEFINED_TYPE_NAME
     | USER_DEFINED_TYPE_SCHEMA
     | USER_DEFINED_TYPE_CODE

//19.5 set_descriptor_statement (p937)
//Set information in an SQL descriptor area.

set_descriptor_statement    ::=   SET  SQL? DESCRIPTOR descriptor_name set_descriptor_information

set_descriptor_information    ::=
         set_header_information ( comma set_header_information )*
     | VALUE item_number set_item_information ( comma set_item_information )*

set_header_information    ::=   header_item_name equals_operator simple_value_specification_1

set_item_information    ::=   descriptor_item_name equals_operator simple_value_specification_2

simple_value_specification_1    ::=   simple_value_specification

simple_value_specification_2    ::=   simple_value_specification
//19.6 prepare_statement (p941)
//Prepare a statement for execution.

prepare_statement    ::=
         PREPARE SQL_statement_name  attributes_specification? FROM SQL_statement_variable

attributes_specification    ::=   ATTRIBUTES attributes_variable

attributes_variable    ::=   simple_value_specification

SQL_statement_variable    ::=   simple_value_specification

preparable_statement    ::=
         preparable_SQL_data_statement
     | preparable_SQL_schema_statement
     | preparable_SQL_transaction_statement
     | preparable_SQL_control_statement
     | preparable_SQL_session_statement
     | preparable_implementation_defined_statement

preparable_SQL_data_statement    ::=
         delete_statement__searched
     | dynamic_single_row_select_statement
     | insert_statement
     | dynamic_select_statement
     | update_statement__searched
     | merge_statement
     | preparable_dynamic_delete_statement__positioned
     | preparable_dynamic_update_statement__positioned

preparable_SQL_schema_statement    ::=   SQL_schema_statement

preparable_SQL_transaction_statement    ::=   SQL_transaction_statement

preparable_SQL_control_statement    ::=   SQL_control_statement

preparable_SQL_session_statement    ::=   SQL_session_statement

dynamic_select_statement    ::=   cursor_specification

preparable_implementation_defined_statement    ::=   //!! See the Syntax Rules.

//19.7 cursor_attributes (p953)
//Specify a list of cursor attributes.

cursor_attributes    ::=   cursor_attribute ...

cursor_attribute    ::=
         cursor_sensitivity
     | cursor_scrollability
     | cursor_holdability
     | cursor_returnability

//19.8 deallocate_prepared_statement (p954)
//Deallocate SQL-statements that have been prepared with a prepare_statement.

deallocate_prepared_statement    ::=   DEALLOCATE PREPARE SQL_statement_name

//19.9 describe_statement (p955)
//Obtain information about the select_list columns or dynamic_parameter_specifications contained in a prepared statement or about the columns of the result set associated with a cursor.

describe_statement    ::=   describe_input_statement | describe_output_statement

describe_input_statement    ::=   DESCRIBE INPUT SQL_statement_name using_descriptor  nesting_option?

describe_output_statement    ::=   DESCRIBE  OUTPUT? described_object using_descriptor  nesting_option?

nesting_option    ::=   WITH NESTING | WITHOUT NESTING

using_descriptor    ::=   USING  SQL? DESCRIPTOR descriptor_name

described_object    ::=
         SQL_statement_name
     | CURSOR extended_cursor_name STRUCTURE

//19.10 input_using_clause (p961)
//Supply input values for an SQL_dynamic_statement.

input_using_clause    ::=   using_arguments | using_input_descriptor

using_arguments    ::=   USING using_argument ( comma using_argument )*

using_argument    ::=   general_value_specification

using_input_descriptor    ::=   using_descriptor

//19.11 output_using_clause (p965)
//Supply output variables for an SQL_dynamic_statement.

output_using_clause    ::=   into_arguments | into_descriptor

into_arguments    ::=   INTO into_argument ( comma into_argument )*

into_argument    ::=   target_specification

into_descriptor    ::=   INTO  SQL? DESCRIPTOR descriptor_name

//19.12 execute_statement (p970)
//Associate input SQL parameters and output targets with a prepared statement and execute the statement.

execute_statement    ::=   EXECUTE SQL_statement_name  result_using_clause?  parameter_using_clause?

result_using_clause    ::=   output_using_clause

parameter_using_clause    ::=   input_using_clause

//19.13 execute_immediate_statement (p972)
//Dynamically prepare and execute a preparable statement.

execute_immediate_statement    ::=   EXECUTE IMMEDIATE SQL_statement_variable

//19.14 dynamic_declare_cursor (p973)
//Declare a cursor to be associated with a statement_name, which may in turn be associated with a cursor_specification.

dynamic_declare_cursor    ::=
         DECLARE cursor_name  cursor_sensitivity?  cursor_scrollability? CURSOR
          cursor_holdability?  cursor_returnability? FOR statement_name

//19.15 allocate_cursor_statement (p974)
//Define a cursor based on a prepared statement for a cursor_specification or assign a cursor to the ordered set of result sets returned from an SQL-invoked procedure.

allocate_cursor_statement    ::=   ALLOCATE extended_cursor_name cursor_intent

cursor_intent    ::=   statement_cursor | result_set_cursor

statement_cursor    ::=
          cursor_sensitivity?  cursor_scrollability? CURSOR
          cursor_holdability ?  cursor_returnability? FOR extended_statement_name

result_set_cursor    ::=   FOR PROCEDURE specific_routine_designator

//19.16 dynamic_open_statement (p976)
//Associate input dynamic parameters with a cursor_specification and open the cursor.

dynamic_open_statement    ::=   OPEN dynamic_cursor_name  input_using_clause?

//19.17 dynamic_fetch_statement (p977)
//Fetch a row for a cursor declared with a dynamic_declare_cursor.

dynamic_fetch_statement    ::=   FETCH ( fetch_orientation? FROM )? dynamic_cursor_name output_using_clause

//19.18 dynamic_single_row_select_statement (p978)
//Retrieve values from a dynamically-specified row of a table.

dynamic_single_row_select_statement    ::=   query_specification

//19.19 dynamic_close_statement (p979)
//Close a cursor.

dynamic_close_statement    ::=   CLOSE dynamic_cursor_name

//19.20 dynamic_delete_statement__positioned (p980)
//Delete a row of a table.

dynamic_delete_statement__positioned    ::=   DELETE FROM target_table WHERE CURRENT OF dynamic_cursor_name

//19.21 dynamic_update_statement__positioned (p982)
//Update a row of a table.

dynamic_update_statement__positioned    ::=
         UPDATE target_table SET set_clause_list WHERE CURRENT OF dynamic_cursor_name

//19.22 preparable_dynamic_delete_statement__positioned (p984)
//Delete a row of a table through a dynamic cursor.

preparable_dynamic_delete_statement__positioned    ::=
         DELETE ( FROM target_table )? WHERE CURRENT OF  scope_option? cursor_name

//19.23 preparable_dynamic_update_statement__positioned (p986)
//Update a row of a table through a dynamic cursor.

preparable_dynamic_update_statement__positioned    ::=
         UPDATE  target_table? SET set_clause_list WHERE CURRENT OF  scope_option? cursor_name

//20 Embedded SQL
//20.1 embedded_SQL_host_program (p989)
//Specify an embedded_SQL_host_program.

embedded_SQL_host_program    ::=
         embedded_SQL_Ada_program
     | embedded_SQL_C_program
     | embedded_SQL_COBOL_program
     | embedded_SQL_Fortran_program
     | embedded_SQL_MUMPS_program
     | embedded_SQL_Pascal_program
     | embedded_SQL_PL_I_program

embedded_SQL_statement    ::=   SQL_prefix statement_or_declaration  SQL_terminator?

statement_or_declaration    ::=
         declare_cursor
     | dynamic_declare_cursor
     | temporary_table_declaration
     | embedded_authorization_declaration
     | embedded_path_specification
     | embedded_transform_group_specification
     | embedded_collation_specification
     | embedded_exception_declaration
     | handler_declaration
     | SQL_procedure_statement

SQL_prefix    ::=   EXEC SQL | ampersand SQL left_paren

SQL_terminator    ::=   END-EXEC | semicolon | right_paren

embedded_authorization_declaration    ::=   DECLARE embedded_authorization_clause

embedded_authorization_clause    ::=
         SCHEMA schema_name
     | AUTHORIZATION embedded_authorization_identifier ( FOR STATIC ( ONLY | AND DYNAMIC ) )?
     | SCHEMA schema_name AUTHORIZATION embedded_authorization_identifier ( FOR STATIC ( ONLY | AND DYNAMIC ) )?

embedded_authorization_identifier    ::=   module_authorization_identifier

embedded_path_specification    ::=   path_specification

embedded_transform_group_specification    ::=   transform_group_specification

embedded_collation_specification    ::=   module_collation

embedded_SQL_declare_section    ::=
         embedded_SQL_begin_declare ( embedded_character_set_declaration )?  host_variable_definition? embedded_SQL_end_declare
     | embedded_SQL_MUMPS_declare

embedded_character_set_declaration    ::=   SQL NAMES ARE character_set_specification

embedded_SQL_begin_declare    ::=   SQL_prefix BEGIN DECLARE SECTION  SQL_terminator?

embedded_SQL_end_declare    ::=   SQL_prefix END DECLARE SECTION  SQL_terminator?

embedded_SQL_MUMPS_declare    ::=
         SQL_prefix BEGIN DECLARE SECTION  embedded_character_set_declaration?
          host_variable_definition? END DECLARE SECTION SQL_terminator

host_variable_definition    ::=
         Ada_variable_definition
     | C_variable_definition
     | COBOL_variable_definition
     | Fortran_variable_definition
     | MUMPS_variable_definition
     | Pascal_variable_definition
     | PL_I_variable_definition

embedded_variable_name    ::=   colon host_identifier

host_identifier    ::=
         Ada_host_identifier
     | C_host_identifier
     | COBOL_host_identifier
     | Fortran_host_identifier
     | MUMPS_host_identifier
     | Pascal_host_identifier
     | PL_I_host_identifier

//20.2 embedded_exception_declaration (p1001)
//Specify the action to be taken when an SQL-statement causes a specific class of condition to be raised.

embedded_exception_declaration    ::=   WHENEVER condition condition_action

condition    ::=   SQL_condition

SQL_condition    ::=
         major_category
     | SQLSTATE ( SQLSTATE_class_value ( ',' SQLSTATE_subclass_value )? )
     | CONSTRAINT constraint_name

major_category    ::=   SQLEXCEPTION | SQLWARNING | NOT FOUND

SQLSTATE_class_value    ::=   SQLSTATE_char SQLSTATE_char //!! See the Syntax Rules.

SQLSTATE_subclass_value    ::=   SQLSTATE_char SQLSTATE_char SQLSTATE_char //!! See the Syntax Rules.

SQLSTATE_char    ::=   simple_Latin_upper_case_letter | digit

condition_action    ::=   CONTINUE | go_to

go_to    ::=   ( GOTO | GO TO ) goto_target

goto_target    ::=
         host_label_identifier
     | unsigned_integer
     | host_PL_I_label_variable

host_label_identifier    ::=   //!! See the Syntax Rules.

host_PL_I_label_variable    ::=   //!! See the Syntax Rules.

//20.3 embedded_SQL_Ada_program (p1005)
//Specify an embedded_SQL_Ada_program.

embedded_SQL_Ada_program    ::=   //!! See the Syntax Rules.

Ada_variable_definition    ::=
         Ada_host_identifier ( comma Ada_host_identifier )* colon Ada_type_specification  Ada_initial_value?

Ada_initial_value    ::=   Ada_assignment_operator character_representation ...

Ada_assignment_operator    ::=   colon equals_operator

Ada_host_identifier    ::=   //!! See the Syntax Rules.

Ada_type_specification    ::=
         Ada_qualified_type_specification
     | Ada_unqualified_type_specification
     | Ada_derived_type_specification

Ada_qualified_type_specification    ::=
         Interfaces.SQL period CHAR ( CHARACTER SET  IS? character_set_specification )?
         left_paren  double_period length right_paren
     | Interfaces.SQL period SMALLINT
     | Interfaces.SQL period INT
     | Interfaces.SQL period BIGINT
     | Interfaces.SQL period REAL
     | Interfaces.SQL period DOUBLE_PRECISION
     | Interfaces.SQL period BOOLEAN
     | Interfaces.SQL period SQLSTATE_TYPE
     | Interfaces.SQL period INDICATOR_TYPE

Ada_unqualified_type_specification    ::=
         CHAR left_paren  double_period length right_paren
     | SMALLINT
     | INT
     | BIGINT
     | REAL
     | DOUBLE_PRECISION
     | BOOLEAN
     | SQLSTATE_TYPE
     | INDICATOR_TYPE

Ada_derived_type_specification    ::=
         Ada_CLOB_variable
     | Ada_CLOB_locator_variable
     | Ada_BLOB_variable
     | Ada_BLOB_locator_variable
     | Ada_user_defined_type_variable
     | Ada_user_defined_type_locator_variable
     | Ada_REF_variable
     | Ada_array_locator_variable
     | Ada_multiset_locator_variable

Ada_CLOB_variable    ::=
         SQL TYPE IS CLOB left_paren large_object_length right_paren ( CHARACTER SET  IS? character_set_specification )?

Ada_CLOB_locator_variable    ::=   SQL TYPE IS CLOB AS LOCATOR

Ada_BLOB_variable    ::=   SQL TYPE IS BLOB left_paren large_object_length right_paren

Ada_BLOB_locator_variable    ::=   SQL TYPE IS BLOB AS LOCATOR

Ada_user_defined_type_variable    ::=   SQL TYPE IS path_resolved_user_defined_type_name AS predefined_type

Ada_user_defined_type_locator_variable    ::=   SQL TYPE IS path_resolved_user_defined_type_name AS LOCATOR

Ada_REF_variable    ::=   SQL TYPE IS reference_type

Ada_array_locator_variable    ::=   SQL TYPE IS array_type AS LOCATOR

Ada_multiset_locator_variable    ::=   SQL TYPE IS multiset_type AS LOCATOR

//20.4 embedded_SQL_C_program (p1011)
//Specify an embedded_SQL_C_program.

embedded_SQL_C_program    ::=   //!! See the Syntax Rules.

C_variable_definition    ::=    C_storage_class?  C_class_modifier? C_variable_specification semicolon

C_variable_specification    ::=   C_numeric_variable | C_character_variable | C_derived_variable

C_storage_class    ::=   auto | extern | static

C_class_modifier    ::=   const | volatile

//It is curious that the C types in SQL 2003 don't include the C keywords int or signed. It is slightly less surprising that the grammar doesn't include C99 keywords such as restrict.

C_numeric_variable    ::=
         ( long long | long | short | float | double ) C_host_identifier  C_initial_value?
         ( comma C_host_identifier  C_initial_value? )*

C_character_variable    ::=
         C_character_type ( CHARACTER SET  IS? character_set_specification )?
         C_host_identifier C_array_specification  C_initial_value?
         ( comma C_host_identifier C_array_specification  C_initial_value? )*

C_character_type    ::=   char | unsigned char | unsigned short

C_array_specification    ::=   left_bracket length right_bracket

C_host_identifier    ::=   //!! See the Syntax Rules.

C_derived_variable    ::=
         C_VARCHAR_variable
     | C_NCHAR_variable
     | C_NCHAR_VARYING_variable
     | C_CLOB_variable
     | C_NCLOB_variable
     | C_BLOB_variable
     | C_user_defined_type_variable
     | C_CLOB_locator_variable
     | C_BLOB_locator_variable
     | C_array_locator_variable
     | C_multiset_locator_variable
     | C_user_defined_type_locator_variable
     | C_REF_variable

C_VARCHAR_variable    ::=
         VARCHAR ( CHARACTER SET  IS? character_set_specification )?
         C_host_identifier C_array_specification  C_initial_value?
         ( comma C_host_identifier C_array_specification  C_initial_value? )*

C_NCHAR_variable    ::=
         NCHAR ( CHARACTER SET  IS? character_set_specification )
         C_host_identifier C_array_specification  C_initial_value?
         ( comma C_host_identifier C_array_specification  C_initial_value? )*

C_NCHAR_VARYING_variable    ::=
         NCHAR VARYING ( CHARACTER SET  IS? character_set_specification )*
         C_host_identifier C_array_specification  C_initial_value?
         ( comma C_host_identifier C_array_specification  C_initial_value? )*

C_CLOB_variable    ::=
         SQL TYPE IS CLOB left_paren large_object_length right_paren
         ( CHARACTER SET IS? character_set_specification )?
         C_host_identifier  C_initial_value?
         ( comma C_host_identifier  C_initial_value? )*

C_NCLOB_variable    ::=
         SQL TYPE IS NCLOB left_paren large_object_length right_paren
         ( CHARACTER SET IS? character_set_specification )?
         C_host_identifier  C_initial_value?
         ( comma C_host_identifier  C_initial_value? )*

C_user_defined_type_variable    ::=
         SQL TYPE IS path_resolved_user_defined_type_name AS predefined_type
         C_host_identifier  C_initial_value?
         ( comma C_host_identifier  C_initial_value? )*

C_BLOB_variable    ::=
         SQL TYPE IS BLOB left_paren large_object_length right_paren
         C_host_identifier  C_initial_value?
         ( comma C_host_identifier  C_initial_value? )*

C_CLOB_locator_variable    ::=
         SQL TYPE IS CLOB AS LOCATOR
         C_host_identifier  C_initial_value?
         ( comma C_host_identifier  C_initial_value? )?

C_BLOB_locator_variable    ::=
         SQL TYPE IS BLOB AS LOCATOR
         C_host_identifier  C_initial_value?
         ( comma C_host_identifier  C_initial_value? )?

C_array_locator_variable    ::=
         SQL TYPE IS array_type AS LOCATOR
         C_host_identifier  C_initial_value?
         ( comma C_host_identifier  C_initial_value? )?

C_multiset_locator_variable    ::=
         SQL TYPE IS multiset_type AS LOCATOR
         C_host_identifier  C_initial_value?
         ( comma C_host_identifier  C_initial_value? )?

C_user_defined_type_locator_variable    ::=
         SQL TYPE IS
         path_resolved_user_defined_type_name AS LOCATOR
         C_host_identifier  C_initial_value?
         ( comma C_host_identifier  C_initial_value? )*

C_REF_variable    ::=   SQL TYPE IS reference_type

C_initial_value    ::=   equals_operator character_representation ...

//20.5 embedded_SQL_COBOL_program (p1019)
//Specify an embedded_SQL_COBOL_program.

embedded_SQL_COBOL_program    ::=   //!! See the Syntax Rules.

COBOL_variable_definition    ::=
         /*( 01 | 77 )*/ COBOL_host_identifier COBOL_type_specification
          character_representation? period

COBOL_host_identifier    ::=   //!! See the Syntax Rules.

COBOL_type_specification    ::=
         COBOL_character_type
     | COBOL_national_character_type
     | COBOL_numeric_type
     | COBOL_integer_type
     | COBOL_derived_type_specification

COBOL_derived_type_specification    ::=
         COBOL_CLOB_variable
     | COBOL_NCLOB_variable
     | COBOL_BLOB_variable
     | COBOL_user_defined_type_variable
     | COBOL_CLOB_locator_variable
     | COBOL_BLOB_locator_variable
     | COBOL_array_locator_variable
     | COBOL_multiset_locator_variable
     | COBOL_user_defined_type_locator_variable
     | COBOL_REF_variable

COBOL_character_type    ::=
         ( CHARACTER SET  IS? character_set_specification )?
         ( PIC | PICTURE )  IS? ( X ( left_paren length right_paren )? )*

COBOL_national_character_type    ::=
         ( CHARACTER SET  IS? character_set_specification )?
         ( PIC | PICTURE )  IS? ( N  (left_paren length right_paren)? )*

COBOL_CLOB_variable    ::=
         ( USAGE  IS? )?
         SQL TYPE IS CLOB left_paren large_object_length right_paren
         ( CHARACTER SET  IS? character_set_specification )?

COBOL_NCLOB_variable    ::=
         ( USAGE  IS? )?
         SQL TYPE IS NCLOB left_paren large_object_length right_paren
         ( CHARACTER SET  IS? character_set_specification )?

COBOL_BLOB_variable    ::=
         ( USAGE  IS? )?
         SQL TYPE IS BLOB left_paren large_object_length right_paren

COBOL_user_defined_type_variable    ::=
        ( USAGE  IS? )? SQL TYPE IS path_resolved_user_defined_type_name AS predefined_type

COBOL_CLOB_locator_variable    ::=
         ( USAGE  IS? )? SQL TYPE IS CLOB AS LOCATOR

COBOL_BLOB_locator_variable    ::=
         ( USAGE  IS? )? SQL TYPE IS BLOB AS LOCATOR

COBOL_array_locator_variable    ::=
     ( USAGE  IS? )? SQL TYPE IS array_type AS LOCATOR

COBOL_multiset_locator_variable    ::=
     ( USAGE  IS? )? SQL TYPE IS multiset_type AS LOCATOR

COBOL_user_defined_type_locator_variable    ::=
     ( USAGE  IS? )? SQL TYPE IS path_resolved_user_defined_type_name AS LOCATOR

COBOL_REF_variable    ::=   ( USAGE  IS? )? SQL TYPE IS reference_type

COBOL_numeric_type    ::=
         ( PIC | PICTURE ) IS? S COBOL_nines_specification ( USAGE  IS? )? DISPLAY SIGN LEADING SEPARATE

COBOL_nines_specification    ::=
         COBOL_nines ( V  COBOL_nines? )?
     | V COBOL_nines

COBOL_integer_type    ::=   COBOL_binary_integer

COBOL_binary_integer    ::=   ( PIC | PICTURE ) IS? S COBOL_nines ( USAGE  IS? )? BINARY

COBOL_nines    ::=   ( /*9*/ ( left_paren length right_paren )? )*

//20.6 embedded_SQL_Fortran_program (p1025)
//Specify an embedded_SQL_Fortran_program.

embedded_SQL_Fortran_program    ::=   //!! See the Syntax Rules.

Fortran_variable_definition    ::=
         Fortran_type_specification Fortran_host_identifier ( comma Fortran_host_identifier )*

Fortran_host_identifier    ::=   //!! See the Syntax Rules.

Fortran_type_specification    ::=
         CHARACTER  asterisk length? ( CHARACTER SET IS? character_set_specification )?
     | CHARACTER KIND '=' n  asterisk length? ( CHARACTER SET IS? character_set_specification )?
     | INTEGER
     | REAL
     | DOUBLE PRECISION
     | LOGICAL
     | Fortran_derived_type_specification

Fortran_derived_type_specification    ::=
         Fortran_CLOB_variable
     | Fortran_BLOB_variable
     | Fortran_user_defined_type_variable
     | Fortran_CLOB_locator_variable
     | Fortran_BLOB_locator_variable
     | Fortran_user_defined_type_locator_variable
     | Fortran_array_locator_variable
     | Fortran_multiset_locator_variable
     | Fortran_REF_variable

Fortran_CLOB_variable    ::=
         SQL TYPE IS CLOB left_paren large_object_length right_paren
         ( CHARACTER SET IS? character_set_specification )?

Fortran_BLOB_variable    ::=
         SQL TYPE IS BLOB left_paren large_object_length right_paren

Fortran_user_defined_type_variable    ::=
         SQL TYPE IS path_resolved_user_defined_type_name AS predefined_type

Fortran_CLOB_locator_variable    ::=   SQL TYPE IS CLOB AS LOCATOR

Fortran_BLOB_locator_variable    ::=   SQL TYPE IS BLOB AS LOCATOR

Fortran_user_defined_type_locator_variable    ::=   SQL TYPE IS path_resolved_user_defined_type_name AS LOCATOR

Fortran_array_locator_variable    ::=   SQL TYPE IS array_type AS LOCATOR

Fortran_multiset_locator_variable    ::=   SQL TYPE IS multiset_type AS LOCATOR

Fortran_REF_variable    ::=   SQL TYPE IS reference_type

//20.7 embedded_SQL_MUMPS_program (p1030)
//Specify an embedded_SQL_MUMPS_program.

embedded_SQL_MUMPS_program    ::=   //!! See the Syntax Rules.

MUMPS_variable_definition    ::=
         MUMPS_numeric_variable semicolon
     | MUMPS_character_variable semicolon
     | MUMPS_derived_type_specification semicolon

MUMPS_character_variable    ::=
         VARCHAR MUMPS_host_identifier MUMPS_length_specification
         ( comma MUMPS_host_identifier MUMPS_length_specification )*

MUMPS_host_identifier    ::=   //!! See the Syntax Rules.

MUMPS_length_specification    ::=   left_paren length right_paren

MUMPS_numeric_variable    ::=   MUMPS_type_specification MUMPS_host_identifier ( comma MUMPS_host_identifier )*

MUMPS_type_specification    ::=
         INT
     | DEC ( left_paren precision  ( comma scale )? right_paren )?
     | REAL

MUMPS_derived_type_specification    ::=
         MUMPS_CLOB_variable
     | MUMPS_BLOB_variable
     | MUMPS_user_defined_type_variable
     | MUMPS_CLOB_locator_variable
     | MUMPS_BLOB_locator_variable
     | MUMPS_user_defined_type_locator_variable
     | MUMPS_array_locator_variable
     | MUMPS_multiset_locator_variable
     | MUMPS_REF_variable

MUMPS_CLOB_variable    ::=
         SQL TYPE IS CLOB left_paren large_object_length right_paren
         ( CHARACTER SET  IS? character_set_specification )?

MUMPS_BLOB_variable    ::=   SQL TYPE IS BLOB left_paren large_object_length right_paren

MUMPS_user_defined_type_variable    ::=   SQL TYPE IS path_resolved_user_defined_type_name AS predefined_type

MUMPS_CLOB_locator_variable    ::=   SQL TYPE IS CLOB AS LOCATOR

MUMPS_BLOB_locator_variable    ::=   SQL TYPE IS BLOB AS LOCATOR

MUMPS_user_defined_type_locator_variable    ::=   SQL TYPE IS path_resolved_user_defined_type_name AS LOCATOR

MUMPS_array_locator_variable    ::=   SQL TYPE IS array_type AS LOCATOR

MUMPS_multiset_locator_variable    ::=   SQL TYPE IS multiset_type AS LOCATOR

MUMPS_REF_variable    ::=   SQL TYPE IS reference_type

//20.8 embedded_SQL_Pascal_program (p1035)
//Specify an embedded_SQL_Pascal_program.

embedded_SQL_Pascal_program    ::=   //!! See the Syntax Rules.

Pascal_variable_definition    ::=
         Pascal_host_identifier ( comma Pascal_host_identifier )* colon Pascal_type_specification semicolon

Pascal_host_identifier    ::=   //!! See the Syntax Rules.

Pascal_type_specification    ::=
         PACKED ARRAY left_bracket /*1*/ double_period length right_bracket OF CHAR
         ( CHARACTER SET  IS? character_set_specification )?
     | INTEGER
     | REAL
     | CHAR ( CHARACTER SET IS? character_set_specification )?
     | BOOLEAN
     | Pascal_derived_type_specification

Pascal_derived_type_specification    ::=
         Pascal_CLOB_variable
     | Pascal_BLOB_variable
     | Pascal_user_defined_type_variable
     | Pascal_CLOB_locator_variable
     | Pascal_BLOB_locator_variable
     | Pascal_user_defined_type_locator_variable
     | Pascal_array_locator_variable
     | Pascal_multiset_locator_variable
     | Pascal_REF_variable

Pascal_CLOB_variable    ::=
         SQL TYPE IS CLOB left_paren large_object_length right_paren
         ( CHARACTER SET  IS? character_set_specification )?

Pascal_BLOB_variable    ::=   SQL TYPE IS BLOB left_paren large_object_length right_paren

Pascal_CLOB_locator_variable    ::=   SQL TYPE IS CLOB AS LOCATOR

Pascal_user_defined_type_variable    ::=   SQL TYPE IS path_resolved_user_defined_type_name AS predefined_type

Pascal_BLOB_locator_variable    ::=   SQL TYPE IS BLOB AS LOCATOR

Pascal_user_defined_type_locator_variable    ::=   SQL TYPE IS path_resolved_user_defined_type_name AS LOCATOR

Pascal_array_locator_variable    ::=   SQL TYPE IS array_type AS LOCATOR

Pascal_multiset_locator_variable    ::=   SQL TYPE IS multiset_type AS LOCATOR

Pascal_REF_variable    ::=   SQL TYPE IS reference_type

//20.9 embedded_SQL_PL_I_program (p1040)
//Specify an embedded_SQL_PL_I_program.

embedded_SQL_PL_I_program    ::=   //!! See the Syntax Rules.

PL_I_variable_definition    ::=
         ( DCL | DECLARE ) ( PL_I_host_identifier
     | left_paren PL_I_host_identifier ( comma PL_I_host_identifier )* right_paren )
         PL_I_type_specification  character_representation? semicolon

PL_I_host_identifier    ::=   //!! See the Syntax Rules.

PL_I_type_specification    ::=
         ( CHAR | CHARACTER )  VARYING? left_paren length right_paren ( CHARACTER SET  IS? character_set_specification )?
     | PL_I_type_fixed_decimal left_paren precision  comma scale? right_paren
     | PL_I_type_fixed_binary ( left_paren precision right_paren )?
     | PL_I_type_float_binary left_paren precision right_paren
     | PL_I_derived_type_specification

PL_I_derived_type_specification    ::=
         PL_I_CLOB_variable
     | PL_I_BLOB_variable
     | PL_I_user_defined_type_variable
     | PL_I_CLOB_locator_variable
     | PL_I_BLOB_locator_variable
     | PL_I_user_defined_type_locator_variable
     | PL_I_array_locator_variable
     | PL_I_multiset_locator_variable
     | PL_I_REF_variable

PL_I_CLOB_variable    ::=
         SQL TYPE IS CLOB left_paren large_object_length right_paren
         ( CHARACTER SET  IS? character_set_specification )?

PL_I_BLOB_variable    ::=   SQL TYPE IS BLOB left_paren large_object_length right_paren

PL_I_user_defined_type_variable    ::=   SQL TYPE IS path_resolved_user_defined_type_name AS predefined_type

PL_I_CLOB_locator_variable    ::=   SQL TYPE IS CLOB AS LOCATOR

PL_I_BLOB_locator_variable    ::=   SQL TYPE IS BLOB AS LOCATOR

PL_I_user_defined_type_locator_variable    ::=   SQL TYPE IS path_resolved_user_defined_type_name AS LOCATOR

PL_I_array_locator_variable    ::=   SQL TYPE IS array_type AS LOCATOR

PL_I_multiset_locator_variable    ::=   SQL TYPE IS multiset_type AS LOCATOR

PL_I_REF_variable    ::=   SQL TYPE IS reference_type

PL_I_type_fixed_decimal    ::=
         ( DEC | DECIMAL ) FIXED
     | FIXED ( DEC | DECIMAL )

PL_I_type_fixed_binary    ::=
         ( BIN | BINARY ) FIXED
     | FIXED ( BIN | BINARY )

PL_I_type_float_binary    ::=
         ( BIN | BINARY ) FLOAT
     | FLOAT ( BIN | BINARY )

direct_implementation_defined_statement    ::=   //!! See the Syntax Rules.

//21.2 direct_select_statement__multiple_rows (p1051)
//Specify a statement to retrieve multiple rows from a specified table.

direct_select_statement__multiple_rows    ::=   cursor_specification

//22 Diagnostics management
//22.1 get_diagnostics_statement (p1053)
//Get exception or completion condition information from a diagnostics area.

get_diagnostics_statement    ::=   GET DIAGNOSTICS SQL_diagnostics_information

SQL_diagnostics_information    ::=   statement_information | condition_information

statement_information    ::=   statement_information_item ( comma statement_information_item )*

statement_information_item    ::=   simple_target_specification equals_operator statement_information_item_name

statement_information_item_name    ::=
         NUMBER
     | MORE
     | COMMAND_FUNCTION
     | COMMAND_FUNCTION_CODE
     | DYNAMIC_FUNCTION
     | DYNAMIC_FUNCTION_CODE
     | ROW_COUNT
     | TRANSACTIONS_COMMITTED
     | TRANSACTIONS_ROLLED_BACK
     | TRANSACTION_ACTIVE

condition_information    ::=
         ( EXCEPTION | CONDITION ) condition_number condition_information_item ( comma condition_information_item )*

condition_information_item    ::=   simple_target_specification equals_operator condition_information_item_name

condition_information_item_name    ::=
         CATALOG_NAME
     | CLASS_ORIGIN
     | COLUMN_NAME
     | CONDITION_NUMBER
     | CONNECTION_NAME
     | CONSTRAINT_CATALOG
     | CONSTRAINT_NAME
     | CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA
     | CURSOR_NAME
     | MESSAGE_LENGTH
     | MESSAGE_OCTET_LENGTH
     | MESSAGE_TEXT
     | PARAMETER_MODE
     | PARAMETER_NAME
     | PARAMETER_ORDINAL_POSITION
     | RETURNED_SQLSTATE
     | ROUTINE_CATALOG
     | ROUTINE_NAME
     | ROUTINE_SCHEMA
     | SCHEMA_NAME
     | SERVER_NAME
     | SPECIFIC_NAME
     | SUBCLASS_ORIGIN
     | TABLE_NAME
     | TRIGGER_CATALOG
     | TRIGGER_NAME
     | TRIGGER_SCHEMA

condition_number    ::=   simple_value_specification

// Tokens

//reserved_word
ADD ::= "ADD"
ALL ::= "ALL"
ALLOCATE ::= "ALLOCATE"
ALTER ::= "ALTER"
AND ::= "AND"
ANY ::= "ANY"
ARE ::= "ARE"
ARRAY ::= "ARRAY"
AS ::= "AS"
ASENSITIVE ::= "ASENSITIVE"
ASYMMETRIC ::= "ASYMMETRIC"
AT ::= "AT"
ATOMIC ::= "ATOMIC"
AUTHORIZATION ::= "AUTHORIZATION"
BEGIN ::= "BEGIN"
BETWEEN ::= "BETWEEN"
BIGINT ::= "BIGINT"
BINARY ::= "BINARY"
BLOB ::= "BLOB"
BOOLEAN ::= "BOOLEAN"
BOTH ::= "BOTH"
BY ::= "BY"
CALL ::= "CALL"
CALLED ::= "CALLED"
CASCADED ::= "CASCADED"
CASE ::= "CASE"
CAST ::= "CAST"
CHAR ::= "CHAR"
CHARACTER ::= "CHARACTER"
CHECK ::= "CHECK"
CLOB ::= "CLOB"
CLOSE ::= "CLOSE"
COLLATE ::= "COLLATE"
COLUMN ::= "COLUMN"
COMMIT ::= "COMMIT"
CONNECT ::= "CONNECT"
CONSTRAINT ::= "CONSTRAINT"
CONTINUE ::= "CONTINUE"
CORRESPONDING ::= "CORRESPONDING"
CREATE ::= "CREATE"
CROSS ::= "CROSS"
CUBE ::= "CUBE"
CURRENT ::= "CURRENT"
CURRENT_DATE ::= "CURRENT_DATE"
CURRENT_DEFAULT_TRANSFORM_GROUP ::= "CURRENT_DEFAULT_TRANSFORM_GROUP"
CURRENT_PATH ::= "CURRENT_PATH"
CURRENT_ROLE ::= "CURRENT_ROLE"
CURRENT_TIME ::= "CURRENT_TIME"
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ::= "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP"
CURRENT_TRANSFORM_GROUP_FOR_TYPE ::= "CURRENT_TRANSFORM_GROUP_FOR_TYPE"
CURRENT_USER ::= "CURRENT_USER"
CURSOR ::= "CURSOR"
CYCLE ::= "CYCLE"
DATE ::= "DATE"
DAY ::= "DAY"
DEALLOCATE ::= "DEALLOCATE"
DEC ::= "DEC"
DECIMAL ::= "DECIMAL"
DECLARE ::= "DECLARE"
DEFAULT ::= "DEFAULT"
DELETE ::= "DELETE"
DEREF ::= "DEREF"
DESCRIBE ::= "DESCRIBE"
DETERMINISTIC ::= "DETERMINISTIC"
DISCONNECT ::= "DISCONNECT"
DISTINCT ::= "DISTINCT"
DOUBLE ::= "DOUBLE"
DROP ::= "DROP"
DYNAMIC ::= "DYNAMIC"
EACH ::= "EACH"
ELEMENT ::= "ELEMENT"
ELSE ::= "ELSE"
END ::= "END"
END-EXEC ::= "END-EXEC"
ESCAPE ::= "ESCAPE"
EXCEPT ::= "EXCEPT"
EXEC ::= "EXEC"
EXECUTE ::= "EXECUTE"
EXISTS ::= "EXISTS"
EXTERNAL ::= "EXTERNAL"
FALSE ::= "FALSE"
FETCH ::= "FETCH"
FILTER ::= "FILTER"
FLOAT ::= "FLOAT"
FOR ::= "FOR"
FOREIGN ::= "FOREIGN"
FREE ::= "FREE"
FROM ::= "FROM"
FULL ::= "FULL"
FUNCTION ::= "FUNCTION"
GET ::= "GET"
GLOBAL ::= "GLOBAL"
GRANT ::= "GRANT"
GROUP ::= "GROUP"
GROUPING ::= "GROUPING"
HAVING ::= "HAVING"
HOLD ::= "HOLD"
HOUR ::= "HOUR"
IDENTITY ::= "IDENTITY"
IMMEDIATE ::= "IMMEDIATE"
IN ::= "IN"
INDICATOR ::= "INDICATOR"
INNER ::= "INNER"
INOUT ::= "INOUT"
INPUT ::= "INPUT"
INSENSITIVE ::= "INSENSITIVE"
INSERT ::= "INSERT"
INT ::= "INT"
INTEGER ::= "INTEGER"
INTERSECT ::= "INTERSECT"
INTERVAL ::= "INTERVAL"
INTO ::= "INTO"
IS ::= "IS"
ISOLATION ::= "ISOLATION"
JOIN ::= "JOIN"
LANGUAGE ::= "LANGUAGE"
LARGE ::= "LARGE"
LATERAL ::= "LATERAL"
LEADING ::= "LEADING"
LEFT ::= "LEFT"
LIKE ::= "LIKE"
LOCAL ::= "LOCAL"
LOCALTIME ::= "LOCALTIME"
LOCALTIMESTAMP ::= "LOCALTIMESTAMP"
MATCH ::= "MATCH"
MEMBER ::= "MEMBER"
MERGE ::= "MERGE"
METHOD ::= "METHOD"
MINUTE ::= "MINUTE"
MODIFIES ::= "MODIFIES"
MODULE ::= "MODULE"
MONTH ::= "MONTH"
MULTISET ::= "MULTISET"
NATIONAL ::= "NATIONAL"
NATURAL ::= "NATURAL"
NCHAR ::= "NCHAR"
NCLOB ::= "NCLOB"
NEW ::= "NEW"
NO ::= "NO"
NONE ::= "NONE"
NOT ::= "NOT"
NULL ::= "NULL"
NUMERIC ::= "NUMERIC"
OF ::= "OF"
OLD ::= "OLD"
ON ::= "ON"
ONLY ::= "ONLY"
OPEN ::= "OPEN"
OR ::= "OR"
ORDER ::= "ORDER"
OUT ::= "OUT"
OUTER ::= "OUTER"
OUTPUT ::= "OUTPUT"
OVER ::= "OVER"
OVERLAPS ::= "OVERLAPS"
PARAMETER ::= "PARAMETER"
PARTITION ::= "PARTITION"
PRECISION ::= "PRECISION"
PREPARE ::= "PREPARE"
PRIMARY ::= "PRIMARY"
PROCEDURE ::= "PROCEDURE"
RANGE ::= "RANGE"
READS ::= "READS"
REAL ::= "REAL"
RECURSIVE ::= "RECURSIVE"
REF ::= "REF"
REFERENCES ::= "REFERENCES"
REFERENCING ::= "REFERENCING"
REGR_AVGX ::= "REGR_AVGX"
REGR_AVGY ::= "REGR_AVGY"
REGR_COUNT ::= "REGR_COUNT"
REGR_INTERCEPT ::= "REGR_INTERCEPT"
REGR_R2 ::= "REGR_R2"
REGR_SLOPE ::= "REGR_SLOPE"
REGR_SXX ::= "REGR_SXX"
REGR_SXY ::= "REGR_SXY"
REGR_SYY ::= "REGR_SYY"
RELEASE ::= "RELEASE"
RESULT ::= "RESULT"
RETURN ::= "RETURN"
RETURNS ::= "RETURNS"
REVOKE ::= "REVOKE"
RIGHT ::= "RIGHT"
ROLLBACK ::= "ROLLBACK"
ROLLUP ::= "ROLLUP"
ROW ::= "ROW"
ROWS ::= "ROWS"
SAVEPOINT ::= "SAVEPOINT"
SCROLL ::= "SCROLL"
SEARCH ::= "SEARCH"
SECOND ::= "SECOND"
SELECT ::= "SELECT"
SENSITIVE ::= "SENSITIVE"
SESSION_USER ::= "SESSION_USER"
SET ::= "SET"
SIMILAR ::= "SIMILAR"
SMALLINT ::= "SMALLINT"
SOME ::= "SOME"
SPECIFIC ::= "SPECIFIC"
SPECIFICTYPE ::= "SPECIFICTYPE"
SQL ::= "SQL"
SQLEXCEPTION ::= "SQLEXCEPTION"
SQLSTATE ::= "SQLSTATE"
SQLWARNING ::= "SQLWARNING"
START ::= "START"
STATIC ::= "STATIC"
SUBMULTISET ::= "SUBMULTISET"
SYMMETRIC ::= "SYMMETRIC"
SYSTEM ::= "SYSTEM"
SYSTEM_USER ::= "SYSTEM_USER"
TABLE ::= "TABLE"
THEN ::= "THEN"
TIME ::= "TIME"
TIMESTAMP ::= "TIMESTAMP"
TIMEZONE_HOUR ::= "TIMEZONE_HOUR"
TIMEZONE_MINUTE ::= "TIMEZONE_MINUTE"
TO ::= "TO"
TRAILING ::= "TRAILING"
TRANSLATION ::= "TRANSLATION"
TREAT ::= "TREAT"
TRIGGER ::= "TRIGGER"
TRUE ::= "TRUE"
UESCAPE ::= "UESCAPE"
UNION ::= "UNION"
UNIQUE ::= "UNIQUE"
UNKNOWN ::= "UNKNOWN"
UNNEST ::= "UNNEST"
UPDATE ::= "UPDATE"
UPPER ::= "UPPER"
USER ::= "USER"
USING ::= "USING"
VALUE ::= "VALUE"
VALUES ::= "VALUES"
VAR_POP ::= "VAR_POP"
VAR_SAMP ::= "VAR_SAMP"
VARCHAR ::= "VARCHAR"
VARYING ::= "VARYING"
WHEN ::= "WHEN"
WHENEVER ::= "WHENEVER"
WHERE ::= "WHERE"
WIDTH_BUCKET ::= "WIDTH_BUCKET"
WINDOW ::= "WINDOW"
WITH ::= "WITH"
WITHIN ::= "WITHIN"
WITHOUT ::= "WITHOUT"
YEAR ::= "YEAR"

//non_reserved_word
A ::= "A*"
ABS ::= "ABS*"
ABSOLUTE ::= "ABSOLUTE*"
ACTION ::= "ACTION*"
ADA ::= "ADA*"
ADMIN ::= "ADMIN*"
AFTER ::= "AFTER*"
ALWAYS ::= "ALWAYS*"
ASC ::= "ASC*"
ASSERTION ::= "ASSERTION*"
ASSIGNMENT ::= "ASSIGNMENT*"
ATTRIBUTE ::= "ATTRIBUTE*"
ATTRIBUTES ::= "ATTRIBUTES*"
AVG ::= "AVG*"
BEFORE ::= "BEFORE*"
BERNOULLI ::= "BERNOULLI*"
BREADTH ::= "BREADTH*"
C ::= "C*"
CARDINALITY ::= "CARDINALITY*"
CASCADE ::= "CASCADE*"
CATALOG ::= "CATALOG*"
CATALOG_NAME ::= "CATALOG_NAME*"
CEIL ::= "CEIL*"
CEILING ::= "CEILING*"
CHAIN ::= "CHAIN*"
CHARACTERISTICS ::= "CHARACTERISTICS*"
CHARACTERS ::= "CHARACTERS*"
CHARACTER_LENGTH ::= "CHARACTER_LENGTH*"
CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG ::= "CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG*"
CHARACTER_SET_NAME ::= "CHARACTER_SET_NAME*"
CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA ::= "CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA*"
CHAR_LENGTH ::= "CHAR_LENGTH*"
CHECKED ::= "CHECKED*"
CLASS_ORIGIN ::= "CLASS_ORIGIN*"
COALESCE ::= "COALESCE*"
COBOL ::= "COBOL*"
CODE_UNITS ::= "CODE_UNITS*"
COLLATION ::= "COLLATION*"
COLLATION_CATALOG ::= "COLLATION_CATALOG*"
COLLATION_NAME ::= "COLLATION_NAME*"
COLLATION_SCHEMA ::= "COLLATION_SCHEMA*"
COLLECT ::= "COLLECT*"
COLUMN_NAME ::= "COLUMN_NAME*"
COMMAND_FUNCTION ::= "COMMAND_FUNCTION*"
COMMAND_FUNCTION_CODE ::= "COMMAND_FUNCTION_CODE*"
COMMITTED ::= "COMMITTED*"
CONDITION ::= "CONDITION*"
CONDITION_NUMBER ::= "CONDITION_NUMBER*"
CONNECTION_NAME ::= "CONNECTION_NAME*"
CONSTRAINTS ::= "CONSTRAINTS*"
CONSTRAINT_CATALOG ::= "CONSTRAINT_CATALOG*"
CONSTRAINT_NAME ::= "CONSTRAINT_NAME*"
CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA ::= "CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA*"
CONSTRUCTORS ::= "CONSTRUCTORS*"
CONTAINS ::= "CONTAINS*"
CONVERT ::= "CONVERT*"
CORR ::= "CORR*"
COUNT ::= "COUNT*"
COVAR_POP ::= "COVAR_POP*"
COVAR_SAMP ::= "COVAR_SAMP*"
CUME_DIST ::= "CUME_DIST*"
CURRENT_COLLATION ::= "CURRENT_COLLATION*"
CURSOR_NAME ::= "CURSOR_NAME*"
DATA ::= "DATA*"
DATETIME_INTERVAL_CODE ::= "DATETIME_INTERVAL_CODE*"
DATETIME_INTERVAL_PRECISION ::= "DATETIME_INTERVAL_PRECISION*"
DEFAULTS ::= "DEFAULTS*"
DEFERRABLE ::= "DEFERRABLE*"
DEFERRED ::= "DEFERRED*"
DEFINED ::= "DEFINED*"
DEFINER ::= "DEFINER*"
DEGREE ::= "DEGREE*"
DENSE_RANK ::= "DENSE_RANK*"
DEPTH ::= "DEPTH*"
DERIVED ::= "DERIVED*"
DESC ::= "DESC*"
DESCRIPTOR ::= "DESCRIPTOR*"
DIAGNOSTICS ::= "DIAGNOSTICS*"
DISPATCH ::= "DISPATCH*"
DOMAIN ::= "DOMAIN*"
DYNAMIC_FUNCTION ::= "DYNAMIC_FUNCTION*"
DYNAMIC_FUNCTION_CODE ::= "DYNAMIC_FUNCTION_CODE*"
EQUALS ::= "EQUALS*"
EVERY ::= "EVERY*"
EXCEPTION ::= "EXCEPTION*"
EXCLUDE ::= "EXCLUDE*"
EXCLUDING ::= "EXCLUDING*"
EXP ::= "EXP*"
EXTRACT ::= "EXTRACT*"
FINAL ::= "FINAL*"
FIRST ::= "FIRST*"
FLOOR ::= "FLOOR*"
FOLLOWING ::= "FOLLOWING*"
FORTRAN ::= "FORTRAN*"
FOUND ::= "FOUND*"
FUSION ::= "FUSION*"
G ::= "G*"
GENERAL ::= "GENERAL*"
GO ::= "GO*"
GOTO ::= "GOTO*"
GRANTED ::= "GRANTED*"
HIERARCHY ::= "HIERARCHY*"
IMPLEMENTATION ::= "IMPLEMENTATION*"
INCLUDING ::= "INCLUDING*"
INCREMENT ::= "INCREMENT*"
INITIALLY ::= "INITIALLY*"
INSTANCE ::= "INSTANCE*"
INSTANTIABLE ::= "INSTANTIABLE*"
INTERSECTION ::= "INTERSECTION*"
INVOKER ::= "INVOKER*"
ISOLATION ::= "ISOLATION*"
K ::= "K*"
KEY ::= "KEY*"
KEY_MEMBER ::= "KEY_MEMBER*"
KEY_TYPE ::= "KEY_TYPE*"
LAST ::= "LAST*"
LENGTH ::= "LENGTH*"
LEVEL ::= "LEVEL*"
LN ::= "LN*"
LOCATOR ::= "LOCATOR*"
LOWER ::= "LOWER*"
M ::= "M*"
MAP ::= "MAP*"
MATCHED ::= "MATCHED*"
MAX ::= "MAX*"
MAXVALUE ::= "MAXVALUE*"
MESSAGE_LENGTH ::= "MESSAGE_LENGTH*"
MESSAGE_OCTET_LENGTH ::= "MESSAGE_OCTET_LENGTH*"
MESSAGE_TEXT ::= "MESSAGE_TEXT*"
MIN ::= "MIN*"
MINVALUE ::= "MINVALUE*"
MOD ::= "MOD*"
MORE ::= "MORE*"
MUMPS ::= "MUMPS*"
NAME ::= "NAME*"
NAMES ::= "NAMES*"
NESTING ::= "NESTING*"
NEXT ::= "NEXT*"
NORMALIZE ::= "NORMALIZE*"
NORMALIZED ::= "NORMALIZED*"
NULLABLE ::= "NULLABLE*"
NULLIF ::= "NULLIF*"
NULLS ::= "NULLS*"
NUMBER ::= "NUMBER*"
OBJECT ::= "OBJECT*"
OCTETS ::= "OCTETS*"
OCTET_LENGTH ::= "OCTET_LENGTH*"
OPTION ::= "OPTION*"
OPTIONS ::= "OPTIONS*"
ORDERING ::= "ORDERING*"
ORDINALITY ::= "ORDINALITY*"
OTHERS ::= "OTHERS*"
OVERLAY ::= "OVERLAY*"
OVERRIDING ::= "OVERRIDING*"
PAD ::= "PAD*"
PARAMETER_MODE ::= "PARAMETER_MODE*"
PARAMETER_NAME ::= "PARAMETER_NAME*"
PARAMETER_ORDINAL_POSITION ::= "PARAMETER_ORDINAL_POSITION*"
PARAMETER_SPECIFIC_CATALOG ::= "PARAMETER_SPECIFIC_CATALOG*"
PARAMETER_SPECIFIC_NAME ::= "PARAMETER_SPECIFIC_NAME*"
PARAMETER_SPECIFIC_SCHEMA ::= "PARAMETER_SPECIFIC_SCHEMA*"
PARTIAL ::= "PARTIAL*"
PASCAL ::= "PASCAL*"
PATH ::= "PATH*"
PERCENTILE_CONT ::= "PERCENTILE_CONT*"
PERCENTILE_DISC ::= "PERCENTILE_DISC*"
PERCENT_RANK ::= "PERCENT_RANK*"
PLACING ::= "PLACING*"
PLI ::= "PLI*"
POSITION ::= "POSITION*"
POWER ::= "POWER*"
PRECEDING ::= "PRECEDING*"
PRESERVE ::= "PRESERVE*"
PRIOR ::= "PRIOR*"
PRIVILEGES ::= "PRIVILEGES*"
PUBLIC ::= "PUBLIC*"
RANK ::= "RANK*"
READ ::= "READ*"
RELATIVE ::= "RELATIVE*"
REPEATABLE ::= "REPEATABLE*"
RESTART ::= "RESTART*"
RETURNED_CARDINALITY ::= "RETURNED_CARDINALITY*"
RETURNED_LENGTH ::= "RETURNED_LENGTH*"
RETURNED_OCTET_LENGTH ::= "RETURNED_OCTET_LENGTH*"
RETURNED_SQLSTATE ::= "RETURNED_SQLSTATE*"
ROLE ::= "ROLE*"
ROUTINE ::= "ROUTINE*"
ROUTINE_CATALOG ::= "ROUTINE_CATALOG*"
ROUTINE_NAME ::= "ROUTINE_NAME*"
ROUTINE_SCHEMA ::= "ROUTINE_SCHEMA*"
ROW_COUNT ::= "ROW_COUNT*"
ROW_NUMBER ::= "ROW_NUMBER*"
SCALE ::= "SCALE*"
SCHEMA ::= "SCHEMA*"
SCHEMA_NAME ::= "SCHEMA_NAME*"
SCOPE_CATALOG ::= "SCOPE_CATALOG*"
SCOPE_NAME ::= "SCOPE_NAME*"
SCOPE_SCHEMA ::= "SCOPE_SCHEMA*"
SECTION ::= "SECTION*"
SECURITY ::= "SECURITY*"
SELF ::= "SELF*"
SEQUENCE ::= "SEQUENCE*"
SERIALIZABLE ::= "SERIALIZABLE*"
SERVER_NAME ::= "SERVER_NAME*"
SESSION ::= "SESSION*"
SETS ::= "SETS*"
SIMPLE ::= "SIMPLE*"
SIZE ::= "SIZE*"
SOURCE ::= "SOURCE*"
SPACE ::= "SPACE*"
SPECIFIC_NAME ::= "SPECIFIC_NAME*"
SQRT ::= "SQRT*"
STATE ::= "STATE*"
STATEMENT ::= "STATEMENT*"
STDDEV_POP ::= "STDDEV_POP*"
STDDEV_SAMP ::= "STDDEV_SAMP*"
STRUCTURE ::= "STRUCTURE*"
STYLE ::= "STYLE*"
SUBCLASS_ORIGIN ::= "SUBCLASS_ORIGIN*"
SUBSTRING ::= "SUBSTRING*"
SUM ::= "SUM*"
TABLESAMPLE ::= "TABLESAMPLE*"
TABLE_NAME ::= "TABLE_NAME*"
TEMPORARY ::= "TEMPORARY*"
TIES ::= "TIES*"
TOP_LEVEL_COUNT ::= "TOP_LEVEL_COUNT*"
TRANSACTION ::= "TRANSACTION*"
TRANSACTIONS_COMMITTED ::= "TRANSACTIONS_COMMITTED*"
TRANSACTIONS_ROLLED_BACK ::= "TRANSACTIONS_ROLLED_BACK*"
TRANSACTION_ACTIVE ::= "TRANSACTION_ACTIVE*"
TRANSFORM ::= "TRANSFORM*"
TRANSFORMS ::= "TRANSFORMS*"
TRANSLATE ::= "TRANSLATE*"
TRIGGER_CATALOG ::= "TRIGGER_CATALOG*"
TRIGGER_NAME ::= "TRIGGER_NAME*"
TRIGGER_SCHEMA ::= "TRIGGER_SCHEMA*"
TRIM ::= "TRIM*"
TYPE ::= "TYPE*"
UNBOUNDED ::= "UNBOUNDED*"
UNCOMMITTED ::= "UNCOMMITTED*"
UNDER ::= "UNDER*"
UNNAMED ::= "UNNAMED*"
USAGE ::= "USAGE*"
USER_DEFINED_TYPE_CATALOG ::= "USER_DEFINED_TYPE_CATALOG*"
USER_DEFINED_TYPE_CODE ::= "USER_DEFINED_TYPE_CODE*"
USER_DEFINED_TYPE_NAME ::= "USER_DEFINED_TYPE_NAME*"
USER_DEFINED_TYPE_SCHEMA ::= "USER_DEFINED_TYPE_SCHEMA*"
VIEW ::= "VIEW*"
WORK ::= "WORK*"
WRITE ::= "WRITE*"
ZONE ::= "ZONE*"

[ronsavage]

Hi Domingo Thanx for your contribution. It's massive :-). I followed your instructions to copy the grammar to https://www.bottlecaps.de/rr/ui and clicked View Diagram. And it worked! Wow. I'm still racking my brain as to what the next step should be. What do you suggest? I'll forward your original email to Jonathan Leffler, the author of all the SQL files I was hosting.

…

--- Cheers Ron savage.net.au

[mingodad]

Probably host the result page on https://ronsavage.github.io/SQL/ , wait a bit of third party eyes to gaze over it and maybe spot some mistakes or suggest improvements.

[ronsavage]

Hi Domingo Thanx for the quick reply. Yes, I'll do that, and let you know.

…

--- Cheers Ron savage.net.au

On 2021-07-29 18:10, Domingo Alvarez Duarte wrote: Probably host the result page on https://ronsavage.github.io/SQL/ , wait a bit of third party eyes to gaze over it and maybe spot some mistakes or suggest improvements. -- You are receiving this because you commented. Reply to this email directly, view it on GitHub [1], or unsubscribe [2]. Links: ------ [1] #5 (comment) [2] https://github.com/notifications/unsubscribe-auth/AAAFH6FTXMZWTFZLBRH7AXDT2EEGJANCNFSM4E2U4MIQ

[ronsavage]

Hi Domingo, Jonathan I've pushed your grammar and a readme file to github, as: o sql-2003-2.ebnf o sql-2003-2.ebnf.readme I'll post about this to blogs.perl.org and irc.libera.chat#marpa. The latter is where we discuss Marpa (in Perl as Marpa::R2), which is a grammar processing package.

…

--- Cheers Ron savage.net.au

[mingodad]

And here I manually made the SQL-2016 grammar to generate the railroad diagram JakeWheat/sql-overview#6

[ronsavage]

Hi Domingo Wow. Nice work. I'll add it to the SQL repo. Thanx!

…

--- Cheers Ron savage.net.au

[ronsavage]

Hi Jonathan, Domingo I've blogged about our recent process: http://blogs.perl.org/users/ron_savage/2021/08/railroad-diagrams-for-sql-2003-and-sql-2016.html

…

--- Cheers Ron savage.net.au