toki-ale.md

Fictional Toki Pona (_^TEPAN)

(Toki Pona Sin)

This creative work by Stephan Schneider is based on the official Toki Pona book and website: http://tokipona.org

Toki Pona Prequels and Toki Pona Sequels are fictional Toki Pona dialects of the past and the future respectively, whereas Toki Pona Spin-Offs are fictional co-existing Toki Pona dialects of the present. Fictional Toki Pona goes beyond Frontier Toki Pona and should therefore not be mixed with ordinary Toki Pona. (Cf. Enhanced Toki Pona.)

Dialects

Prequels	Tok Bona (Ijo Ŝin Bona)
Sequels	Toki Bona (Toĥi Bona)
Spin-Offs	Tok Bon, Toko Bona

Prequels

(toki pona mama)

Tok Bona (Ijo Ŝin Bona)

Tok Bona

(Toki Pona Prequel with Preserved Etymological Forms)

Words in Tok Bona are very close to their etymological origin.

SITELEN	ORIGIN	Tok Bona	Toki Pona
	FR couleur	kuler	kule
	HR rúka	ruka	luka
	ZH 新 /xīn/	ŝin	sin
	HR tijelo	tijelo	sijelo

Ijo Ŝin Bona

(Toki Pona Prequel without Compound Hieroglyphs)

Ijo Ŝin Bona is a prequel of Tok Bona with less vocabulary. For instance, ijo ŝin (meaning message, news) is used instead of tok.

SITELEN	Ijo Ŝin Bona	Tok Bona	Toki Pona
	kuler suno	jelo	jelo
	kuler kasvi	glas	laso
	kuler usta	roje	loje
	kuler ara	pimea	pimeja
	kuler vahva	valko	walo
	loŋ ruka e ilo	ĥebrejken	kepeken
	loŋ ruka e usta	mogu	moku
	loŋ ruka e ijo	fari	pali
	loŋ ruka ŝin	pana	pana
	usta vahva	galama	kalama
	loŋ lipu vahva	ĉodna	sona
	ijo ŝin	tok	toki
	multe ijo	kulupu	kulupu
	pilim e pilim	volim	olin
	loŋ lipu biloŋ ijo ŝin bona	buk	pu
	(mi) loŋ mi	jou	jo

Animals are expressed by means of tijelo.

SITELEN	Ijo Ŝin Bona	Tok Bona	Toki Pona
	tijelo biloŋ pilim fret	hagedis	akesi
	tijelo delo	kala	kala
	tijelo maa	bibit	pipi
	tijelo biloŋ pilim ĉeli	ĉoveli	soweli
	tijelo koŋ	wazo	waso

Sequels

(toki pona lili)

Toki Bona: (Toĥi Bona)

Toki Bona

(Toki Pona Sequel with Voiced Consonants)

The consonant starting off an _^ADJECTIVE is voiced.

	Toki Pona	Toki Bona
friend	jan pona	jan bona
car	tomo tawa	tomo dawa

Toĥi Bona

(Toki Pona Sequel with More Fricatives)

Before e or i, the consonants p, t, k become the fricatives f, ĉ, ĥ, whereas s becomes ŝ.

	Toki Pona	Toĥi Bona
heart	pilin	filin
time	tenpo	ĉenpo
fruit	kili	ĥili
skin	selo	ŝelo

When voiced, f, ĉ, ĥ and ŝ become v, ĝ, h and ĵ.

	Toki Pona	Toĥi Bona
past	tenpo pini	ĉenpo vini
bathroom	tomo telo	tomo ĝelo
religion	nasin sewi	naŝin ĵewi
sand	ko kiwen	ko hiwen

Additionaly, the vowels u and i can merge with o and e.

	Toki Pona	Toĥi Bona → Toĥe Bona
two	tu	tu → to
I	mi	mi → me
recreational	musi	muŝi → muŝe

Spin-Offs

(toki pona sama)

Tok Bon
Toko Bona

Tok Bon

(Toki Pona Spin-Off with Declension)

Final vowels (+ consonant) are dropped, except if the word is monosyllabic.

	Toki Pona	Tok Bon
she	ona	on
I	mi	mi
reptile	akesi	haged
eye	lukin	luk

The _^PARTICLEs biloŋ and li become the ending -i.

	Toki Pona	Tok Bon
bar	tomo pi telo nasa	dom deli nas
People are working.	jan li pali.	jan fari.

The _^PARTICLEs ho and e become the endings -o and -e.

	Toki Pona	Tok Bon
I should eat something good.	mi o moku e ijo pona	mi mogo ije bon.

The _^SUBJECT mi and sina alone become the endings -im and -is.

	Toki Pona	Tok Bon
I love you.	mi olin e sina.	volim sine.
You are new.	sina sin.	ŝinis.

The final remaining syllable (vowel + consonant) of a _^PREPOSITION becomes an ending.

	Toki Pona	Tok Bon
She went home by car like you.	ona li tawa tomo kepeken tomo tawa sama sina.	oni domaw domen daw sinam.

The _^CONJUNCTION la becomes the ending -a.

	Toki Pona	Tok Bon
Why is she at home?	tan seme la ona li lon tomo?	ŝenmana oni domon?

Toko Bona

(Toki Pona Spin-Off à la Esperanto)

Adjectives follow nouns. Nouns end in -o, adjectives end in -a.

	Toki Pona	Toko Bona
flashlight	ilo suno	ilo suna

Pronouns end in -i.

	Toki Pona	Toko Bona
you and I	sina en mi	sini en mi
her house	tomo ona	domo ona

A correlative's stem ends in -i. Correlatives end in -o.

	Toki Pona	Toko Bona
what	seme	ŝenmio
that	ni	nio
something	ijo	io
everything	ale	alio
nothing	ijo ala	io ara

The predicate is introduced by as. In combination with adjectives and verbs, -as is used as an ending.

	Toki Pona	Toko Bona
She is a parent.	ona li mama.	oni as mamo.
I sleep.	mi lape.	mi slapas.

Direct objects are introduced by je.

	Toki Pona	Toko Bona
I love you.	mi olin e sina.	mi volas je sini.

Infinitives are used after pre-verbs. They end in -i.

	Toki Pona	Toko Bona
I need to sleep.	mi wile lape.	mi vilas slapi.

Prepositions end in -aŭ.

	Toki Pona	Toko Bona
You are working at home.	sina pali lon tomo.	sini faras lonaŭ domo.
You are home.	sina lon tomo.	sini lonas aŭ domo.

Numerals end in -u.

	Toki Pona	Toko Bona
a unique language	toki wan	toko vana
one language	toki wan	toko vanu
first language	toki nanpa wan	toko nambo vanu

---

Monosyllabic Tok Bona stems lose their vocalic ending, except for _{^INTERJECTION}s.

	Toki Pona	Toko Bona
town	ma tomo	mo doma
The animal bleats.	soweli li mu.	la ĉovelo muas.

a	ha	ha/ja
akesi	hagedis	hagediso
ala	ara	ara
alasa	a-la-ŝas	alaŝaso
ale	ale	alio
anpa	an-ba	anbo
ante	ander	anda
anu	an	an
awen	hawen	haŭi
e	e	je
en	en	en
esun	eĝum	eĝo
ijo	io	io
ike	ilkea	ilkea
ilo	ilo	ilo
insa	insajt	insajto
jaki	jaki	jaka
jan	jan	jano
jelo	jelo	jela
jo	jou	joŭi
kala	kala	kalo
kalama	galama	galamo
kama	kam-ap	kami
kasi	kasvi	kasvo
ken	ken	keni
kepeken	ĥebrejken	ĥebrejkaŭ
kili	ĥili	ĥilo
kiwen	kiven	kivo
ko	gou	goŭo
kon	koŋ	kono
kule	kuler	kulo
kulupu	kulupu < grup	grupo
kute	ekute	ekuti
la	?	ŭa
lape	slapen	slapi
laso	glas	glasa
lawa	glava	glavo
len	lenĵ	lenĵo
lete	fret	freta
li	?	as
lili	liklik	liklika
linja	linja	linjo
lipu	lipu	lipo
loje	roje	roja
lon	loŋ	lonaŭ
luka	ruka	ruko
lukin	luk-im	luki
lupa	rupa	rupo
ma	maa	mao
mama	mama	mamo
mani	mani	mano
meli	meri	mero
mi	mi	mi
mije	mies	mieo
moku	mogu	mogi
moli	muri	mura
monsi	mon-ĉi	monĉo
mu	mu	mu
mun	mun	muno
musi	amuzi	amuza
mute	multe	multa
nanpa	namba	nambo
nasa	nasau	nasa
nasin	naĉin	naĉino
nena	nena	neno
ni	ni	nio
nimi	nimi	nimo
noka	noga	nogo
o	ho	ho/u
olin	volim	voli
ona	ona	oni
open	open	open
pakala	bagar-ap	bagara
pali	fari	fari
palisa	palica	palico
pan	fan	fano
pana	pana	pani
pi	biloŋ	bilon
pilin	fil-im	fili
pimeja	pimea	pimea
pini	pinis < finiŝ	fina
pipi	bibite	bibito
poka	boka	boko
poki	bokis < boks	bokso
pona	bona	bona
pu	pu	pa
sama	sama	samaŭ
seli	ĉeli	ĉelo
selo	ŝelo	ŝelo
seme	ŝenme	ŝenmio
sewi	sevit	sevito
sijelo	tijelo	tijelo
sike	sirkle	sirklo
sin	ŝin	ŝina
sina	sina	sini
sinpin	cinbin	cinbin
sitelen	ŝilderen	ŝildi
sona	codna	codni
soweli	ĉoveli	ĉovelo
suli	suri	sura
suno	suno	suno
supa	surfaco	surfaco
suwi	swit	sŭita
tan	dan	danaŭ
taso	tas-ol < dats-ol	datsa
tawa	tawadz	taŭaŭ
telo	de-l-o	delo
tenpo	tempo	tempo
toki	tok	toko
tomo	domo	domo
tu	tu	tu/ta
unpa	umf	umfi
uta	usta	usto
utala	udarati	udari
walo	valko	valka
wan	ŭan	ŭanu/ŭana
waso	ŭazo	ŭazo
wawa	vahva	vava
weka	ŭeĥa	ŭeĥa
wile	ŭilen	ŭili

Frontier Toki Pona

A _^NUMBER can be used like a _{^{THING NOUN}} implying mute pi ijo …, i.e. an amount.

NUMBER tu	wan en wan sama tu
ADJECTIVE two: (mute pi ijo tu) pair	A singleton and a singleton are equal to a pair. → One plus one equals two.

_^NUMBERs are multiplied rather than added (not using _^SONJA's "more complex and precise counting system").

tu tu	tu en tu sama tu tu
two pairs → four	A pair and a pair are equal to two pairs. – Two plus two equals four.

As a _^NUMBER, mute means exactly three.

NUMBER mute
ADJECTIVE three

Outside of ordinary _^SENTENCE structures, sama be used instead of li.

tu en wan li mute. → tu en wan sama mute
Two plus one equals three.

_^FRAGMENTs can be used as **_^NAME**s. _^PARTICLEs and _^PREPOSITIONs in _^FRAGMENTs aren't as restricted as in _^SENTENCEs.

lipu "utala en pona"	sitelen tawa "weka lon toki ante"	sitelen tawa mute "sona wawa pi kama pi ijo ale"
the book "War and Piece"	the film "Lost in Translation"	the series "Big Bang Theory"

Enhanced Toki Pona (_^TEPAN)

(Toki Pona Namako)

This creative work by Stephan Schneider is based on the official Toki Pona book and website: http://tokipona.org

Enhanced Toki Pona goes beyond Frontier Toki Pona and should therefore not be mixed with ordinary Toki Pona. (Cf. Fictional Toki Pona.)

Punctuation

For didactical purposes, safely removed commas remain.

ona li lili, li lete.	o pilin pona, o pu!
It is small and cold.	Be happy and read the official Toki Pona book!

For didactical purposes, omitted words are represented by hiphens, apostrophes and other symbols.

toki pi pona	toki-pona
ijo ale li pona.	'-ale li pona.
jan mije li sona e ijo.	'-mije li sona '.
ni li wile: ona li lape.	ona li wile÷lape.
mi li sin.	mi: sin.

For didactical purposes, _{^{SOUND PARTICLE}}s following a _{^{NOUN PHRASE}} have a colon. _{^{PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE}}s describing a perception also have a colon.

jan:Sonja
toki:nanpa:wan
mi lukin e meli-pimeja: lon sinpin-tomo.

Toki Namako

(Toki Pona with Extended Vocabulary)

Toki Namako is an intermediate, less pona variant of Toki Pona. It is for more abstract descriptions, typically in written form only.

toki namako

Toki Namako relies heavily on punctuation.

jan-sona
a knowledgeable person

Toki Namako avoids omissions. (The strikethrough italic dictionary forms (in parenthesis) apply.)

sinpin ⇒ sinpin, sinpin-sijelo, sinpin-lawa	mute ⇒ mute, mute-namako	jan-lawa ⇒ jan-lawa, jan-lawa-wan
wall, chest, face	many, more	a/the ruler, a certain ruler

For the same reason, synonyms are avoided. (The italic dictionary forms with a double arrow ⇐ (in parenthesis) apply.)

lon noka ⇒ lon noka, lon anpa
at the bottom of, under

In Toki Namako, namako is a synonym of sin meaning additional, another, extra. Other (extinct) synonyms can be used as well, but they are a strong indicator for a lack of pona-ness. (Cf. _^PIJE.)

SITELEN	KON
	ADJECTIVE jaki — sin, suwi ADJECTIVE new, fresh
	PREPOSITION namako — taso PREPOSITION in addition to, with ADJECTIVE additional, another, extra
	VERB lukin VERB to look at, see; (lukin wawa) examine, observe, read, search, watch
	NOUN oko NOUN eye

Toki Nasa

(Toki Pona Spin-Off)

_{^{PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE}}s can be used as _^VERBs. (Cf. _^KIPO.)

sina ' pana e ilo-tenpo lon poka-seme? → sina ' lon poka-seme e ilo-tenpo?
Where did you put the clock next to?

TODO pre-verbs can be used after pi: jan pi kama-sona = jan pi kama÷sona

_^PRE-VERBs can go between another _^PRE-VERB and its _{^{MAIN VERB}}.

mi ' wile÷sona e toki-pona. → mi ' wile÷kama÷sona e toki-pona.
I want to know Toki Pona. → I want to learn Toki Pona.

SUBORDINATE CLAUSE

A _{^{SUBORDINATE CLAUSE}} can be a question with seme, yielding a _{^{RELATIVE CLAUSE}}.

' o toki e ni: mani li lon seme.
Tell me where the money is.

A _{^{SUBORDINATE CLAUSE}} can describe a degree or an extent.

mi ' pali pi mute-ni: mi ' wile÷lape.
I worked so much, I need to sleep.

_{^{SUBORDINATE CLAUSE}}s can follow a _{^{NOUN PHRASE}} directly.

jan:Isa li toki e ni: "mama-mi o!" tawa sewi.
Jesus prayed: "My Father!"

When there is enough context, a _{^{RELATIVE CLAUSE}} can be reduced to its _^PREDICATE (and the direct _^OBJECT can be omitted). Therefore, _^PREPOSITIONs, _^VERBs and _^PRE-VERBs can be used as _{^{SUBORDINATE CLAUSE}}s.

meli-pimeja: lon sinpin-tomo, li kute e kalama-musi.
A black lady in front of the building is listening to music.

jan: sona e ijo
a person who knows something

ona li jan-pona: kama÷jo e len-kule lon esun.
She is a friend who bought red pants.

jan: mi ' sona
a person that I know

PASSIVE

_^VERBs used as _^NOUNs omit ijo. Without omitting ijo, _^PASSIVE is expressed.

soweli li moku e kala. → kala li ijo-moku lon soweli.
The fish is being eaten by the cat.

Toki Ike

_{^{SOUND PARTICLE}}s and _{^{SUBORDINATE CLAUSE}}s can be used as _^ADJECTIVEs. (Cf. _^PIJE and _^KIPO.)

toki:nanpa:wan → toki pi nanpa:wan	meli-pimeja: lon sinpin-tomo → meli-pimeja pi lon sinpin-tomo
the first language	a black lady in front of the building

The _{^{NOUN PHRASE}} after pi can consist of a single word. pi-_^PHRASEs can be _^PREDICATEs. (Cf. _^PIJE.)

toki pona → toki pi pona	kili li ijo mi. → kili li pi mi.
language of good	The apple is mine.

ni: at the beginning of a _^SENTENCE is always omitted.

ni: mi ' lukin e sitelen-tawa, li pona tawa mi. → lukin e sitelen tawa li pona tawa mi.
I like watching movies.

Any _^VERB can be used as a _^PRE-VERB.

mi pilin e ni: mi wile÷lape. → mi pilin÷wile÷lape.
I feel like sleeping.

An e-_^PHRASE can be turned into a pi-_^PHRASE (or an _^ADJECTIVE).

mi ante e toki pi sitelen-tawa. → mi ante-toki e sitelen-tawa.
I translated the movie.

An abbrevated question can be used instead of a relative clause.

mi sona ala e tan seme.
I don't know why.

A _^PREPOSITION can be used as a _^NOUN meaning the _^PREPOSITION's argument. (Cf. _^PIJE, _^KIPO).)

mi sona ala e tan.
I don't know why.

You can convert any _^NOUN into an _^ADJECTIVE meaning interacting with.

mi kala.	mi jan.
I'm interacting with fish. = I'm fishing.	I'm interacting with people. = I'm socializing.

A _^SENTENCE can end in an additional _^PREDICATE that describes the _^OBJECT.

mi pilin e ale — pona.
I feel that life is beautiful.

Appendix: Phrases and Sentences

Phrases

Nouns, adjectives and prepositions are the building blocks of phrases. For example, the _{^{NOUN PHRASE}} friendly person consists of the _^ADJECTIVE friendly + the _^NOUN person. Noun phrases act like nouns. For example, the _{^{NOUN PHRASE}} friendly person can be replaced with the _^NOUN friend.

Adjective phrases act like adjectives. For example, the _{^{ADJECTIVE PHRASE}} very friendly consisting of the _^ADVERB very and the _^ADJECTIVE friendly can be replaced with the _^ADJECTIVE affectionate.

In combination with a noun phrase, prepositions form phrases that act like adjectives or adverbs. For example, the _{^{PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE}} on the inside consists of the _^PREPOSITION on and its argument, the _{^{NOUN PHRASE}} the inside, and can be replaced with the _^ADJECTIVE inner. For example, the _{^{NOUN PHRASE}} the light on the inside acts like the _{^{NOUN PHRASE}} the inner light.

Conjunctions

Conjunctions combine two phrases into one. For example, the _{^{NOUN PHRASE}} a woman or a man consists of the _{^{NOUN PHRASE}} a woman, the _^CONJUNCTION or, and the _{^{NOUN PHRASE}} a man and acts like the _{^{NOUN PHRASE}} an adult.

Onomatopeia

Onomatopeia can be added to a noun phrase. For example, the _{^{NOUN PHRASE}} the name "Sonja" has the _^ONOMATOPEIA "Sonja" added to the _{^{NOUN PHRASE}} the name, indicating that the name in question has the sound "Sonja". Onomatopeia can act like nouns. For example, the _^ONOMATOPEIA "Sonja" can act like the _{^{NOUN PHRASE}} the name "Sonja", and the _^ONOMATOPEIA "moo" can act like the _{^{NOUN PHRASE}} the sound "moo".

Sentences

Phrases are the building blocks of sentences (with a little help from markers). Typically, sentences have a subject and a predicate. For example, the _^SENTENCE a friend is coming has the _{^{NOUN PHRASE}} a friend as the _^SUBJECT + the _^ADJECTIVE coming (with a little help from the _^MARKER is) as the _^PREDICATE. Adjectives with predicate markers act like verbs. For example, the _^PREDICATE is coming can be replaced with the _^VERB comes, so the _^SENTENCE a friend is coming acts like the _^SENTENCE a friend comes.

Objects

Verbs can have noun phrases as their argument, i.e. the sentence's object. For example, the _^SENTENCE a friend bought a bicycle has the _{^{NOUN PHRASE}} a friend as the _^SUBJECT, the _^VERB bought as the _^PREDICATE, and the _{^{NOUN PHRASE}} a bicycle as the _^OBJECT.

Verbs with an object, like the _^VERB bought, are called "transitive" — in contrast to "intransitive" verbs without object, like the _^VERB comes.

Verbs can have prepositional phrases as their secondary argument, i.e. the sentence's indirect object. For example, the _^SENTENCE a friend bought a bicycle for her son has the _{^{PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE}} for her son with the _{^{NOUN PHRASE}} her son as the _{^{INDIRECT OBJECT}}.

(In contrast to a sentence's indirect object, a verb's primary argument is also called "direct" object. The indirect object can be used without preposition before the direct object, so the _^SENTENCE she bought a bicycle for her son acts like the _^SENTENCE she bought her son a bicycle.)

Pre-Verbs

_^PRE-VERBs combine with a _^VERB. For example, the _^SENTENCE a friend can come has the _{^{NOUN PHRASE}} a friend as the _^SUBJECT, and the _{^{VERB PHRASE}} can come as the _^PREDICATE, consisting of the _^PRE-VERB can and the _{^{MAIN VERB}} come.